Organizational Behaviour Report: Analysis of Hays Travel's Practices

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of organizational behaviour, focusing on the case study of Hays Travel. The report is divided into two parts, the first of which examines organizational culture, politics, and power, as well as motivational theories, and the second which delves into team dynamics and the application of organizational behaviour concepts. The report explores the impact of culture, politics, and power on individual and team behaviour, evaluates various motivational theories, and analyzes the types of teams within an organization, including the application of team and group development theories. Furthermore, the report critically analyzes the relationship between culture, politics, and power, as well as the influence of theories on behaviour, providing a detailed understanding of organizational behaviour principles and their practical implications within a real-world context. The report also presents a critical analysis and evaluation of team development theories.

Organisational
Behaviour

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
PART 1............................................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1: Organizational culture, politics and power............................................................................1
M1: Critical analysis of culture, politics and power....................................................................3
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
P2: Motivational theories.............................................................................................................4
M2: Critical evaluation of theories of motivation........................................................................6
D1: Critical evaluation of relationship between culture, politics and power...............................6
PART 2............................................................................................................................................6
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
P3: Types of teams in an organization.........................................................................................6
M3: Analysis of team and group development theory.................................................................8
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
P4: Concepts and philosophies of organizational behaviour.......................................................8
M4: Influence of theories on behaviour.....................................................................................10
D2: Critical analysis and evaluation of team development theories..........................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Organizational Behaviour refers to the study of different types of human behaviour in the
organizational settings and the way people interact within an organization. It is important for the
management to understand the impact which it puts so that the members of different types of
teams can be motivated effectively and efficiently to perform their best. In the firms, the level of
productivity can be increased by positively influencing the behavioural pattern of members of
different teams like Production, Finance, Marketing, HR etc. Maximization of potential of
achievement of short-term and long-term aims, goals as well as objectives can be done if the
correct techniques are used. This assignment is based on Hays Travel. It is a travel agent chain
which operates in United Kingdom. In this report, detailed focus will be made on analysis of
influence of culture, politics and power in a company, evaluation of theories of motivation.
Additionally, analysis of demonstration of understanding of cooperation with others and
application of concepts and philosophies of organizational behaviour will be discussed as a part
of this project.
PART 1
TASK 1
P1: Organizational culture, politics and power
Organizational culture-
It refers to the the working pattern which is displayed within an organization
(Anagnostopoulos and Papadimitriou, 2017). The members of different types of teams like
Production, Finance, HR, Marketing etc. have to abide by it by respecting and following it.
Organizational Culture can be defined as different types of beliefs, assumptions, values and ways
of interaction which enables contribution to social and psychological environment of an
organization. For understanding the impact of organizational culture, Handy's model can be used.
This model is explained as follows-
Power- In Power culture, the decision-making within the organizations is done only by
specific individuals. Therefore there is concentration of power at the top and the lower-level
management is not able to take decisions.
1

Role- In Role culture, the organizations have different types of role for individuals with
specific capabilities. This helps in bringing the best out of them and thus in this manner ensures
that the productivity is increased.
Task- In Task culture, the firms make sure that they are able to segregate the work in
different types of tasks. Therefore when they do so they will be able to increase the overall level
of efficiency as well as effectiveness without problems and issues.
Person- In Person culture, the organization just exists for the sake of individuals and for
the purpose of fulfilment of their various expectations. Therefore a lot of priority is given here to
the individuals who work in the organization and their needs and requirements are fulfilled.
Justification- The use of Role Culture should be made within Hays Travel as it makes
sure that there are specific roles for different types of individuals in the organization. Therefore
by making its use the company will be able to understand the right role for specific individuals
which will help in the development of their talent and also the level of productivity can be
increased in a highly efficient manner. Therefore in this way sustainable success can be obtained
by the organization which will lead to obtaining of a strategic edge over the competitors.
Organizational politics-
It refers to the different types of behaviours in which managers and people in an
organization indulge (Chang and et.al., 2016). For Hays Travel's managers, its right application
is necessary for achieving goals and objectives.
Chanlat's political characteristics-
There are different types of characteristics of politics of managers in an organization.
These are as follows-
 Personal characteristics- In it the managers of Hays Travel can use politics for their
personal gains.
 Decision characteristics- In it the management of Hays Travel can play politics in their
decisions.
 Structural characteristics- The managers in Hays Travel can use politics to influence
the structure of the organization.
 Organizational change- Politics can also be used in a correct manner so that
organizational change can be influenced in Hays Travel.
2

Justification- Organizational politics puts both a positive as well as a negative influence
on the working of any organization. Thus there is a requirement that it should be used in the
correct manner in Hays Travel.
Positive example of Organizational politics- In Hays Travel, the managers make use of
techniques for the improvement of performance of employees by giving them feedback. In this
way the workers are able to make sure that they improve their performance effectively and
efficiently.
Negative example of Organizational politics- In Hays Travel, the managers scold the
workers for very small mistakes made by them. This can decrease their motivation and is an
example of negative organizational politics.
Organizational power-
In an organization, there is power which rests with the managers (Chumg and et.al., 2016). This
power can be used by them to influence others so that the work can be done. According to
French and Raven, there are multiple types of power-
 Legitimate- This types of power arises due to a particular position which a manager has
within a company.
 Reward- This power type entitles the managers to give particular reward to the
managers.
 Expert- In this type of power, the management can take expert-level decisions in the
organization.
 Referent- In this base of power, the managers can make use of power which is derived
due to charisma.
 Coercive- This type of power is derived by forcing others through coercion and taking of
decisions.
Justification- In Hays Travel, legitimate power is used by the managers so that they are
in the authority to take correct decisions.
In Hays Travel, the power is used by the managers in a manner in which they are able to
provide the necessary directions and instructions to the staff of the organization. In this way they
make sure that the workers follow their directions and instructions and contribute with the use of
their best abilities for the cause of the organization.
3

M1: Critical analysis of culture, politics and power
Impact on individual and team behaviour and performance-
Culture- If the right culture is adopted within Hays Travel then this will positively lead
people to work in a productive manner to achieve the goals and objectives.
Politics- In Hays Travel, the politics can impact the team members in two ways-
 Positive way- If the managers in Hays Travel can positively appreciate the performance
of employees then this will create a positive impact on them.
 Negative way- If in Hays Travel, the managers find out faults in employees even on their
small mistakes then this will create a negative impact on them.
Power-
In Hays Travel, the power can influence team members because if it used correctly and properly
delegated a lot of goals and objectives can be achieved.
TASK 2
P2: Motivational theories
Motivation- Motivation in the context of an organization refers to the efforts which can
be made by the management to positively boost up the confidence of the employees and get
higher-level of performance from them (Gkorezis and Petridou, 2017). Hays Travel's managers
can use it to derive more productivity from their various workers.
In organizations, Motivation is the use of appropriate techniques and methods which can
energise and channelize the emotions of the workers in an organization in a positive manner.
This helps in attainment of the required results.
Types of motivation-
Intrinsic motivation- This refers to the way of doing something without a desire to
obtain rewards (Intrinsic Motivation: How to Pick Up Healthy Motivation Techniques, 2019).
For example- Employees in Hays Travel may do interesting and creative work without a desire
of obtaining reward for it.
Extrinsic motivation- This means doing something for the desire of obtaining a
particular reward. For example- Hays Travel's workers can make sure that they are able to get the
desired reward for the work which they are putting.
Theories of motivation-
4

There are different types of theories of motivation. These are as follows-
Content Theories- It refers to the way the people in a particular organization are
motivated (Lee, Tui and Sharif, 2016). It tries and defines the ways which should be used for the
purpose of motivation of people. In this way the managers can adopt the right techniques so that
they are able to motivate the employees to attain the goals as well as objectives. Using these
theories, the managers can determine what motivates the members in a company. These theories
have been given by Maslow, Herzberg and Alderfer.
Content Theories can be used by the managers of the organizations so that they are able
to identify the ways through which the employees can be motivated. Therefore, in this manner
they will be able to fulfil the expectations of workers to be able to attain the goals and objectives.
Hays Travel's managers can make use of Alderfer's ERG theory to motivate the people in
the company and derive the best performance out of them.
According to this theory, there are basically three types of major needs of human beings.
These are defined as follows-
 Existence needs- These needs are very basic in nature and are required for existence of
the human beings. The managers of Hays Travel can make sure that they use the correct
techniques to fulfil them.
 Relatedness needs- These needs are related with esteem and respect of employees. These
have to be fulfilled by the management of Hays Travel to motivate workers.
 Growth needs- These needs are related with internal esteem as well as self-actualization.
The employees in Hays Travel have these needs because they need to target their growth
in the future time period.
Process Theories- It means the process of initiation of different types of behaviours.
These theories explain the reasons for it (Miao and et.al., 2020). These theories explain the
reasons why people behave in a certain pattern. Thus the managers can make use of these
theories so that they are able to identify the reasons behind the initiation of the behaviours. These
theories have been given by Vroom, Latham and Locke and Adams.
Process Theories can be used by the management so that it is able to identify the reasons
behind the initiation of the behaviours. Using it they can develop the right approach to be used
which will help in motivating and boosting the morale of the workers and thereby in the
achievement of goals and objectives.
5

In Hays Travel, Goal-Setting Theory is used by the managers so that they are able to
motivate individuals.
The application of this theory in the company is as follows-
The goals in the company must be of the following types-
Specific and clear- It is required that the goals which are set up should be specific and
clear in nature. In the context of Hays Travel, it is required that these goals are set up by the
managers so that the work can be done.
Realistic and challenging- There should be realistic and challenging goals set up in the
organization (Mitonga-Monga, Flotman and Cilliers, 2017). In Hays Travel, this can result in
higher-level of motivation for the workers to perform at their best and maximize their
productivity by achieving their full potential.
However, there are certain eventualities in this theory. These are as follows-
 Self-efficiency- This refers to the efficiency level of a particular individual. For Hays
Travel, it is quite necessary for the employees to display it so that targets can be
achieved.
 Goal commitment- There should be a particular commitment of the workers which they
should display towards the goals. In Hays Travel, there should be a commitment which
must be displayed by the employees so that these goals can be achieved.
M2: Critical evaluation of theories of motivation
Alderfer's ERG theory focuses on three basic types of needs of an individual. These
needs are quite relevant so that the workers can achieve the goals as well as objectives without
problems and issues. The Goal-Setting Theory of Adams focuses on how the goals must be set
within an organization. Also it discusses the qualities which are required for their achievement.
Thus it can be said that these theories are quite useful in the context of a particular organization
and therefore the managers must be able to make sure that they can achieve the desired outcomes
by properly applying them in the organizational processes and its functioning.
D1: Critical evaluation of relationship between culture, politics and power
There is a relationship between culture, politics and power. All of them are mutually
dependent on each other. Positive organizational culture ensures that the managers are playing
positive politics and are motivating their employees so that they can perform in a better way.
Also, this leads to use of a right base of power which will allow the organizations to achieve
6

their goals as well as objectives easily. Thus in the context of Hays Travel it is to be made sure
that the company is able to frame the right nexus between them. The managers who can help in
maintaining a right balance between all of them can be called as good ones as they make a lot of
efforts for achieving sustainable success.
PART 2
TASK 3
P3: Types of teams in an organization
Team working is important in the organizations because when individuals work as a part
of different types of teams it helps them to achieve the goals and objectives. Also higher level of
efficiency and effectiveness can be made possible in the companies due to it. This further leads
to enhancement of the level of productivity. Therefore team-working is quite important in Hays
Travel.
Groupthink means a way in which the different members of the group accept a particular
viewpoint whether it has been accepted with a consensus or not.
Symptoms of Groupthink are as follows-
 Invulnerability- In it the members of a group have an illusion in which abnormal risks
can be taken.
 Rationale- In it the members within a group do not take into account the negative
feedback received.
 Morality- The members of a group ignore the moral consequences of the decisions which
are taken by them.
 Stereotypes- Group members have stereotypical views here.
 Pressure- Here pressure tactics are used to apply pressure on a person who does not
agrees with a group.
 Self-censorship- In it the members of a group deviate from what the group thinks but do
not express their views.
 Illusion- In it, the members of group have an illusion of unanimity thinking that the
judgements are unanimous.
 Mind Guards- In it, the group members appoint themselves and protect the group from
the information which can hurt the group.
7

Thus with the use of this theory the managers of Hays Travel should make sure that such groups
are not formed within the organizations which can hurt the overall efficiency and effectiveness.
There are basically two types of teams which operate within an organization. These teams
are as follows-
Effective team- An effective team is the one which is able to achieve its goals and targets
easily which are set up for it by the management (Oeij and Vaas, 2016). Thus in Hays Travel
these types of teams are desired.
Ineffective team- An ineffective team is the one in which there are regular conflicts
between the team members and it is not able to achieve its goals and objectives. The managers of
Hays Travel will not want such teams in the organization because they can reduce the overall
efficiency and effectiveness.
Difference between effective team and ineffective team-
Basis Effective team Ineffective team
Cooperation In an effective team there is a
high-level of cooperation
between team members.
In an ineffective team there is
a low-level of cooperation
between the team members.
Coordination In an effective team good
coordination can be displayed
within the members of a team.
In an ineffective team there is
lack of coordination is evident
between the members of a
team.
Handling of conflicts Conflicts are handled in a
positive manner within
effective teams.
Conflicts are not handled in a
positive manner within
ineffective teams.
Tuckman's team development model-
Tuckman's team development model is quite useful because it enables the managers to
understand the behaviour exhibited by the different types of teams in an organization (Paull and
Whitsed, 2018). In the context of Hays Travel, the application of this model is as follows-
Stages of this model-
8

Stage 1: Forming- In this stage, a team is formed within an organization. A Team
Leader is appointed and specific tasks are given to each member according to the capabilities.
Here, there is a dependence upon the Team Leader for receiving the required guidance. This
enables them to make sure that the different types of problems are addressed. In Hays Travel,
this is the stage where the teams are set up.
Stage 2: Storming- In this stage, there are decisions which are taken. Therefore, in this
way the teams in Hays Travel can make sure that they are able to take decisions after making the
required consultations with their team leaders.
Stage 3: Norming- In this stage, the work is allocated and every member has to make
sure that before taking a particular decision which can affect the whole team an overall
agreement is made between the members. In the context of Hays Travel, it is quite important to
ensure that the conflicts which are happening are resolved. In this way this will help in raising
the bar of efficiency as well as effectiveness. Thus productivity can be increased.
Stage 4: Performing- In this stage there is actual performance by the team. Hays
Travel's managers should make sure that they can motivate the teams in the company in such a
manner so that they are able to achieve their goals and objectives.
Stage 5: Adjourning- This is the stage where the teams are adjourned. For Hays Travel,
it becomes necessary that they are able to make sure that they realise the right goals and
objectives before the teams are adjourned.
M3: Analysis of team and group development theory
An organization can only become successful if there are good teams in it. Thus it needs to
be ensured that the right theory can be applied in the organizational context. In Hays Travel,
Tuckman's team development model can be used. It identifies the ways which are used by the
managers to make the teams achieve their aims. If all the teams are able to cooperate and
coordinate in an efficient manner then there are no problems and issues in ensuring the desired
level of smoothness in the functioning of the company.
TASK 4
P4: Concepts and philosophies of organizational behaviour
Business Situation- In Hays Travel, some employees are showing laxity in their work
and are not handling the requests and queries of the clients in a proper manner. This is creating
9

problems and issues for the company and therefore the management of the company is required
to take an action in the context of this situation.
Application of theories-
Path-goal theory-
The Path-goal theory is based on the specifications of a leader's style and behaviour
which can best fit the employee and the environment at work for the purpose of achievement of
some sort of specific goal or objective.
This theory has the following elements-
Considerations-
 Employee characteristics- There are different types of workers within an organization.
Therefore a leader needs to adjust the leadership style according to them. In Hays Travel,
the management is required to identify the appropriate approach to be used for the
purpose of identification of the characteristics of employees and therefore giving them
proper instructions so that they do not show laxity at work.
 Task and environmental characteristics- There are different characteristics within the
environment of an organization. These need to be taken into consideration by the leaders.
In the context of Hays Travel, the leaders need to take these factors into account while
taking measures for the improvement in the productivity of the employees.
There are different paths of leadership within an organization. These are explained as
follows-
Directive leadership- In this type of leadership, a leader provides specific directions
(Pereira, Malik and Froese, 2017). Thus in this way the achievement of goals and objectives is
made easier. In the context of Hays Travel, this type of leadership can be used. Using it will
ensure that proper directions are given to the subordinates by the superiors for the achievement
of their goals and objectives. The leaders can provide specific instructions to subordinates and
thus they will be able to improve their efficiency.
Supportive leadership- In it, there is a supportive behaviour which is displayed by the
leaders of the organization. For Hays Travel, it becomes essential that its leaders display a
supportive attitude over the subordinates. In this way they will be able to raise the bar of
efficiency and effectiveness in the company easily. By showing adequate support to the
subordinates the leaders will be able to maximize productivity of employees.
10

Achievement-oriented leadership- In it, the leader sets different types of challenging
goals in front of the subordinates. This is to raise their bar of performance and to make them
perform at their full potential. In the context of Hays Travel, this leads to a sense of achievement
in the employees and they perform at their best for the cause of the organization. By putting the
challenges in front of the workers and identifying the employees who like challenging work the
leaders can improve their productivity.
Participative leadership- In it, the leaders of the organizations ensure that the
participation of the subordinates is there in the decision-making process (Pradhan, Kumari and
Kumar, 2017). In Hays Travel, the leaders can actively engage with the employees and in this
way their decision-making power can be enhanced. By enabling the workers to be a part of the
decision-making process the leaders make sure that they improve their overall efficiency.
Justification- In Hays Travel, the current situation demands that the managers are able to
use the Directive Leadership and give the required directions to the team. In this way, they will
ensure that the correct action can be taken so that the employees work with high-level efficiency
and effectiveness and are able to cooperate and coordinate in a better manner with the clients.
Focus on motivation-
 Goals- The leaders should be able to identify the goals which are required to be achieved.
For improving the productivity of unproductive workers the leaders of Hays Travel
should be able to set specific goals for the purpose of achievement.
 Clarification of path- The leaders must be able to clarify the path through which these
goals can be achieved. For improving the efficiency of employees the leaders of Hays
Travel must be able to clarify the path for the improvement.
 Removal of obstacles- There are certain obstacles which come when an organization
moves forward towards success. The leaders of Hays Travel should be able to identify the
problems of workers which they face while improving their productivity and must
remove them.
 Providing of support- The leaders should be able to provide adequate support to the
workers. They must identify the workers showing laxity in Hays Travel and must provide
the required support to them.
Situational resistance- Situational resistance refers to the challenge which is provided
by the members of a particular organization to the approach which is adopted by the leadership.
11

Therefore, in this manner they are able to be resistant to a change which is being initiated within
an organization. This can be seen in the context of Hays Travel when there is a change being
initiated in the company.
Impact on behaviour-
New staff-
Positive impact- When change is initiated within an organization the new staff is
required to make the adjustments quickly. Therefore in this way this develops their skills and
competencies. In Hays Travel this affects the new workers positively.
Negative impact- In an organization the change can also impact the new workers in a
negative manner. This is so because of the way in which they are expected to comply to the
change. In the context of Hays Travel this affects the new employees negatively.
Experienced Staff-
Positive impact- In the companies the experienced staff is impacted positively with the
change being initiated. This is so because the workers can make sure that they are able to adjust
effectively with it and thus raise their efficiency and effectiveness. For Hays Travel, this creates
a positive impact on the experienced workers.
Negative impact- In firms the experienced staff will resist to the change taking place and
in this manner this will lead to creation of problems and issues. This is the negative impact which
is created. In Hays Travel, this leads to the creation of a negative impact on the experienced
workers.
Situational leadership theory-
This theory refers to the different types of leadership styles which are adopted by the
leaders (Salas-Vallina, Alegre and Fernandez, 2017). This is according to a particular situation
and the development of their team members. There are four different levels of leadership-
 The leader tells- In this level, the leader provides instructions and directions to the team
members so that they are able to achieve their particular tasks. Thus the leaders of Hays
Travel here can make sure that they provide specific guidance to the workers.
 The leader sells- Here, the role of a leader actively supervises the team and provides
feedback on the work which has been done. In the context of Hays Travel, this can ensure
that the goals and objectives can be achieved.
12

 The leader advises- Here, the role of a leader is more of an advisory nature. In Hays
Travel, the leader makes sure that the right advise is given from time to time to the
members of different teams.
 The leader delegates- Here, the leader delegates the decision-making authority to the
subordinates allowing them to make certain decisions. In the context of Hays Travel, this
can make sure that the company's employees are able to take decisions after developing
the required skills and abilities for it.
Justification- The leaders of Hays Travel should use the The leader tells level of
leadership. In this way they can easily solve the problem of inefficiency of employees in
handling clients.
Contingency theory-
This theory states that there is not fixed style of leadership which the leaders of an
organization can adopt (Svanberg and Öhman, 2016). It all depends upon the particular situation
which is being faced in an organization according to which the desired action can be taken which
leads to solving of the different problems and issues. Thus in Hays Travel the leaders are
required to develop a specific approach which will solve the problem of inefficiency of workers
in handling the different types of clients.
M4: Influence of theories on behaviour
Path-goal theory-
Positive impact- Path-goal theory can put a positive influence on the behaviour of the
subordinates if the leaders of Hays Travel display cooperation with the employees.
Negative impact- Path-goal theory can put a negative influence on the behaviour of the
subordinates if the leaders of Hays Travel do not cooperate with the subordinates.
Situational leadership theory-
Positive impact- If the leaders of Hays Travel are able to act according to the situation
and can handle it will positively impact the behaviour.
Negative impact- If the leaders of Hays Travel do not act according to the situation this
will lead to negative impact on the behaviour.
Contingency leadership-
Positive impact- In Hays Travel, behaviours can be positively impacted if the leaders are
able to deal with a specific situation.
13

Negative impact- In Hays Travel, the behaviours can be impacted negatively if the
leaders do not deal properly with a particular situation.
D2: Critical analysis and evaluation of team development theories
Hays Travel's management should make use of Tuckman's team development model. By
using it, the firm will make sure that the different stages given in the model are applied correctly.
Thus in this manner the teams will be able to achieve their tasks without problems and issues.
This will raise the level of performance by a good margin and thus the organization will achieve
the desired outcomes in the future time period. Also, the behaviours of members of teams will be
influenced in a positive manner.
CONCLUSION
From the above report, it can be concluded that organizational behaviour is a study of the
impact created by different types of behaviours. Whenever the managers of an organization deal
with the diversity in a team consisting of various team members then they have to display the
right management skills. There is an impact of culture, politics and power in a company. Content
and Process theories of motivation enable the achievement of goals. There is a difference
between an effective and an ineffective team. The concepts and philosophies of Organizational
Behaviour can be used in different types of business situations.
14

REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Anagnostopoulos, C. and Papadimitriou, D., 2017. Positive organisational scholarship and
behaviour in sport management. International Journal of Sport Management &
Marketing. 17(1/2). pp.1-6.
Balwant, P. T., 2018. The meaning of student engagement and disengagement in the classroom
context: Lessons from organisational behaviour. Journal of Further and Higher
Education. 42(3). pp.389-401.
Chang, K. and et.al., 2016. HR practice, organisational commitment & citizenship behaviour.
Employee Relations.
Chumg, H. F. and et.al., 2016. Factors affecting employees' knowledge-sharing behaviour in the
virtual organisation from the perspectives of well-being and organisational behaviour.
Computers in Human Behavior. 64. pp.432-448.
Gkorezis, P. and Petridou, E., 2017. Corporate social responsibility and pro-environmental
behaviour: Organisational identification as a mediator. European Journal of
International Management. 11(1). pp.1-18.
Lee, K. L., Tui, L. G. and Sharif, S. P., 2016. Organisational context and citizenship behaviour:
Exploring the moderating effects of role ambiguity. Jurnal Pengurusan (UKM Journal
of Management). 47.
Miao, Q. and et.al., 2020. Ethical Leadership and Unethical Pro‐Organisational Behaviour: The
Mediating Mechanism of Reflective Moral Attentiveness. Applied Psychology. 69(3).
pp.834-853.
Mitonga-Monga, J., Flotman, A. and Cilliers, F. V. N., 2017. Organisational citizenship
behaviour among railway employees in a developing country: effects of age, education
and tenure. Southern African Business Review. 21(1). pp.385-406.
Oeij, P. R. and Vaas, F., 2016. Effect of workplace innovation on organisational performance
and sickness absence. World Review of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable
Development. 12(1). pp.101-129.
Paull, M. and Whitsed, C., 2018. Why authenticity in corporate and employee volunteering
matters for employee engagement: an organisational behaviour perspective. In
Disciplining the Undisciplined? (pp. 193-210). Springer, Cham.
Pereira, V., Malik, A. and Froese, F. J., 2017. Mapping the impact of Asian business systems on
HRM and organisational behaviour: Multi-level comparative perspectives. Journal of
Asia Business Studies.
Pradhan, R. K., Kumari, I. G. and Kumar, U., 2017. Human resource flexibility and
organisational effectiveness: mediating role of organisational citizenship behaviour.
International Journal of Human Resources Development and Management. 17(3-4).
pp.282-300.
Salas-Vallina, A., Alegre, J. and Fernandez, R., 2017. Happiness at work and organisational
citizenship behaviour. International Journal of Manpower.
Svanberg, J. and Öhman, P., 2016. The effects of time budget pressure, organisational-
professional conflict, and organisational commitment on dysfunctional auditor
behaviour. International Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Performance Evaluation.
12(2). pp.131-150.
Online
15

Intrinsic Motivation: How to Pick Up Healthy Motivation Techniques. 2019. [Online]. Available
through: <https://www.healthline.com/health/intrinsic-motivation>
16