Global Travel and Tourism Pattern and Trends Report

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GLOBAL TRAVEL AND TOURISM PATTERN AND TRENDS

Executive Summary
The report covers the historical development and the current trends of travel and tourism.
Different elements of travel and their various roles have been analysed. Various factors of
tourism behaviour have also been evaluated. Few motivational models have been discussed for
identifying the behaviour of the tourists. Various factors have been discussed as well to identify
the cause of popularity of various global destinations.
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Table of Contents
Scenario 1 (For LO 1 and LO 2)....................................................................................................3
Introduction....................................................................................................................................3
LO1................................................................................................................................................3
Discuss key milestones in the development of the travel and tourism industry and how they
have shaped the travel and tourism industry (P1).........................................................................3
Identify the different elements of the travel and tourism industry and explore how they interrelate
to create the tourist experience (P2).............................................................................................4
Analyse the discrete role of each key element of the travel and tourism industry and how the
different elements interact to provide a tourism experience (M1)..................................................5
Critically analyse the interrelationship between the different elements of the travel and tourism
industry and demonstrate how a weakness in any one element can impact on the overall tourist
experience (D1).............................................................................................................................6
LO2................................................................................................................................................8
Determine the different factors that affect tourism behaviour (P3)................................................8
Explain models of motivation and how they influence the consumer decision-making process
(P4)................................................................................................................................................9
Assess the factors underpinning tourist behaviour and evaluate their impact on the decision-
making process (M2)...................................................................................................................10
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................11
Scenario 2 (for LO 3 and LO 4)...................................................................................................12
Introduction..................................................................................................................................12
LO3..............................................................................................................................................12
Identify recent and emerging patterns and trends in the international travel and tourism industry
(P5)..............................................................................................................................................12
Analyse recent patterns in international travel and tourism and highlight their significance to the
development of the global travel and tourism industry (M3)........................................................13
LO4..............................................................................................................................................14
Examine the factors affecting the popularity of a range of global destinations (P6)....................14
Analyse the factors affecting the popularity of different destinations and assess their level of
importance to a destination’s popularity (M4)..............................................................................15
Critically evaluate the link between the key drivers of tourist behaviour and the popularity of
different tourism destinations and experiences (D2)...................................................................17
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................17
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References..................................................................................................................................18
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Scenario 1 (For LO 1 and LO 2)
Introduction
Travel and tourism refers to activity of moving or travelling from one place to another. Travel can
be processed by the people for two different purposes. Some people travel for leisure and some
travel for business purpose. Travelling has various different classifications like domestic travel,
overseas travel and others (Boniface et al., 2016). Various factors are required for maintaining
successful travel and tourism. These factors include transportation, accommodation, food and
beverages, technology and others. It is an industry that has made various influences on global
socio economic scenario.
LO1
Discuss key milestones in the development of the travel and tourism industry and how
they have shaped the travel and tourism industry (P1)
An ancient history can be found in the travel industry as it has been the foremost interest of the
people to travel to various places. Many years ago, people understood the importance of
inventing wheel for increasing the speed of travelling. Using wheels in a cart has brought them
the opportunity to reach the destinations within time and with less use of energy. People did not
stop further as they invented many essential vehicles like ships, cars, and planes. Normal
people used to have wooden carts for travelling but the kings, merchants and other important
people used ships, horse-cart and others to make their travel. At the beginning, the purpose of
travelling was based on various businesses, important meetings, and others but slowly people
started to think about travelling to just explore the world. According to the historian, the 12th
century was the period when the travel and tourism has begun to get developed and it also
started to fall under the industrial concept (Woo et al., 2015).
The industry has actually started to flourish since 20th century. Just on the beginning of 20th
century, the concept of travelling in the air has been introduced. Wright brothers invented the
model of a flight which has got the success to fly high. So, it created another option for making
the trip which has brought time consuming facility. Not only that, from that period, it has been
seen that the behaviour of the people has also been changed as people started to put more
energy and money on travelling. Holiday camps got the flourish from 1945 to 1960 as famous
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companies like Pontins, Butlins and other companies as well have opened their journey in the
tourism. However, it has started to face the decline in 1970s for the high demand of package
holidays. In 1945, IATA was formed at Havana, Cuba which has been the first inter-airline
vehicle that promoted the safe economical services in air. 1949 was the year when package
holidays first took the participation in the tourism sector as Vladimir Raitz organised first
package tour to Corsica. In 1950, reservation and booking system was first introduced as per
the high travel expectations of the people. 1n 1968 and 1969, Trade Description Act and
Tourism Development Act was introduced respectively. It has enabled the travel and tourism
sector to reach more number of people (Fennell, 2015).
At present time, the tourism industry has gained a huge business position globally and it has
also influenced other essential businesses as well. The technologies and innovations have
come to action by providing the modern looks to the industry. The improvement of infrastructure
has become possible as well by introducing more technical elements in the business.
Identify the different elements of the travel and tourism industry and explore how they
interrelate to create the tourist experience (P2)
The tourism industry has different elements in which they must have the focus to get the
ongoing development. These elements can be considered as the success factor of the industry
as well. Five main elements can be identified which has been highly influencing the industry.
Transportation
Transportation is a key element of the industry. It is totally concerned with the mobility of the
people. People always depend on the transports for their travelling. There are several types of
transport sectors like road transport, rail transport, water transport and air transport (Khan et al.,
2017). All the transport sectors provide the facility to travel in lesser time. It is also based on the
different classifications of travel. Domestic travel and short distance trips are focused on the
road and rail transport. Overseas travelling can be made by availing the air and water transport.
The main transport mode has been the air transport as 57% of travelling has been made by the
air whereas 37% of road transport and 4% of water transport has been experienced.
Accommodation
After the successful travelling, people always want to have the best quality of living. It is based
on the accommodation system of the destinations. There are different types of accommodation
like hotels, hostels, holiday camping, shared accommodation, and cruises (Guttentag, 2015).
Hotels must have various rooms that should have different facilities and services. People
analyse various living options as per the quality, price, position and others.
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Food and beverages
Food and beverages are the basic needs to people as they want to have the best quality foods
and drinks. There are different organisations like restaurants, hotels, cafes and bars, and others
which offer various types of foods for the travellers (Hazman-Wong and Sumarjan, 2015).
Quantity and quality should be highly maintained by the restaurants and other food
corporations.
Entertainment
It may not be the prime expectation of the people to get entertained by having external
entertaining components. In travelling, people always find entertainment in exploring the nature
of the places. However, some people love to go to the places like casinos, nightclubs, shopping
malls and others for enjoying their holiday period (Van der Wagen, 2015). It can be identified
that leisure trips accounts for 55% of total visits and business trips for just 13%.
Security
Travelling is always concerned with having proper security management. People always seek
for having peaceful trip. So, those places become obvious choice for the travel which offers
good security arrangements and any kind of threats like theft, murder, political issues do not
create any trouble (Ghaderi et al., 2017).
All these elements are required in the travel industry so that people can have a great experience
of travelling.
Analyse the discrete role of each key element of the travel and tourism industry and how
the different elements interact to provide a tourism experience (M1)
Travel industry has got the development as the people have become more travel freak. They
want to spend their holiday times in various destinations. It can be identified that huge number
of travellers of various regions are making the choices of other regions for travelling. People are
focusing on the unexplored areas to have adventurous trips. Around 48% of overseas tourism
has been made by the European travellers. Asia-Pacific travellers accounted for 25%,
Americans for 17%, African and Middle eastern for 3% each. 4% of them do not reveal their
origin.
● Transportation system has significant roles in the tourism industry. When people start to
think of travelling to a place they first look for the transportation facilities of that place. Air
transport is useful for making the overseas travel (Camilleri, 2018). It is comparatively
costly and people search for the cheap prices of the flights. Those countries, who offer
the cheap travelling, can be the vital choice of the people to travel. Road transportation
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should be present in those places so that the tourists can go for sight visits, restaurants
and shopping destinations. Local travel operators must have the various transport
options for the travellers.
● Accommodation has vital roles in the travel industry as it is important to have the good
quality hotels, motels and camps in those destinations. People choose hotels for their
living as per their requirements. Most of the people have the tendency of booking the
hotels before their trip. Few people also prefer to book hotels being physically present
there. Hotels should have enough quality rooms for the guests with full of amenities like
air conditioning, desks, room heater, geyser, coffee maker and enough lights. Nice view
of the city, hills or sea beaches from the rooms can attract more people to stay in those
hotels (Christensen et al., 2016).
● Travellers want to have quality foods and drinks. So, it is important to have different
options of getting all the different types of foods. Restaurants, bars, cafes are those
options which should offer quality foods to the travellers.
● Entertainment may have few roles in the industry of travel and tourism as the
destinations need to have few places where people can have some entertainment. It
brings happiness and peace of mind for the people.
All these factors are interrelated as the industry cannot be successful without any of these
factors. Transport, food, accommodation are the vital criteria which should be present at the
industry. In all these factors, one thing is common and that is safety arrangements. The industry
must arrange the security for the tourists to provide the safe trips.
Critically analyse the interrelationship between the different elements of the travel and
tourism industry and demonstrate how a weakness in any one element can impact on the
overall tourist experience (D1)
All the elements have the relationship with each other. Transportation system is related with all
other elements. It is necessary to have proper system of transportation for availing the hotels
from the airport or rail station. People can go to restaurants for having food with availing local
transportation. They can also travel to local attractive places by availing road transports. Hotels
must have the improved quality of services so that the tourists can get their better living.
All these should be there in the industry because these can create a perfect picture of good
travel and tourism. These can be considered as the strengths which can give the benefits to the
business in further growing. If any place fails to offer the quality in any of these elements, it may
create trouble for the business. For example, if industry fails to provide better accommodation
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system to the travellers, it can harm the business further as the people might lose their interest
of availing the particular travel business (Vinogradova et al., 2015). People may have bad
experiences in their staying and they can give negative ratings to the hotel and the travel
organisation.
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LO2
Determine the different factors that affect tourism behaviour (P3)
As per the Council of World Travel and tourism, global tourism industry makes contribution of
9.2% total GDP. People are making their travel for work, education, visiting friends and families
and for just exploring the world. Multiple factors are having an influence on the tourist behaviour.
The factors are needed to be analysed.
Global economy
It can be seen that most of the travels are for the purpose of leisure. So, this factor has the
direct connection with the travelling behaviour. When people identify that the budget of their trip
is high as per their income, they can eliminate their trips for that period. So, it is important to
have a strong economy in the countries and proper income structure must be there. For
example, in 2009, world economy struggled and it has made the negative impacts on the global
tourism industry (Chin, 2016). It was down by almost 5% in that year.
Social media and internet
Before travelling, people always get instant access to make the reviews about the travel
destinations, accommodations, transportation, and security. In recent years, tourism industry
has become digital as social media and the internet are making the effort to increase the
connection between the destinations and the tourists (Nezakati et al., 2015). These may have
several impacts on the tourism behaviour. People search for a certain destinations by using
internet. In various websites, all the information like transportation, hotels, restaurants, local
sights and shopping destinations are briefly mentioned. They can book hotels as per their
choices as well. Social media is also a platform where people can get sufficient information
regarding the travel.
Personal budgets
The people who are travel freak find alternative ways to travel. It helps them to avail cheaper
options for travelling within their budgets. Most of them focus on the packaged tour as they feel
that it is the cheapest possible way to travel (McCool, 2015). They also wait for the seasonal
discounts in transportation, food and accommodation as well for minimizing the expenses of
their trips.
Discretionary time
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Time is the main thing that affects the travelling. People need enough time to plan for the trips.
Now a day, offices are providing flexible time management, paid holidays and others so that
people can have more time to make the successful tours (Giaoutzi, 2017).
Explain models of motivation and how they influence the consumer decision-making
process (P4)
Plog’s Typology
This model refers to the behaviour of various tourists and it is classified into three categories.
Allocentric
Allocentric people are very outgoing in nature and self-confident as well. They prefer to go the
unexplored places for having great experiences. They are adventurous. They always enjoy
meeting new people from different regions to understand their societies and cultures (Fan et al.,
2017). Good accommodation system may be their expectations but they do not search for
modern hotels and facilities. They also feel good in making arrangements of necessary things
by their own. Trekkers can be considered as allocentric people.
Psychocentric
These people usually do not search for the adventure. They are just happy to travel to get some
time to relax and enjoyment. They prefer familiar destinations to go as they already know that
they can get all the things as per their needs. These people focus on having the best quality
foods and accommodations.
Mid centric
These people fall under both the categories at a time. Sometimes, they want to explore new
places of the world. Few of the times, they also prefer to have modern facilities in travelling.
Henley Centre Model
This model divides the travellers into four different phases.
Bubble travellers: These people do not have enough knowledge in travelling as well as money.
Packaged trips are the preferable option for them. They observe variety of cultures without
making participation.
Idealized experience seekers: These people are much more confident than bubble travellers.
They are also flexible in nature. They prefer to have the trips by their own arrangements.
Seasoned travellers: They are comparatively rich and they seek for having life time experience
by their travelling. They prefer to explore new places for getting the desired adventure.
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Complete immersers: They always love to have the knowledge of foriegn culture, society,
language and heritage by making their own participation. Their trips are well-planned but
sometimes, not well-constructed.
Assess the factors underpinning tourist behaviour and evaluate their impact on the
decision-making process (M2)
The factors of tourism behaviour have impacts on the tourists’ decision making procedures.
Good economical condition helps the countries to build proper infrastructures of travel industry.
Good transportation, hotels and restaurants are the main expectations of the travellers. They
usually search for all of these elements in their trips. Social media and internet are the platform
in which the people can make their choices by analysing these factors. Thy also can make
online payment of the flights, trains, hotels and others. So, online platform has become
preferable option for them. Personal budgets also make influence on their decision making.
They prefer to have cheaper travel options. So, people finalize their destinations after having
evaluated all the factors.
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