National Security Essay: Globalization and National Security

This essay delves into the multifaceted concept of national security, examining its evolution beyond traditional military definitions to encompass global health threats, economic standards, and the impact of globalization. The introduction highlights international efforts to control infectious diseases, emphasizing the role of organizations like the World Health Organization and the challenges posed by human migration and technological advancements in disease transmission. The discussion section defines national security as the state's capacity to protect its people, emphasizing the need for international cooperation in addressing interconnected security concerns, particularly in light of globalization. The essay then explores specific threats, including infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS, SARS, and H5N1 avian influenza, and their links to globalization and changing lifestyles. It also addresses the issue of insurgency and terrorism, including bioterrorism, and examines the responses of international organizations like Interpol. The essay highlights the need for increased transparency and oversight of biological activities to reduce the dangers posed by biological weapons and discusses the impact of economic standards on national security, including the effects of poverty and globalization on health. The conclusion synthesizes these points, underscoring the complex interplay of global forces and the necessity of coordinated international action to safeguard national security in the face of diverse threats.

National Security beyond the Capacity of Individual State
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Contents
Introduction....................................................................................................................................................3
Discussion......................................................................................................................................................3
Infectious Diseases.....................................................................................................................................5
Insurgency like terrorism...........................................................................................................................6
Economic Standards...................................................................................................................................9
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................................11
Bibliography................................................................................................................................................12

Introduction
The explanation is about the international efforts done to control the infectious diseases with the
function of globalization and transformation in the international commerce. The contemporary
global health is understood with exploring the health organizations and regulations which
dedicate to stem the tide of infectious epidemics. 1The review is based on claiming the conquest
with the infectious diseases that are set according to the World Health Organization. Through the
framing approaches, the control is over the new emerging and the re-emerging infectious
diseases in terms of the globalization and transformation with human migration. The assertions
are based on illustrating the travel and trading which includes how the microorganisms and the
other infectious diseases have harbored with them. As per the United Nation Department of
Economic and Social Affairs has estimated that there are more than one billion migrants
recorded in the year 2010 that were living outside their country. 2 With the international health
endeavors, there is propelling by the technological developments and the new modes set for the
transportation and for the railroad steamship lines. The focus is on handling the articulation and
the demonstration of the germ theory where the organizational structures with the contemporary
1 Abraham, Thomas. "The chronicle of a disease foretold: pandemic H1N1 and the construction of a
global health security threat." Political Studies 59, no. 4 (2011): 797-812.
2 ASSISTANTS, SENIOR. "EDITORIAL OFFICE: 400 Elliott Hall, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware,
OH 43015. TELEPHONE: [phone]. FACSIMILE: 740-368-3643. E-mail: brhistor@ owu. edu Web:
http://www. owu. edu/~ brhistor."

public health administration are granted today with encountering the formation of national health
agencies.
Discussion
The concept of national security can be defined as the capacity of the state that addresses the
ability to deal with the protection as well as defense of the people. The definition of security is
limited to be the part of national security and international security on the contrary have evolved
over a period and it extended from the need that nature and many other similar functions
specifically globalization. 3There is a need that no kind of national security can deal on its own
and as such it also calls for the cooperation at state level. The international level of
interconnection as well as interdependence among the state that the world has thought and
constantly experienced because of the end of cold war, has make it important for the state to
constantly contribute more and work at one place. The challenge is that the area of international
security must consist with the overall concept of security which can be defined by a situation
where security concerns are closely connected. 4 It is connected to a point where the security of
the state and their needs cannot be considered on realistic level without focusing on the security
needs of the other states. The overall fear as well as threat of security based complex is based on
3 Comas, Iñaki, Mireia Coscolla, Tao Luo, Sonia Borrell, Kathryn E. Holt, Midori Kato-Maeda, Julian
Parkhill et al. "Out-of-Africa migration and Neolithic coexpansion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with
modern humans." Nature genetics 45, no. 10 (2013): 1176-1182.
4 Morens, David M., Gregory K. Folkers, and Anthony S. Fauci. "Emerging infections: a perpetual
challenge." The Lancet infectious diseases 8, no. 11 (2008): 710-719.

rivalry among states. The solution for this kind of rivalry lies in cooperating which can only be
found on global agenda of security based initiatives. As per the UN office for coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs also called as OCHA, security on human level has taken a wide dimension
since they usually go beyond any military protection and get engaged in number of threats for
human dignity.5 As such it also has become crucial for the state to take some conscious level of
efforts for building a strong link with other countries and intentionally engage in international
level of security based initiatives. 6
Infectious Diseases
The global health has been able to receive an important attention for the international relations.
There is a growth in the public awareness with the re-emerging infectious diseases that are
affecting the population in the world. With this, there is a major focus on the prominence of
HIV/AIDS which continue to spread and devastate the communities. The diseases like the
tuberculosis and malaria are increasing and so 2002/2003 SARS Pandemic has provided the
visible vulnerability to the communities with the rapid movement of the people and the goods.
The explanation is about the increased prevalence with broad understanding of the connections
mainly in between the globalization and health. The lifestyle focusses on the changing trends that
have directly affected the public health and the health systems. 7The development is through
5
6 Morens, David M., Gregory K. Folkers, and Anthony S. Fauci. "Emerging infections: a perpetual
challenge." The Lancet infectious diseases 8, no. 11 (2008): 710-719.
7 Martínez, María Esther Coronado. "The Mexican Experience of the NAPAPI Revision
Process." Contexto Internacional 38, no. 1 (2016): 203-239.

properly understanding the non-medical/health sciences which are acquainted with the
mechanism of transmission. The change in the biospheres is to accelerate with the emergence of
pathogens and then they alter the infectiousness and lethality of the micro-organisms. The causal
chain has been described with the Health of Nations where the climatic conditions alter the range
and prevalence of the different infections. The concept of Pandemics is based on disease
outbreaks that can be widespread as an outcome of the spread of infection at human level. It also
goes beyond the weakening which can be fatal sometimes, the results for those can directly affect
and in addition, pandemics also have a range of negativity on social, economic and political
results. 8This further tends to be big situation when pandemic become a crucial part of pathogen
and has high rate of mortality and hospitalization and can also spread easily.
The outbreaks of the infectious diseases or the increase rate of the lifestyle disease are controlled
through the collective action and the political priorities. The globalization has been undoubtedly
handle and address the international or the global level issues. Here, the global action on malaria
is documented through the exemplary standards where in 1970, there has been a wide-spread of
the malaria and the other water borne diseases. 9The closure of the public health programs is
mainly to deal with the ongoing conditions of malaria with the eradication programs that are
reversed or eliminated. The discovery is about handling the comprehensive applications of the
8 Fellner, Fritz. "William H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples." Institut für Österreichische
Geschichtsforschung, Mitteilungen 87 (1979): 495.
9 Koblentz, Gregory D. Living weapons: Biological warfare and international security. Cornell University
Press, 2009.

antibiotics and chemotherapy treatments in the higher income countries. This leads to the
perception that the disease is under control with the political declination.
Insurgency like terrorism
With the infectious disease world view, in 9/11, bioterrorism, SARS and H5N1 Avin Influenzas
are some of the contexts and the major security threats. The event of 9/11 on New York and
Washington had a major impact where the anthrax has been mainly pushing along with process
of securitization of the emerging infectious diseases by blurring the distinctions mainly between
the naturally occurring infectious diseases or the deliberate act of bioterrorism. The placing is
with the response with the security framework, which is then set for the US Secretary of Navy,
with notification after the anthrax attacks through the new union of the public health. The
concern is about the reflections at the global level, where the anthrax attacks clearly
demonstrated about the security features that have been raised mainly due to the bioterrorists
events. SARS epidemics are set to manage and cripple the dynamic cities in the world with loss
in the global economic output. In historical times, there were number of infectious diseases that
have been most crucial part of human mortality and morbidity. There are cases of migration and
on one hand it has been a blessing with free movement of products, money and labor between the
nations. On the contrary it can be taken as a curse which is in disguise with rise level
vulnerabilities toward some of the bad and life-threatening diseases. The quick spread of these
many infectious diseases like HIV, Ebola, SARS and many more have been constantly creating
terror in the present international population.10 There is presence of international level of
10 Noble, Ronald K. "Keeping science in the right hands: Policing the new biological frontier." Foreign
Aff. 92 (2013): 47.

realization of the level or heights of devastation for human health and wellbeing for so many
infectious diseases that can also bring some worry. SAR has a real impact with the sensitizing
the world for the future infectious disease threats with demonstrating the dangers that people
had. The next threat has been about the capturing of global attention with H5N1 avian influenza
virus which needs to be taken seriously.11 The virus tends to outbreak where it did not attract
much attention out of the world of the animal health till May. H5N1virus has a major infection
on the human and cause diseases. The infectious diseases and the flu experts tend to express the
greater certainty about the dangers which are posed by H5N1 virus. Here, the major influence is
through the US Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention (CDC), Julie Gerberding, who
warned the world with impact of the influenza pandemic that is caused by H5N1 virus.
The terrorist attacks by the organizations like Al-Qaeda have a major impact on the activities
with the surrounding biological terrorism. There are issues related to the terrorists’ activities with
the collection of intelligence on the state program. The terror groups are the defectors who have
a daunting task than collecting intelligence on the state program. The offers for the six policy
prescriptions are for reducing the dangers which are posed by the biological weapons with the
increased transparency and oversight of civilian and biological activities. 12
11 Stern, Alexandra Minna, and Howard Markel. "International efforts to control infectious diseases, 1851
to the present." JAMA 292, no. 12 (2004): 1474-1479.
12 Sands, Peter, Carmen Mundaca-Shah, and Victor J. Dzau. "The neglected dimension of global security
—a framework for countering infectious-disease crises." New England Journal of Medicine 374, no. 13
(2016): 1281-1287.

The Interpol is one of the world’s biggest biological threats where the recognition is not mainly
on the criminal threat but also on the potential dangers to the different countries, regions and the
people in the world. Interpol in CBRNE Terrorism Prevention Program includes the chemical,
biological, radiological, nuclear and the explosives, in 2010. It combats the relevant threats with
the development of the analysis of intelligence and evaluation of the risks and threats in
collaboration to the law enforcement agencies and experts. The assessment is based on the data
gathering from the different open sources in the media. The government is slowly becoming
more and more aware about the overall threat that is widely infectious disease that can be a threat
for the health of people and for the country’s economic and stability on political level. As an
outcome, there are multiple responses to the diseases based on diverse threats initiated to appear
in national strategies for security. 13As per the securitization theory, an issue can be taken as an
important as well as existential threat to a given base of referent object like state, community or
the economic system. It is also anticipated that this kind of framing also produces the needed
level of policies that are responding to national level of protection. 14Scrutiny of number of
infectious diseases, has contributed in setting the priority based reforms internal to country as
well as at global platform such as declaring a disease like AIDS as international threat by UN in
2000. Similarly, in the year 2014, the UN Security Council has taken number of resolution which
13 Curley, Melissa, and Nicholas Thomas. "Human security and public health in Southeast Asia: the SARS
outbreak." Australian Journal of International Affairs 58, no. 1 (2004): 17-32.
14 Huckel Schneider, Carmen. "Global public health and international relations: pressing issues–Evolving
governance." Australian Journal of International Affairs 62, no. 1 (2008): 94-106.

states that there are many as well as unprecedented level of outbreak in disease like Ebola in
countries like Africa consist it as a threat to global peace as well as security and it further lead to
the formation of mission by UN by forming Ebola Emergency Response. There are number of
other cases which include communities like Organization of African Unity also called OAU and
government came together against HIV. The other trouble development is the terrorist groups in
the networks or the virtual networks. 15 It focuses on the law enforcement detection and working
over the international terrorists’ organization who tend to form loose affiliations that operate
based on the national boundaries and the systems. The identification, penetration is mainly
through the success of the U.S. operations in Afghanistan against Taliban which induced the Al-
Qaeda operatives to strengthen their ties with robust groups.
Economic Standards
This includes the trading and the moving of the people, with cross border business that has
enabled the faster pace with planes where the people are able to take weeks in countries and
maritime navigation. With the increased poverty and the strong correlations between the poverty
and the poor health, there is a major question about the following of the effects on the economic
globalization. 16It is important to focus on the different mainstream views about how the health is
prioritized with the references based on the global politics and the economy. The check is mainly
on the references and how the widening of the gap is set between the wealthy and the poor
15 Franco, Crystal, and Tara Kirk Sell. "Federal agency biodefense funding, FY2012-FY2013." Biosecurity
and bioterrorism: biodefense strategy, practice, and science 10, no.
16 Elbe, Stefan. "Should HIV/AIDS be securitized? The ethical dilemmas of linking HIV/AIDS and
security." International Studies Quarterly 50, no. 1 (2006): 119-144.

people. The unequal access to the different resources is mainly for the good health. The example
is related to the adjustments with the fundamental social changes. There is a need to introduce
the aid community factory with the structural adjustments and the liberalization methods without
any consideration for the social impacts. The elaboration of the neutral description of WTO
policies include the different views and how the inherent tension is between the trade and the
health interests. The evidence is mainly to support the critical viewpoints and the dominance
behind the trade liberalization. 17The links are related to the dominance of neo-liberal trading
policies which include the adjustments of the programs and the intellectual properties. The
facilitation with the rapid translational movements of the goods, services and capital is based on
the policies which has a diversified impact on the capacity which adheres to the comprehensive
health practices. The powerful control is to understand the internal financial institutions with
encouraging the development of the countries to undertake the drastic cuts with the public-sector
spending, including health as well. Here, the health and the state has a major effect on the
capacity where the negative effects of the epidemics is considered the major focus for the Health
of Nations. One need to seek for the potential risks which are by the poor health functioning of
the states. This directly affect the economic productivity with the reduced growth rate of gross
domestic products. 18The cuts are depending upon the government expenditure on the social
programs with shrinking labor pools. The quantitative analysis is selected with leading effects of
the cyclical negative effects that tend to reduce the state capacity to govern. There are different
17 Stern, Jessica. "Dreaded risks and the control of biological weapons." (2006).
18 Elbe, Stefan. "Should HIV/AIDS be securitized? The ethical dilemmas of linking HIV/AIDS and
security." International Studies Quarterly 50, no. 1 (2006): 119-144.

approaches which work on the growth and the power to handle the expansion of the public
interests. 19The basic requirements are also based on the facts where the political science focus
on the effects of the population health. The economic conditions have led to the increase in the
health inequalities and how the health impacts the different indicators of the state capacity. The
contribution in the Globalization and Health fits in the approach which begins with the ethical
governance standards. It also includes the role of actors and demonstration of the ethics of the
cosmopolitan democracy provided under the normative underpinnings. The standards are set
with the Pandemics which include the risks to the economic growth and stability. The intrinsic
dynamics of the infectious disease breaks with the behavioral and the policy response that has a
major economic impact. The globalization drives the economic growth with facilitation to the
spread of contagion where the rate of emergence of the new infectious disease appears to be
increasing. 20With this, there is an increased population with the wildlife interaction and
increased livestock production that has a zoonotic transmission. From the economic risks
perspectives, there are investments in the smaller fraction to what is spent to prevent the financial
crises. Example, the latest regulations are for the total loss absorbing capacity which will cost the
estimated amount of $17 billion per year for making the big banks safer.
19 Sands, Peter, Carmen Mundaca-Shah, and Victor J. Dzau. "The neglected dimension of global security
—a framework for countering infectious-disease crises." New England Journal of Medicine 374, no. 13
(2016): 1281-1287.
20 Koblentz, Gregory D. Living weapons: Biological warfare and international security. Cornell University
Press, 2009.