This report, prepared for the London School of Science and Technology's MG408 Graduate Challenge, examines the critical roles of various business functions within an organization, using Sainsbury's as a case study. The report defines and analyzes the importance of marketing, finance, human resources (HR), and operations, highlighting their interconnectedness and contribution to overall business success. It explores how Sainsbury's, a major supermarket chain, utilizes these functions to achieve its goals, with specific focus on marketing strategies, financial management, HR practices, and operational efficiency. The report also provides recommendations for improvement, such as enhanced employee training and diversification strategies to mitigate risks. It concludes that effective management of these core business functions is essential for achieving efficiency, profitability, and sustainability in the competitive market. The report is well-referenced with academic sources.