Case Study: Globalisation's Influence on Global Health Problems (WHO)

This case study report, intended for the World Health Organization (WHO), investigates the extent to which globalisation contributes to global health problems. The report begins by defining globalisation and global health, establishing a foundational understanding for the subsequent analysis. It then delves into various theories of globalisation, evaluating their explanatory power in understanding globalisation's impact on global health. A critical review of these theories is provided, highlighting strengths and weaknesses, and offering a nuanced perspective. The core of the report presents specific case studies, illustrating both positive and negative consequences of globalisation on global health issues. These case studies provide real-world examples and evidence. The report concludes by synthesizing the findings and answering the central question of the assignment: to what extent has globalisation been the cause of global health problems. The report is structured with subheadings, and aims to inform the WHO with a comprehensive analysis.

Case Study On WHO

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
1. Definition of globalisation and global health? ........................................................................1
2. Theories of globalisation and its impact.................................................................................3
3. Critiques of theories of globalisation .....................................................................................6
4. Case study of globalisation that can impact on global health problems include both positive
and negative.................................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
The term globalisation is a procedures that world are interconnected and leading to
increased trade and cultural exchanged (Ball, Junemann and Santori, 2017). To understand
globalisation, it is a motion and exchanges of technologies, services, information and cultural
around globe. It is important for globalisation in economy because it exchange trade goods and
services and capital are transferred. Globalisation impact can be positive and negative influences
and it has resulted is to increase trading system from one nation to another nations. The benefit
of globalization are increased flow of capital which means gaining the larger markets results in
greater revenues and income in domestic market. It also mean to realize some profits by taking
advantage of local costs. Secondly, best products at lower prices global competition leads to
afford best quality and affordability products because customer choose best quality products at a
cheaper prices. Thirdly, high standard of living which means some nations experience of high
standard of living because billions of people moved out a poverty at some time. Within WHO, it
is a specialised agency responsible for international public health and it was established on 7th
April 1948. Various things are increased related to globalisation is development of IT,
communications network and transport facility like shipping cost for goods and services at a low
cost. In this, various developing countries are also effective due to globalisation towards attract
more jobs and cost effective procedures. For globalisation, they raise a living standards in a
worldwide and it has impact there is a gap between rich and poor family has also increased. With
relation to WHO, they increased interconnection and mutuality understanding between people
and nations. The assessment cover various topics that are used in this report such as
globalisation, global health, theories of globalisation and its impact, critical review of
globalisation and its impact on global health problems.
MAIN BODY
1. Definition of globalisation and global health?
It is a procedure that integrate between several companies, people and governments as
well as connection all over world growth of economic, political and social. It is very important
for economy because to understand globalisation other country or nations are being a essential
part of society (Beumer, Figge and Elliott, 2018). They encourage of development towards
corporate social responsibility and distribution or transfer of goods and services from one place
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to another place. Globalisation is a global, social and political because it interact all populations
and nations. In an organisation globalisation gaining competition related to product and service,
target market and quickly production by firms. The impact on globalization is associated with
economic field and in development of social system, economic system on basis of beliefs and
self regulating markets. Globalization have been developed for economic freedom and raising a
standard of living if there is a gap between rich family or poor family. It is also associated with
global trade and global distribution of products and services through decreased barriers of global
trade such export and imports, tariffs and their quotas. In case of WHO, globalization has
interconnected between people and countries and generally determine two elements to increase
their borders fast flow of goods and services, people,idea and changes organisation policies at
international level. It provides incentives for many countries and access to larger markets and
enables access to raw materials, cost competitive in own markets. The health impact on
globalisation are positive and negative for various factors such as geographical location, age,
education system and many more. In today's environment, globalisation are exist in changeable
environment because they can directly affected their procedures. All changes in this related to
social or political changes are depended on organisational culture, behaviour and values in
enterprise.
The advantages of globalisation are increases of economic growth means gaining an
global exchange of goods, advancement of technology and increase economic development by
participating in international economy. It makes production more inexpensive which means
international market allow their business much wider to access manufacture opportunities and
clients are more availability of goods at a very wider range (Ly, Wen and Huang, 2020). It
brings opportunities to develop nations when different countries came together and invest in
global market instruments then they become interdependent and often come to mistrust on some
other goods and services. Disadvantages of globalisation is unequal economic growth which
impact to increase in economic growth for various countries because rich person become richer
and poor becomes poorer in developing nations. To gain potential global financial condition if
one country starts to struggle in economy they can set off a chain reaction that may affect to
some other nations which may cause to increase financial crises. It exploit cheaper markets
which means globalisation allow firm to increase many jobs and various opportunities have
become opened where cost of labour is cheaper. It causes job displacement means globalisation
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doesn't get result of jobs rather to moving production of high cost nations due to various
individual loss a jobs due to globalization as production goes abroad.
The term Global health is a health care of people in worldwide and there are many ways
to improve health issues are reducing diseases and making health care affordable in everyone
(Breda, Jewell and Keller, 2019). It defines field of study, various researches and activity to
improve health for achieving justice related to health in global nations. Global health enterprise
takes into account into both sides medical and non medical disciplines include various factors
such as environmental, economic, social and many more. To control diseases that helps to
prevent many ways are encourage health abroad, prevent global spreading disease and protect
health of US population. With relation to WHO, it provides leadership related to matter of health
and engaged partnership where combined function is required. WHO defined global health as
compare to comprehensive in nature depend on time series which includes life expectancy,
mortality as well as global regional and nations level. It determine coronavirus pandemic
situation can affect global health. In pandemic situation world should survive to boost their
health system and prevent several life health issues. In health issues, it is more important for
everyone and leads to affect health risks such as reducing alcohol, tobacco and various health
diseases. Issues of global health are crises of climate, infected disease interference and products
are unsafe. The function of global health emphasis on health issues involves various disciplines
on the far side health sciences and collaboration of inter disciplinary system.
2. Theories of globalisation and its impact
It is commonly used in describing way of spreadness of connectedness and communicate
across the world (Connell, 2018). It involve economic and cultural activity are interlinking.
Theory of globalisation state how world pattern can expanded and maintain a relationships
between countries with system of economic exchange. The impact of globalisation in economy
also have a consequences of environmental issues as they contribute to decrease of natural
resources, deforestation and termination of ecosystem in biodiversity. In communication, it is
directly affected by procedure of globalization and helps to gain enterprise opportunities and
remove all barriers related to culture or environmental and focus to develop of global village.
In case of WHO, they experience a very positive things which help to create exchange system
and maintain a relationship between various countries.
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 Theory of Liberalism: According to this theory, it is a procedures of globalisation that
lead to market expansion though modernization. It is a Latin word liber means free or
freedom of everything. It is always believe that they work together to maximize financial
condition and minimize their battle. The principles of liberalism are generally depends on
liberalisation in economy and they support free markets, government, rights of individual
and equality of anyone. Within World Health Organization, it is helpful to protect and
enhance their freedom of each and every individual person. Advancement of
technological, particularly in specific areas, communications with information
processing. It is suitable of legal and institutional set up to enhance market and liberal in
democracy. Issues are related to liberalism are same sex marriage, voting rights for
adults, protection of government and their right to live in better standard. Liberalism is
based on moralistic controversy that ensure right of an one-on-one person in life this is
highest goal of government.
 Theory of transformationalism: This theory expanded by David Held, in this they
determine globalisation which enable a transformation in attribute of enterprise related to
social relations and transactions or inter regional flows (Howard and et. al., 2020). This
theory of globalization depends involving a number of different of two way exchanges
between culture and global institutions whether it can be turned and disciplined in nature.
In case of World Health Organization, there is a connection between hyper-globalization
approach which means people are everywhere being dependent to concept of events in
global market place.
 Theory of Political Realism: With related to this theory it consists political issues
regrading different countries and laws regulations and conflicts between various nations.
In this theory, it assumes that maintain a power and interests are to be and world are
characterised on basis of power. It is related to international relations to emphasis role of
state and determine interest, power of world politics. The principles of political realism
believe that politics like society and power of governments. If there is a politics in states
then public will be followed some rules and regulations in country. For improvement in
society it is best part to understand laws related to where society lives. Within World
Health Organization, Political realism is significance of political action and it is also
aware between military group and successful political action. Realism identify moral
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aims with moral laws that determine population. It suggests all leaders that no matter
what political situation is and to manage their affairs to survive their best environment.
 Theory of Post Modernism: This theory was developed in mid 20th century
characterised by scepticisms, quality, and role of ideology in declarative and maintain
political and economic power. The aim of postmodernism are generally defined a highly
unbelieving of explanations about groups, culture, traditional and focus on relative truth
of each and every person. With relation to World Health Organization, it is an approach
that how society can progress beyond modernity and more likely experience this culture
when deciding a religion as well as individual choose a particular religion which suits a
best lifestyles and pattern standard of living.
 Theory of Feminism: It represents and identify their dynamics behind rise in trans-
planetary and connectivity in technology such as capital, state and identity (Dowling,
2017). The term feminism describes movement of economy, political and cultural
establishes a equal rights and protection of women. It aims to understand gender
inequality and examines men and women issues regarding their experiences, interest and
social roles in several type of fields such as communications, media, economics and
philosophy. In case of World Health Organization, feminists have campaigned about
women right like rights to integrity, voting right for women's right to autonomy,
protection rights for women, domestic violence, rape and sexual harassment include
maternity period of women, equal pay and another form of gender discrimination against
women.
 Theory of Marxism: This theory was developed by Karl Marx which focus and maintain
a struggle between capitalist and middle class employee that would inevitably create
battle. It is principle concerned with modes of production and distribution of capitalism.
The aim of Marxism is to explain a social phenomena by giving any society and
analysing material conditions and economic activities that are required to fulfil human
needs. There are other relation also of subordination which relate to state, culture, gender,
sex, religion and many more. With relation to World Health Organization, It determine
defining health and also believe only serve interest of bourgeoisie as doctors they can
work together with judgement class and they leave decision whether healthy or unhealthy
to work.
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 Theory of Constructivism: It was founded by Piaget with his notion that learned
individually and constructed. It is a important theory based on educators that use to help
their students learn some knowledge. It is based on idea or thought that people can
actively construct or make their own knowledge by experiences as a learner point of
view. Constructivism helps to people produce knowledge which create construction of an
individual person for accommodation and relationship between students and teachers.
Within World Health Organisation, it emphasis of communicative practices for
alternative of relationships in procedures of globalization. In this, many identities are
constructed through interaction between students and teachers. It is developed advanced
skills such as critical reasoning, various analysis, creation and diversifies students based
on their needs.
3. Critiques of theories of globalisation
Globalization has criticized for those who are benefited already and in power of risk
growing weakness of countries or limitations of nations (El-Naggar, 2017). Moreover,
globalization is non participatory, as it forced through drop down system. The critique mainly
depends upon environment, human rights or voting rights and inequality or poverty in nations.
Various theories that are used in globalization with context to world health organization are as
mentioned below:
Theory of Marxism: The term Marxism represent social, political and economic theory
developed by Karl Marx. It is relationship between capitalists and middle class workers which
create conflicts. Several critiques are involved in theory of Marxism with relation to World
Health Organization are as follows:
 Nowadays capitalism is less consumptive: In this, capitalism ensures that worst excess
of development and inequality generates were minimised. A process which leads to
employees being less exploited and buying in this system.
 Less transfer of modern enterprise: This critiques tells that employee have a lot more
to say due to unionisation and some management techniques. Very few employee can
directly control various terms and conditions for their working lives.
Theory of constructivism: This theory says that learners construct their knowledge
instead of actively take information. They build their own representations and integrated new
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information to previous knowledges. Limitations involved in constructivism in context to World
Health Organization are as under:
 It is impossible to create and learn new things highly detailed lesson because there are
too much variation in this.
 It is not only orientation part but it determine how will you learn new things than you
never did.
 More difficult to break cycle for those who have been taught in class and where they
were expected to entirely learn those information.
Theory of Eclecticism: It is a practice that defined different systems of thought and set
of various assumptions rather than draws a multiple theories styles or ideas (Gauthier, 2019).
Critique of eclecticism with context to World Health Organization are as mentioned below:
 It is very hard procedure to identity absolute contribution of each and every approach of
this theory.
 Some practical difficulties are complex to manage when providing electric therapy for
one clinician.
 Sometimes clinician use electric approaches instead of clear theory. This approaches are
not artificial having a clear attitude that is increase with other tested management.
Theory of Liberalism: In this theory, liberalism states that they can work together and
maximise successfulness and minimize their struggle. It is a Latin word liber which means free.
Various limitations that defines in liberalism with reference to World Health Organization are as
follows:
 it includes institutions use minimal influence on state behaviour that means global
organizations cannot stop behaving according to balance of power and unforgiving
competition.
 International institutions cannot provide timely response to action. On basis of security
issues it will trust their own power not in expectation of international institutions.
Theory of Post Modernism: According to this theory, it is typically criticizes long held
content regarding value systems, nature of human and other things (Gostin, 2020). It focus on a
highly sceptical thinking that claim for various groups, culture, traditions and many more.
Several critiques that are used in this theory in relation to World Health Organization are as
follows:
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 Inability to speak to declare immoral: Post modernism tends to relativizes values such as
ethical standards in order to protect some principle of human pride.
 Post modernism handle truth: it causes ignore real human suffering while condemning
authorities to solving them. It determines role of text and erase judgement who support
text into being.
 It is just an modification to identity politics: post modernism sees response to change in
politics but to adverse hyper-individualism which destruct group link and identity.
Theory of Feminism: In this theory, feminism is all about how gender method work as
well as consideration of ethical issues related to women and men whether it is society arguments
or anything. This theory appeared in France and Netherlands in 1872 into5rduced by Charlotte
Per-kins Gilman's. It is a range of social changes that aims to identify and establish a political,
economic and personal experiences. Feminist also ensure that access to legal integration and to
protect women and men girls from rape, sexual harassment and domestic violence. Changes in
dress standards and physical state for females. It is a concept that defines set of ideas originated
with beliefs and attitudes of women are not associate to men and their disciplines, method and
structure in world. Various critiques or limitations that defines theory of feminism with contxt to
world health organization are as follows:
 It does not take a neutral position they define and change in social systems especially in
term of inequality, power, self freedom to pursue a career outside home and in education
rights.
 Feminism involve therapists challenge for customers unexamined quality but most
important thing is feminism honor customers for choices as long as indeed informed
ones.
 Some feminism media have unsuccessful to force readers, people and advertisers.
4. Case study of globalisation that can impact on global health problems include both positive
and negative
The case study is all about conseula has lost job in Mexican factory when consuela
concentrated 120 computer systems on CPUs for each and every hour with contract manufacturer
(Gotlib, 2017). Their Co-employees were really working offering by agency just in time
workers. Job was very disagreeable and unhealthy but main thing is that income is very
important to family. One day, when global financial crises in 2008 was came flow over into
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economy and consuela was dismissed with separation was scarcely in one tenth lawful
minimum. consuela husband are one of main million unsupported workers in Canada and they
are afraid to lost job in weekday basis as a gardener in case of globalisation. With no way to
medical problem or care, it is concerned about lung infection could be tuberculosis but it is afraid
about disease to talk about even friends or family. consuela and husband talk every day but they
cannot afford to buy a mobile phone and they scared to pay a fees on three children health care
and schooling if both have no jobs in hand.
In this case study, Globalisation effected positive and negative impact related to global health
problems are as follows:
 Increased infectious agent flows: It is a risk of tuberculosis, that movement or changes
of people means to transport of pathogens. Global trade some other vector disease, it
poses health risk issues, spread of epidemic disease and it was a cargo ship dumping of
infected bilge waters that may cause to Latin American pandemic of 1990s.
 Enhanced information flows: In this, advancement of technology in computer and
telecommunication system have also impacted on globalisation, spread of health disease
and innovation of technology reaching of multinational firms and rise in social
movements. Despite, worldwide spread of interconnectivity have right way of
information related to superhighway highly inclined and most of nations in high income
are connected to each other where costs of broadband access and adjusting in per capital
income 170 times as compare to greater than in united states.
 It enhance financial flows: Sometimes foreign direct investment and rise of outsourced
contract production across national borders in procedure of creating a labour market
which increases economic inequality and anxiety of many employees. Foreign direct
investment have been short term financial flows with reaching various consequences not
only global health but power to utilize polices and practices to increase health.
 Increased people flows: People a long dimension of globalisation and following greater
opportunity to increasingly economic and environment requirement. Wealthy nations
remain open for best and luminous but they are rotate for employees with limited
certification, especially in effect of 2008 recession.
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Positive impact of globalisation:
 It gives benefits of those countries who will lead towards economic process and success
in a better way of living (Hall, 2019).
 It help to increase competition between countries all over the world.
 It helps to bring government together of all over country so that they achieve a common
goals which will help to spreading awareness of common issues.
 Mixture of people and cultures across world that enables to sharing ideas, values,
lifestyles and culture.
 Consumer enjoy best choice of goods and services at a low-budget prices.
 It can lead a better opportunities for organisations in less industrialized nations and lead
to more capital flows, technology and cheaper imports, larger exports.
Negative impact of globalisation:
 There is a gap between rich and poor family so rich family become richer and poor
family become poorer.
 Sometimes, people belonging in different countries so that their mindsets are different
and get a chance to interact with each other it cause related to traditions and values.
 International firms mechanism general enterprise and sometimes become more powerful
than governments of these nations.
 Globalisation transfer jobs to less developed countries because they have low cost
structure like low wages, inexpensive coal and more pollution is there (Hopper, Lassou
and Soobaroyen, 2017).
 Increasing a chances of spreading diseases and break off natural ecosystems and their
species.
CONCLUSION
From the above information, it can be concluded that globalisation describes growing
interdependence of world economies, cultures and various populations. In this case, exchanges of
goods and services, flow of investment, and flow of information among different different
nations. It is ability to change and communicate easily all over world for purpose to conduct
enterprises globally. The main causes of globalisation improving their transport services that
makes travel easier to public, technology may be improve so that customer can communicate
easily all over world and growth of international firms which may affect economies.
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Globalisation impact in economy are speed-up and changes of capital, technologies, cultural
practices in planet. It increases cost standard of living, manufacturing are also reduced that
means firms can offer goods at low price to customers and a wide variety of goods. In this report,
several topics are covered such as globalisation and global health problems related to world
health organization which may lead to interdependence and interconnectedness all over world.
Elaborate theories of globalisation and its impact which are named as theory of liberalism, theory
of transformationalism, theory of political realism, theory of post modernism and theory of
feminism which can communicate all over world and interlinked between cultural and economic
activity. Various critiques or limitations that are used in theory of globalisation that impact they
should create a linked between capitalist and middle class employees which create battle. There
is a case study related to globalisation impact on global health problems such as increased
infectious agent flows, enhanced information flows, it enhance financial flows, increased people
flows and suggest both positive and negative impact of globalization.
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