Global Travel and Tourism Pattern and Trends: A Comprehensive Report

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Global Travel and Tourism Pattern and Trends
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Table of Contents
Introduction....................................................................................................................................3
LO1................................................................................................................................................4
LO2................................................................................................................................................8
LO3 and LO4...............................................................................................................................12
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................18
Reference list...............................................................................................................................19
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Introduction
The study will focus on contemporary factors in tourism. For this, key milestones in tourism will
be found. Their influence in shaping this industry will be evaluated. Various elements of tourism
will be an essential part in this discussion. Critical analysis will analyse interrelationship of these
elements. Some factors are important and will be considered in this analysis, which are effective
in shaping behaviour of tourists. Some models of motivation are necessary for this study.
Recent trends will be identified in this industry. Some patterns will be necessary to find for this.
Factors, which are affecting popularity of global destinations, will be highlighted.
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LO1
Produce a briefing paper to the audience in which you discuss the key historical
(milestones) developments in the travel and tourism industry and how they have shaped
the global travel and tourism sector.
Date Development/milestone
4850B.C-
715B.C
Egyptians first centralised tourism in government locations
1760B.C.-
1027 B.C
Shang Dynasty makes trade route throughout fat East.
1100 B.C –
800 B.C
Phoenicians invents huge sailing ships to travel.
18th -19th
century
Industrial revolution makes tourism efficient by expansion of market.
1841 Thomas Cook organised the first tour in England.
1903 Wright brothers brings in era of flight
1913 Westinghouse corporations starts paid vacation leave
1919 First airline passenger flight went between London and Paris (Hjalager, 2015)
1945 End of World war two and start of era of prosperity in tourism industry
1950 High expansion in hotels and motels in USA
2000 TripAdvisor is found
2002 Euro is introduced and liberated travel of EU nations.
2007 AirBnB is launched and it started sharing economy scheme in travel service
2011 Google launches web flight booking application
Table 1: Milestones in Tourism
(Source: Created by the learner)
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These milestones have shaped global tourism at great context. Technological advancement in
tourism first started when industrial revolution took place. Then another milestone was the
discovery of aeroplanes by Wright Brothers. This made travel easier for people. This came into
practical application when in 1919 first passenger flight took off (Hjalager, 2015). After invention
of TripAdvisor, it became easier to get information about various hotels, locations and other
services in tourism. Current trend in tourism has made it an integrated system. By 1990, this
has become third largest sector in world. Globalisation is tourism is evident, as there is more
interaction between tourism industries across cross border nations. There has been some rise
in challenges in tourism, such as terrorism.
Identify and explain the different elements of the travel and tourism industry and how
they interrelate each other to create the tourist experience.
Sector SMME MNC
Transportation
 Air
 Sea
 Land
Air - Wow Air, Jet blue
Sea – Windstar cruises, Ponant
Land – Topdeck
BA, Emirates Airline
Attractions
 Human-made – Eiffel towers
 Natural – Alps mountain
 Cultural – Tokyo national museum
Accommodation B&Bs, guesthouses, boutique hotels,
camp grounds
Hotels:, Marriot, Hilton
Hotels
Travel organisers TAs – e.g. Birdfinders, Explore
Seychelles
Going Places
Expedia
TUI
Fare aggregators -
Trivago
Support services Good travel, Lokal travel WTO
NTOs/Tourism
Departments
Visit Stockholm, San Francisco travel UNWTO
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Table 2: Elements of tourism
(Source: Created by the learner)
Airline tourism includes services from different MNCs and SMMEs regarding flight service. This
is same for sea and land tourism. Accommodation services like foods and lodging are provided
by hotels. There are travel organisers, who organises travel packages for tourists. Tourism
departments give vital information to people regarding tourist spots and other tourism services
in a country (Khan et al., 2017).
A tourist can only reach to the destination if the flight does not delay. Therefore, to maintain
satisfaction interrelationship between flight services and travel agencies are necessary. In case
of accommodation services, if a person is harmed due to food poisoning, then travel
experience will be hampered (Guttentag, 2015). This can malign both the accommodation
provider and a travel organiser. Hotels will have to communicate with travel organisers to know
about the time of arrival of guests. It is necessary to know about weather condition before going
to a destination.
Analyse the discrete role of those elements and discuss how they interact with each
other to provide a tourist experience.
Transportation services in tourism industry are vital. It is a way of reaching tourism spots for
organisations. These services include travel by air, land or sea. Transportation service providers
should be aware of crime rate in a specific location, so that they can prepare for giving safety to
tourists. Support services help these companies to get that data. They should be aware of
weather too for protecting customers. There are many accommodation places in tourist
attraction zones (Guttentag, 2015). This both boosts tourist experience, as customers can
accommodate at their favourite attraction spots. In case of flight delay, it is necessary to
accommodation places to prepare for welcoming guests even in late hours. They needs to take
information from transportation service providers regarding a flight, train to predict arrival
time of guests. Tourism departments give information about a location to travel organisers.
Information are provided to transportation companies to make them aware about a situation
regarding crime, weather and others. This gives information to them to prepare beforehand. If
any accommodation service giver, Transportation Company gives good customer service, then
it will make tourist experience better.
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Critically analyse the inter-relationship between the different elements of the sector and
demonstrate how a weakness in one can affect the overall tourist experience.
According to Moutinho and Vargas-Sanchez (2018) the significance of inter relationship
between elements of tourism is high. If accommodation organisations do not have information
about flight delays, then they will not be able to know about arrival time of customers. This will
result in a poor service delivery to guest, due to lack of preparation. Therefore, failure in
transport service hampers overall tourist experience. If support service providers fail to give
information to other elements, then this weakness will affect tourist experience, as it may incur
dangers from going into crime prone areas or from getting affected by bad weather. Therefore,
these are negative aspects of interrelationship between these elements. In contrary (Mason,
2015) say that the effect of interrelationship is always positive between these two elements.
Flow of information between these elements helps maximising guest experience. Information
regarding, crime, weather, flight delays can be channelized between these elements. This
makes sure that travellers have great overall experience.
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LO2
Explain the tourism influencing factors between generating countries and destinations
and determine those factors that affect tourism behaviour and assess the factors
underpinning tourist behavior and evaluate their impact on the decision making process.
Generating country (push factors)
Personal factors
A person may want to find an escape from his daily life by availing for a tourism service.
Relaxation is another factor, which may influence decision of a tourist (Whyte, 2017).
Psychological factors
Allocentric tourists are adventurous and like to visit new tourist destinations. This is the factor
determining them to visit different countries. Psycho centric tourists are repeaters, which lets
them to take decisions to visit same places. Mid centric tourists combines both and their
behaviour leads them to make decision to visit new as well as old tourist places. Maslow’s
motivation concept outlines some behaviour, which says, if a person has satisfied basic needs,
security needs, then that person can opt for travelling.
Cultural factors
If upbringing of person has influence of travel, then a person may opt for travelling in future. A
person may want to earn more money by getting a job abroad (Nikjoo and Ketabi, 2015).
Social factors
A person may want to escape from a place if that individual has done something criminal.
People can search for better amenities by travelling to another place.
Destination factors (Pull factors)
Attractions
If a tourist spot is desirable, then there is a chance that people may visit it often.
Amenities
If there are many amenities in a tourist spot, then customers may visit it.
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Accessibility
If a tourist spot has good travel service, then it rises accessibility, which attracts customers more
(Nikjoo and Ketabi, 2015).
Ambiance
If security is good in a tourist spot and culturally enriched as well as good reputation, then
travellers have high chance of visiting.
These pull factors influences decisions of customers for them to visit places.
Motivations influences consumer behaviour. Explain using models of motivation how it
influences consumer decision-making process
Plog model
There are some motivational factors, which comes under three categories and is described
below-
Allocentric
These people are wanderers and seek adventures. These people prefer good food and hotels.
They prefer to make arrangements of own. This influences their decision-making.
Psycho centric
These kinds of tourists do not like adventures. They prefer to visit same locations repetitively.
This make them take decisions to choose their travel packages to those places (Yoo et al.,
2018).
Mid centric
These tourists have motivational factors of both above-mentioned categories. They visit new
and old places, which influences their decisions for tourism.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
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Figure 1: Maslow's model
(Source: Peter, 2017)
Basic needs
Some tourists may be satisfied with basic needs. Their motivation comes from finding cheap
hotels, foods and destinations.
Safety needs
After satisfying basic needs, tourists may try to find good services at hotels and destinations at a
relatively better price.
Belonging needs
After safety needs tourists are motivated to expect basic ESO from hotels and travel locations.
They stay at hotels having great quality of services and offers excellent food and rooms (Peter,
2017.
Self-esteem
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Tourists try to have higher self-esteem and this motivates them to visit places, which are costlier
and has higher reputation.
Self-actualisation
Tourists will not stay at hotels, which do not come in top hotels. They will only visit places, which
are different and gives higher feeling of leisure.
Critically evaluate the link between the key drivers of tourist behaviour and the popularity
of different tourism destinations and experiences
According to Korstanje (2017), there are some advantages in linkage between these key drivers
in tourist behaviour and popularity in tourist locations. A tourist may have interest to a specific
place, which offers quality amenities. This stimulates his personal factors, psychological factors
to choose those destinations for travelling. In contrary Correia and Kozak (2016) says that a
tourist may have some high expectation from a place but that individual may find out that this
location does not offer his or her required services. This may become harmful for tourist
behaviour, as this person will not choose that destination again in future.
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LO3 and LO4
Introduction
Travel and tourism sector has to follow the recent trends to make an efficient business plan for
the growth of their business. This report will highlight the emerging trends of the travel and
tourism industry the factors those are influencing popularity of any destination.
Identify and discuss the recent and emerging patterns and trends in the global travel and
tourism industry
Volunteer tourism, Cultural tourism, educational, ethical and medical tourism are the subset
of tourism.
Cultural tourism
As commented by Glaesser et al. (2017), cultural tourism is highly concerned with the
engagement of the travellers with the culture of the selected destination. This type of tourism
helps the individuals to gather knowledge regarding the lifestyle and preferences of the local
people. Regional development can be possible with the help of cultural tourism. Halpern et al.
(2015) stated that, people show their interest in knowing the history and cultural background of
the community people. For this reason, the tourism in urban areas of UK can be beneficial for
the travel industry to generate more revenue. The travellers to gather knowledge can visit
theatres and museums of that area. Furthermore, the travellers can get a chance to attend the
cultural events of the destinations to meet their individual growth along with intellectual needs.
Volunteer tourism
One of the new trends in tourism sector is volunteer tourism. In case of this type of tourism, the
individuals prefer to travel to do the charitable works. The people associated with Volunteer
tourism needs to be serious about their role, as they need to give their full effort in achieving the
goal.
Medical and health tourism
According to Xiang et al. (2015), medical tourism is the process of travelling from one
destination to another in order to receive the necessary treatment and medical services. The
individuals travel to NHS for their knee surgery or dental treatment so that they can be able
to recover from their current health condition.
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