Contemporary Business: Hard Systems Approach to Change Management

This report delves into the application of the hard systems approach to change management within a contemporary business context. It begins by defining change management and the systems approach, emphasizing the interconnectedness of various organizational elements. The report then contrasts the hard systems approach, which focuses on objective, well-defined goals, with the soft systems approach, which emphasizes organizational redesign and human activity systems. It explores how the hard systems approach works, highlighting its advantages such as providing clear solutions and the ability to address specific concerns, while also acknowledging its limitations, including a potential lack of flexibility and the inability to handle multiple perspectives. The report further discusses the factors to consider when implementing a hard systems approach, such as analyzing the nature of the problem, conducting situational analysis, defining objectives and constraints, and establishing performance measures. The report concludes by emphasizing the hard systems approach's value in providing a scientific, objective approach to problem-solving in change management.

Use of hard systems approach to change management in a contemporary business
Change management is one of the challenges that managers have to deal with. In a
business environment, internal and external forces exert pressure on the organization forcing it to
make adjustments on its internal processes. Effective organizations are dynamic since they
address change management every time they face the needs to adjust since the changes faced in
one organization cannot be the same as the changes in another organization (Senior & Fleming
2006, p. 43). The systems approach of change management emphasizes the need for change to be
implemented organization-wide, where the interconnectedness of the different variables like
tasks, strategy, technology, culture, design and people are organized and planned to address the
pressures from the environment. This means that management has to choose a hard or soft
systems approach for managing the changes that it faces.
Organizational change management and the differences between hard system and soft
systems
Siriram (2011, p. 5) suggests that the hard systems approach of change is based on
analyzing the change associated with the organization to determine the objectives for change
and develop the best options for action that are used to develop a criteria for the solution. The
hard systems approach is based suited for situations with well-defined facts and problems that
must be accomplished from a technical perspective. This approach works well for situations that
lie on the hard side of the continuum of change where changes have to be implemented the hard
way and affect the whole organization. Jackson (2003, p. 16) adds that this system works well in
dealing with real-world problems since it has the best approach for tackling such problems. .
Examples of hard systems include system analysis, information engineering and operation
research where in each of the system, steps are developed to address the changes that need to be

realized in the organization. The approach entails the stages if description, developing options
and implementing the change. The description process entails having a summary of the issues the
organization is facing in terms of diagrams, charts or words. Here, the objectives of the change
process need to be determined and the constraints developed from the themes identified in the
diagnostic stage. From here, the performance measures for the objectives are formulated to
highlight how the objectives will be achieved.
In the options stage, management has to weigh the available options that exist and narrow
them from the general options to specific options that define the best approach that suits the
challenges that the organization is facing and evaluating the options against any available
measure in the organization. According to Hayes (2010, p. 286). Management needs to
determine the strategy to be applied in the organization by determining whether to use an
economic strategy, an organization development strategy or a combined strategy for addressing
the change. Management has to ensure that the option taken is compelimng and balanced with
the business and organization development direction. Lastly, in the implementation stage, the
change can be implemented as a pilot strategy, parallel running project or big bang
implementation depending on the nature of changes that exists in the organization. This means
that management picks the best strategy for change management through weighing the options
that exist to determine the best that meets the needs.
On the other hand, the soft systems approach focusses on the soft end of the continuum
where there is a need to redesign the system of the organization at different levels of the
organization. This system design is concerned with a mixture of both the “what” and “how
“questions as a general approach to organizational change and solving the problems that exist in
the organization. In this system, the human activity systems are complex thus can work with a

single goal that imposes solutions to them but rather a number of methods have to be used to
address the human design issues. In most cases, this model concentrates on organizational
development where employees are empowered to handle the changes that are applied to the
organization since it deals with the plurality issues, different beliefs and values that shape
politics and power which make the soft systems more appropriate as compared to the hard
system (Jackson 2003, p. 16). This model recognizes the role of people as drivers and
implementers of change within the subsystems of the organization.
The organization is the whole system while people form part of the subsystem thus
change can only be effective if it is applied at the subsystem level and allowed to diffuse into the
whole system. This means that a change in one part will inevitably affect the whole organization.
From Lewin’s model of change, unfreezing is applied through addressing the resistance to
change to acceptance of the changes. For change to be effective under this model, the forces for
change must empower the resistance to change. This means that the role of management under
this situation is to ensure that resistance is unfreezed by all means.
How these models might work, the advantages and disadvantages of the theories
The hard systems approach works well in systems with clear and well-defined goals
where solutions have to be designed to achieve them. This works through an input-output system
with connected processes for solving clear linear problems. Through developing a clear purpose
and well-defined goals, the method offers the best solution to existing organizational problems
since it allows the design of a solution that addresses the specific concerns that the organization
is facing. This is because in organizational issues are characterized by multiple and often
conflicting perspectives that require clearly defined goals to work on them. From a systems
perspectives, system thinking approaches are social constructs that engage and imprve

organizational situations in real world complexity (Reynolds & Howell 2010, p. 7). Since the
method allows studying the organization as a whole, strategies are developed to include the
macro and micro levels of the organization thus addressing both individual and organizational
issues. The outcome of this process is a focus on multiple management decisions through an
adaptive and dynamic process. However, the hard systems approach has been criticized due to its
ability to have a single goal that is used as the general solution for the whole organization thus
lacking the ability to deal with multiple perceptions of reality (Jackson 2003, p. 17). This is
because the human activity system is complex lacking a single goal that can be used as the main
solution to the problems. According to the systems approach is designed for problematic
behaviour patterns within the organization thus the need to solve system dynamic problems thus
without applying the required set of tools to solve problems, the system approach may not work
well (Featherston & Doolan 2012 p. 2). The solutions developed may not always be practical
thus requiring time to address the issues that affect them before the strategy can be achieved.
Bailey (2008, p. 3) argues that the soft systems approach has been effective when used in
analyzing information flow requirements that can be decomposed into subsystems and
understanding the organization to identify the areas that need improvement and weak areas that
need to be addressed. Thus the role of a soft system practitioner is to develop a set of information
flow requirements by deriving the required information categories to support system thinking.
The solutions produced are based on the problem that is seen as a whole where solutions
produced are based on the fit situations where analysts develop strategies that fit the organization
and its needs. This means that the strategy works on the internal needs of the organization like
employee empowerment to increase organizational efficiency.

However, the hard system method has been criticized since it lacks ways on how a new
system can be built to address organizational challenges. This is because the strategy relies on
people for effecting the solutions to the existing problems in the organization which can be
challenging in some situations since people are affected by power dynamics within the
organization which can shift in any direction (Bodhanya, S. & Proches, 2014, p. 1133). This
means that the organization will require different types of professionals to address the problems
of the organization. Thus the method can be time-consuming and expensive to the organization
due to the resources needed to invest in the human resource system. Therefore, the hard systems
approach offers the best option for change management since it applies the objective reality of
the systems by developing well-defined change problems that need to be solved. This means that
a scientific approach to problem-solving is used to develop a change management strategy for
the organization. Scientific problem solving offers the best option since it allows picking a
decision that reflects the needs of the organization.
The factors that should be taken into account when considering hard systems approaches
to change
The first factor to be considered in the hard system approach for change is the nature of
the problem that the approach seeks to address. The problem needs to be analyzed in a “what”
form by determining the opportunity or the issues that need to be addressed by analyzing the
input-output system of the organization to determine the opportunities that can be created or the
chances that will be there to solve the problem (Arnold & Wade 2015, p. 673). This means that
opportunities must be viewed from the nature of the problem to determine ways that can be used
to improve it. Management needs to understand the nature of the problem and the organizational

areas that the problem affects. This assists in the way situational analysis will be done and how
the organizational change will be affected.
Analysis of the situation is also important when designing the hard systems response to
change. In most cases, changes are not effective because there is a lack of proper analysis of the
need for change that will inform the strategies that will be used for change. The difference
between the soft system and the hard systems change is that the hard systems change focuses on
what needs to be achieved. For the systems approach to work well managers need to move away
from the reductionist models and go beyond the application of models or algorithms to develop
the ability to grasp the sense of situations that exist in the organization (Dominici 2012, p. 2).
The situational analysis allows management to understand the factors for change and those that
resist change. Methods like the force field analysis are good in the situational analysis where
scores are g9ven for each issue and the difference determined to understand where there are
higher forces for change.
Objectives and constraints of the existing problem also need to be identified by being
identified by defining what needs to be achieved and constraints that may affect the ability of the
organization to achieve the new state. This means that the hard systems approach should
encompass the needs of all the stakeholders in the organization or different disciplines to
determine the needs and requirements of each stakeholder. By applying the systems thinking,
managers need to develop a philosophical approach that ensures that methods and tools used are
in line with the systems philosophy of the organization (Mononen 2017, p. 4535). This simplifies
analysis and understanding of external factors and constraints that may affect the organization.
Route objectives have to be developed to explore different ways that enable generating of many

ideas then converging them to a realistic number that highlights the best possibilities that the
organization will achieve.
The measures for performance is another factor that should be taken into account when
designing the hard system approach to change. Performance measures are defined by the
indicators that will be used in the organization to measure the progress of the change. The
change process needs to be defined by setting objectives that will determine the level of
achievement that has been achieved. Performance measures entail any indicator that highlights
how the organization will assess the effectiveness of the change process. According to Cabrera
(2006, p. 98) system thinking competencies need to be developed for the organization to succeed
in using this approach. Unlike the soft systems, the hard systems have objectives that need to be
met thus they can be expressed in the form of indicators that will be used to measure how
management has achieved in the change process. This means that the change activities have to be
aligned with the set objectives of the change process that are determined after situational
analysis.
Lastly, there is a need to evaluate every existing option to determine the best that meets
the change process in the organization. Organization change options need to be evaluated to
determine the best one that meets the current situation in the organization (Stowell & Welch
2012, P. 33). Changes are caused by different factors which define the options for change that
can be adopted. The available option determines the change management approaches that the
organization will use in meeting its objectives. Each of the options should be assessed using
methods like SWOT analysis and cost-benefit analysis to come up with the solution that best
meets the organizational change process.
Conclusion

The hard systems approach to change management is used to develop ideal solutions for
managing change in organizations. In most cases, organizations have challenges managing
change due to the different outcomes of change that are not determined during the development
of the change strategy. This means that the hard systems approach offers a streamlined process
that develops a change management process through situational analysis of organizational needs
to develop a strategy that meets the needs of the organization. The hard systems approach is
preferred because the solution to the change problem are developed through a scientific approach
that analyses the available options to develop the best solution for the organization. Therefore,
the best way to manage change is to apply the systems approach to develop the best strategy that
meets the needs of the organization.

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