Annotated Bibliography: Critical Analysis of Hate Crime Literature

This annotated bibliography presents a detailed analysis of three journal articles focused on hate crime. The first article, by Donovan, Clayton, and Macdonald, examines the agency, heterogeneity, and relationality in hate reporting, particularly concerning transgender identities and sexuality, using a third-party reporting project dataset. It discusses the characteristics of victims and suggests directions for future research. The second article, by Farrington and Jolliffe, investigates the criminal careers of individuals imprisoned for hate crimes, comparing them to those convicted of general violent offenses, and highlighting the need for targeted interventions. The third article, by Mason and Moran, explores bias crime policing in New South Wales, Australia, focusing on the challenges faced by law enforcement in addressing bias crimes and the importance of community engagement and diversity in policing. Each article is summarized and critically analyzed, offering insights into the complexities of hate crime research, victimization, and the responses of law enforcement.

Running Head : ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Donovan, C., Clayton, J. and Macdonald, S.J., 2019. New directions in hate
reporting research: agency, heterogeneity and relationality. Sociological
Research Online, 24(2), pp.185-202.
According to Clayton, Macdovan and Donovan, The reporting project on hate crime is
one of the major datasets regarding the hate crime reporting of the third party in the United
Kingdom. The dataset delivers unique means for tracing the style of reporting hate crime based
on faith and race identity, transgender and sexuality and disability. The article considers the
location, timing and nature of reported incidents of hate crime along with that styles in reporting
data repeat concentrating on hate crime based on transgender identities or perceived sexuality.
This proposes three characteristics of the individuals who are the sufferers of reported incidents
of hate crimes. Firstly it can be regarded as agentic in the inhabitation of transformative identities
they not only confronted apparent stigmatized characters by reportage on hate experiences
nevertheless by doing that the reframe the individuality of normal individuals who ratify hate as
denounced. Secondly, it is considered as heterogeneous with intersecting identities, responses
and diverse experience regarding hatred to them. Thirdly by drawing equivalents between hate
and domestic violence, it is beneficial to think of the individuals who made reporting on
victimization in crime. The new programme recommended for research on hate to include
attention on heterogeneity, agency and relationality. Thus the article made quantitative
examination of dataset of 10 years reporting project on hate crime from third party to frame
features that are evolving from the dataset that is recommendation for future research in the area
of hate.the data taken in consideration for doing this is hate reporting which is based on
transgender identities and sexuality in addition to that make comparisons along the protected
strands to strengthen the point raised. Victimology in the earlier stage of sentencing is

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concentrated on presumptions of victim-blaming. Hate theories or the crime is structurally
implanted in hierarchies of privilege and power and also social inequalities. In the broader
context of a society where there is an occurrence of hate is comprehended to relate casually to
and is accountable for incidents or hate crimes. In another manner, hate crimes are an inevitable
consequence of society to reinforce and reflect power hierarchies depend on motorized groups.
The database of Arch is not framed with the quantitative examination of data and partnership in
between research team and Arch based on research which is action-oriented which is intended tp
allow Arch to use and develop the database better as the method of examination and also develop
questions of qualitative research to make the idea of quantitative data.
The strength of the article is most of them who made reporting on hate crimes on the
basis of transgender identity or sexuality are assessing the economy of night time suggest that
there are entities with social and financial resources. Furthermore in case of sexual and domestic
corruption severity tends to replicate violence hierarchy and misuse physical violence on the
other hand verbal violence, threats and online violence incline o underplayed by both service
providers and sufferers. Thus it is concluded that hate crime reporting is enhancing reporting
agencies of third party, police and surveys of crime is viewed as an optimistic symbol of
developing confidence amongst target section that is expected to be considered seriously.
Nevertheless, the article faces criticism as it is not clear and suffers from ambiguity.
Farrington, D.P. and Jolliffe, D., 2019. The criminal careers of those
imprisoned for hate crime in the UK. European Journal of Criminology.
According to Farrington and Jolliffe, the research on hate crime has enhanced
nevertheless the research examines the offenders of hate crimes. Thus it is complicated to assess

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on what limit the preparators of crime is dissimilar from the individuals who are not preparators
of hate crime. The articles explore criminal histories and demographics of those who spend time
in incarceration for the commission of hate crimes. The offenders of the hate crime who are
discharged from prisoning were identified to have criminal careers that are prolifically
committed a large number of diverse crimes. Furthermore, if they are compared to those who
committed general violent crimes, the offenders of violent hate offence were significantly
productive in prior offending. Violent hate offence seemed qualitative as contrary to
qualitatively, different from non- hatred offence that is violent but those who had made the
commission of hate crime in violation of public order in comparison to other offenders of public
order. Interferences for reduction of later criminal of offenders of hate crime based on efficient
intervention standing for violent offenders bot consider the knowledge regarding the productive
criminal careers of offenders of hate crime. The commission concentrating hate corruption has
implication which is a wide-reaching and high standard investigation in crime preparators and
also require a description of the offence. The studies of potential longitudinal community
initiating in juvenile must be conducted where families of the children and children are
questioned on regular intermissions abut family, individual, sociological factors that are related
to antisocial conduct and offending. It is clear from the current study that investigation on the
individuals who are the preparators of hate crimes I required especially in the United Kingdom.
The strength of the article is the research makes the application of administrative data to
deliver descriptive scenario of males those are held guilty and spend in prison for the conviction
of hate crime. The drawbacks of the prior research on preparator of the hate crime are that it
made application of police records, arrest and defendant as the crime preparators however in
each measure there lies probability that preparators of crime were innocent and are not HCO.

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The data used for the research is derived from the Police National Computer database is
considered as national databases regarding convictions and offences which are updated and held
by police authority in the United Kingdom. It is suggested by the expanded study that there is a
substantial increase of hate crime and less known the individuals who are the preparators of
crimes or what are the best method for elimination of future conviction. The research provides
the exclusive context of HCO populations that are discharged after attending the prison sentence
of short term in Wales and England for the offence of hate crime. The suitable definition of hate
crime is subjected to debate and controversies in Wales and England there is accepted working
definition in criminal justice structure. The crime which is observed by sufferers of crimes to be
encouraged by prejudice and hostility. There is no single legislation of hate crimes in Wales and
England however the Crime and Disorder Act, 1998 introduced religiously and racially
aggravated crimes including criminal damage, assault, stalking, harassment and other offences of
public order. The drawback of the article is the author failed to forward a clear view on the
criminal careers of the convicted on hate crime in the United Kingdom.
Mason, G. and Moran, L., 2019. Bias Crime Policing:'The Graveyard
Shift'. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 8(2), p.1.
A bias crime is considered as the crime that is encouraged by bias or prejudice towards
victim’s attributes such as religion, race and sexuality. The police authority has been challenged
for failure to undertake bias criminal offence as seriously in addition to that there lies a pressing
requirement to evaluate the cause for such failure. The aim of the article is to discourse this
limitation by the presentation of the impact of empirical research on bias crime enforcing
structure in New South Wales of Australia. Furthermore, on interviewing police force of New
South Wales the research investigates maintainable reform in this area has proved to be elusive.

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It qualified key drawbacks which include identification, reporting, recording, community
engagement, framing and leadership. The study that evolves from the discoveries has significant
consequences relating to police organizations. Bias crime has achieved little grip as the concern
of legitimate policing in Australia. The enforcement agencies in Australia is an autonomous
structure that enforced and interprets criminal legislation of each territory and state. The law
enforcement agencies have discretion in implementation and policy formation though they are
subjected to political controls. The current research points out that bias crimes pose a serious
concern in Australia and that establishes a requirement to comprehend the conditions that are
responsible for failure on the part of enforcement authority to consider the crime as seriously.
Bias crime need to be comprehended in the perspective of relationships of police with the
community comprises of the minority. Social identification intercedes the relationship between
the citizen and the police. Minority communities have inclined to have a low level of confidence
towards police. The mistrust that creates on police to provide treatment to sufferers with respect
and fairness is marked among communities comprises of marginalized peoples with record
current experiences of abuse of enforcement authority and over-policing. These comprise of
religious and ethnic minorities, indigenous people, LGBTI communities and immigrants.
Nevertheless, cooperation between police and minorities need reciprocal trust. It is apparent from
the research that enforcement authority carries negative suspicions, perceptions and stereotypes
regarding some minorities. The reciprocal mistrust implies that members from the minority
community are less probable in comparison to no minorities to contact police or report
victimization if assistance is required. Furthermore, bias crime is less probable to police
reporting rather than the equivalent crime. The theories of diversity in policing are also related to
bias corruption.

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The potency of the article is diversity policing in Australia involves the initiation of
multicultural strategies, training of cultural sensitivity and programs of auxiliary liaison. That
initiative made significant influence to the police capacity address the requirement of
communities comprise of minority class.it is evident from the research that development is
weakened by the incapability to normalize competency of culture through the organization and
also an integration of particular intervention in the functioning practice. There is no specific
model for bias crime on policing. Furthermore particularly the enforcement authority is forced
for initiation of bias crime to address outcry of the public about the action of excessive violence
or institutional prejudice. Thus the drawback of the article is there is a deficiency in practical
research on the conception of policing in bias crime from the perspective of the police. The
policing in bias crime will endure fighting in an organization that committed to the approaches
that are authoritarian to the enforcement of legislation.