Organisational Behaviour: Culture, Politics, and Power Report

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of organisational behaviour, using Hays Travel as a case study. It explores how organisational culture, power dynamics, and political influences impact individual and team performance. The report delves into Handy's typology and Hofstede's cultural dimensions to evaluate organisational culture and examines French and Raven's power types to understand power structures. It also assesses the role of motivation, examining content theories like Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs and their impact on achieving organisational goals. Furthermore, the report contrasts effective and ineffective team characteristics and explores the application of organisational behaviour concepts and philosophies within the organisational context. The analysis aims to provide insights into how these factors contribute to the overall success and efficiency of the business.

Organisational
Behaviour

Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................1
P1. Analyse how an organisation’s culture, politics and power influence individual and team
behaviour and performance.........................................................................................................1
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................4
P2.Evalute how content and process theories of motivation enable in achievement of goals.....4
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................6
P3. Explain what makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team............................6
TASK 4............................................................................................................................................8
P4. Concept and philosophies of organisational behaviour within an organisational context....8
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
Organisational behaviours states to the activity and procedure of the determination of both
team and individual execution and action in an establishment. In a business venture, this action
can be implemented and utilised by administration to analyse the performance of manpower that
assist in running and performing business activities. It assists in determining and controlling the
behaviour of the employees (Griffin and et. al., 2020). Organisational behaviour is necessary in a
firm as with assistance of it, managers can defined that why employees of firm involve in some
behaviour or business practices rather than others and impact that how the individuals behave in
them. For the completion of this report Hays Travel is the firm which is considered. This
organisation was incorporated in 1980 by John Hays and is headquartered in Sunderland,
England, UK. It is an independent largest travel agent chain in UK. It offers different kinds of
products and services, like holidays, flights and other travel facilities across the UK, including
transfers and foreign currency. This written document will consider information about the
establishment’s culture, power and politics impact on team and individual execution. Moreover,
it will be explained different theories of motivation that assist in attaining effective aims of
venture. Philosophies and organisational behaviour will also be defined by considering theories
and concepts.
TASK 1
P1. Analyse how an organisation’s culture, politics and power influence individual and team
behaviour and performance
Organisational culture- It mention to the policies and plans which are implemented by the
administration of a company like Hays Travel for appropriate running of its business activities
and operations. In respective firm, culture of the firm demonstrates the values, beliefs and
philosophy which assist in leading and directing manpower. In this enterprise, if the management
adequately follow the culture then, it enables in maximising the execution of workers and
efficiency of the company (Balwant, 2018). A good culture with the firm assists in reducing the
complexities and issues at workplace. To analyse the effectiveness of the culture, the
administration of Hay’s Travel can considered following models and theories of culture:
Handy’s typology
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This model is formulated by Charles Handy in term of organisational culture and it
considers several aspects, they are as under:
Power culture- Within it, the authority is having by some people and they are the only
person who is accountable to take decision regarding business work and issues. In Hay’s Travel,
the decisions are taking by administrators with making participation of others like employees.
This culture is not good for firm as it does not assist in organisational growth (Jacobs and Manzi,
2020). If the power is in hand of single person then the person is accountable for all things and
no other workers and superiors will influenced by it.
Role culture- It is another component of this concept, accordant to it that roles and
accountabilities of the administrator is to transmit and deliver information related to the firm so
that all people of company are aware each information. In Hay’s Travel, the roles and
responsibilities are assigned as per workers skills and specialisation. So that they can perform
their task effectively by attaining organisational aims. If the management will not allot roles as
per employee’s area of expertise then they will face issues in their work which affect venture’s
growth.
Task culture- It is project and job oriented. In this kind of culture, the abilities of
employees are greatly valued. In Hay’s Travel, teams are built to solve specific issue that are
occurring in the form associated to task and workplace. In the form, its utilises, small team
approach, where individual are highly capable and specialised in their specialisation. In
respective firm, this culture can be considered to allot task to maximise efficiency and making
effective communication among teammates.
Person culture- This culture focuses on developing the skills and capabilities of
employees so that they can execute their work and task appropriately. For this the administration
of Hay’s Travel organise training and learning programmes as it assist in development of
abilities as well as maximise confidence of workforce. It enable in develop revenue and improve
rivalry benefits.
Hofstede’s cultural dimensions
It consider several components, they are defined as under:
Masculinity vs Feminity- This factor associated with the influence of any fluctuation on
the culture of the venture. In Hay’s Travel, it can be determined that the amount of male
employees is more than female workers (Miao and et. al., 2020). Due to this, the female
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employees are not executing their accountabilities in an appropriate form that generate negative
influence on their result and performance.
Individualism and collectivism- It is connected with positive factors that are utilised and
applied by the workers of the firm to execute their task and accomplishing their work in a team
and make involvement in growth of venture (Maio and et. al., 2020). This dimension majorly
concentrates on formulation of plans and tactics to execute allot work and attaining the effective
outcomes. In Hay’s Travel it mainly utilised by people of firm at the time of determination
devising activity.
Index of uncertainty avoidance- In Hay’s Travel, as per this dimension, employees will
require to deal with complex and future situation with the business atmosphere of the firm. It is
crucial for administration of enterprises it enables in making effective management and
administrating culture of company.
Long term orientation-This factor associated to make good relationship with skilled
manpower so that they can execute business task appropriately. In Hay’s travel, the key goal of
this dimension is to motivate workforce so that they can achieve the business aims and hit the set
targets effectively and make development in business.
In both mentions models and theories of culture, if the administration effectively
implement and use them within organisation then it influence organisation’s team and
individual’s performance and behaviour. Because when manager consider a particular culture
then people work as per them which improve their execution and behaviour of performing in the
task. It is crucial for the administration to be more proactive for effective management of these
factors to attain high level of productivity to achieve organisational goal.
Organisational Power- It is associated with the skills of employees to impact the work of the
manpower in the establishment. There are several kinds of power that can be implemented by the
administrator of Hay’s travel in firm. For the explanation of them, the management can consider:
French and Raven’s power types
Coercive power- Under this power, the administrator of Hay’s Travel can make force to
their workers to execute their work and responsibilities in an efficient form and accomplish their
task in set time duration. This power generates unfavourable influence on workers and they feel
demotivated and unable to engage in development of venture.
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Reward power- This kind of power usually implemented by venture to make
development in the encouragement extent. It is usually done by framing plans and plan of action
to remunerated the employees for their effective execution (Ahmad and et. al., 2020). It
favourably influences workers and they feel empowered and utilised their all effectiveness for
development of the organisation.
Legitimate power- In this power, the workers execute their work and responsibilities in a
crucial form so that they can efficiently enable in attaining the goals and objectives of the firm. It
assists in managing the working situations of the firm and reducing the displeasure.
Referent power-It is associated with the abilities of manpower to influence the behaviour
of employees. In Hay’s Travel, this power is offer to the workers so that they can do their work
in appropriate form and assist in progress of business venture.
From the defined information, it can be explained that in Hay’s Travel, the management
of firm can follow reward power because it encourage people when they are remunerated for
their effective performance and they execute their work in better form which create positive
impact over their execution and behaviour.
Organisational politics- In an establishment, the organisational politics indicate to the activity
and behaviour in human interactions that consider power (Mansouri, Singh and Khan, 2018). It
can be a tool to evaluate the operational capacity and to make balance in different views of
interested parties, in reference to Hay’s Travel, it can be informal, unofficial and sometimes
behind the screens effectiveness to sell thoughts, affect a firm, develop authority and accomplish
other targeted aims. It generates influence over the business of venture. In working environment
of organisation, managers also have political behaviour in different aspects such as force creating
political behaviour, politics of employee appraisal and politics of innovation etc. Thus kind of
politics positively and negatively influence team and individual behaviour and performance. For
example, when manager of respective firm make fairness in employees appraisals then it create
positive impact on them and their do their work in effective manner. Apart from this, if manager
force manpower to perform any task which is not according to their skills and specialisation then
it unfavourably influence them and also create negative impact over innovation and
organisational development.
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TASK 2
P2.Evalute how content and process theories of motivation enable in achievement of goals
Motivation is greatly and crucial factor as it assists in motivating workers so that they can
execute their work efficiently and in an appropriate form. In Hay’s Travel, motivation is the
authority that enable in encouraging workers so that they can assist in accomplishing the aims
and objectives and make involvement in the development of the company (Makhathini and Van
Dyk, 2018). In the organisation when the employees feel encouraged then they do their work
through utilising their all effectiveness and efficiency.
Content theory
It includes several theories like Maslow Hierarchy of needs, Aldefer ERG theory,
Hergberg two factor and many more that effectively leading to accomplishment the goals of
business venture. In Hay’s Travel, the administration of this firm can utilise this concept of
motivation to their business actions and operations that are mentioned as below:
Psychological need- It is basic need and has great demand of each worker to fulfil it. In
Hay’s Travel, the workforce has basic need of food, water, clothes and shelter etc. The
administrator of respective firm should be sensitive and provide fair pay that people of company
can fulfil their needs in better manner (Jena, Pradhan and Panigrahy, 2018). This will motivate
them and they do their assigned work in effective manner which improve their performance as
well as directly influence the productivity of establishment.
Safety need- It is another level of need which is high required to fulfil because when
people work in a company they have a need of safety and security. In Hay’s Travel, this need
consider as a secure and healthy workplace which is free from physical and psychological harm
where employees can perform their duties and responsibilities in an effective manner. By
framing policies and following safety related laws, the management of firm can fulfil this need of
manpower.
Self esteem need- It include those wants which states to knowledge, skill confidence,
independence and many more. In Hay’s Travel, the administration of the firm can fulfil this kind
of demands of its employees by providing respect, reputation etc. so that they can feel
encouraged and perform their duties in better form. In the respective firm, if an employee is
promoted for his good work then he is respected by others and employees also be inspired and
execute their work in adequate way.
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Social need- It is associated to affection, friendship, affection, belongingness and many
more as man is a social animal so they have need to it. In Hay’s Travel, the administrator builds
good and effective employee relation with manpower so that they can feel motivated and execute
their task with their entire effectiveness (Hadi, Abdullah and Atshan, 2019). It also assists in
accomplishing the business goals and aims in set timeframe as well make development in
revenue and efficiency of venture.
Self actualization need- It is the last phase of this theory which indicate to the
satisfaction of the self actualisation, In Hay’s Travel, every worker thinks about their personal
development that assist in satisfying their this level of need. For this the administration of the
establishment organise training and development programmes so that workers gain information
about new things and improve their skills. This assist in providing satisfaction to employees in
term of their self development and improving their performance level.
Process Theory
It considers diverse theories such as Vroom expectancy theory, Adam equity, goal theory
and many more. In Hay’s Travel, the administration of the firm can utilise Vroom theory and the
explanation of it is as under:
Valance- In Hay’s Travel, when the workers of the company execute their work in an
efficient form, the administrator and administration of the enterprise remunerated as per
determination of their performance (Morgan and et. al., 2018). It assists in encouraging workers
so that they can appropriately perform in their further tasks.
Expectancy- It refers to the idea that providing better assets as per the task. In Hay’s
Travel, the administration of the firm provide demand and accurate resource to the workers as
per their task so that they can perform in efficient manner and assist in the growth of the
enterprise.
Instrumentality- It mentions to the potentiality to attach by an individual with to each
possible execution. In Hay’s Travel, it refers to the beliefs and anticipations of the workers
whose execution will lead to a particular required reward.
It has been monitored that Maslow Hierarchy of need is the best concept to encourage
people as it concentrates on satisfying the basic needs of individuals and encouraging them so
that when their need are fulfilled they can feel encouraged and perform their work or task with
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more effectiveness. It assists in performing better and accomplishing business objective in
defined time period.
TASK 3
P3. Explain what makes an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team
Effective tea indicates to that group in which all individual of the team perform in better
form by implementing their abilities and competencies to accomplish the ordinary aim in
provided duration. They are capable to resolve conflicts and have good communication among
entire group to share information and ideas. Whereas in an ineffective team, people of the group
are not well skilled and they do their work as per their own mind set as well as there is not
effective communication and due to which issues are occurring within group (Lyman, Hammond
and Cox, 2019). The description of some team development theories are as below which are
crucial to make an effective team:
Tuckman Theory
This concept majorly focuses on the way through which a group and unit can accomplish
its goals. It include five phase, they are as:
Forming- This is the first stage within the administration of the firm can frame a group.
In Hay’s Hotel, the administration of the venture can build a team to accomplish the business
aims. For this, the administrator chooses skilled workforce so that they can perform in better
manner to achieve goal.
Storming- It is the next step in which teammates interact with each other and start
believing to one another (Lamprakis and et. al., 2018). In respective firm, in this phase, the group
people make communication with each other.
Norming- In it, individuals start to perform their task and work by framing plan and
strategies. In Hay’s Travel, teammates share their ideas to each other and formulate plan of
action to execute their teamwork in better manner.
Performing- In Hay’s Hotel, people of the group acknowledge team objective and
support each other to execute their tasks and duties so that they can attain their teamwork
objective in effective form.
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Adjourning- It is the final phase, in it, when work of team have been completed, group
can be dissolved. The people of unit learn several experiences and make development in their
abilities.
Belbin theory
Action oriented roles
Shaper- It refers to those employees that are greatly concentrated on the task and work
that is allotted through administration of the firm. In Hay’s Travel, the manpower is focus on the
work or providing shape to it so that it will accomplish in efficient manner.
Implementer- In Hay’s Travel, the individual of this role are practical conductor in the
group. They frame plan of action and deliver thoughts so that teammates can execute their work
in better manner.
Completer finisher- In Hay’s Travel, people of this role are accountable to framing
policies as they are well familiar with negative impact (Kahya and Şahin, 2018). They play a
crucial role by analysing the quality and security but sometime be great defensive so that they
can develop plan to assign things to during complexity.
People oriented roles
Coordinator- It mention to those people who play role of coordinating groups and
workers of the firm so that they can do their work appropriately. In Hay’s Travel, coordinator
refers to mangers and leaders as they manage and coordinate workers so that they can make
effective involvement in development of firm by considering plans and policies of venture.
Team worker- They are insightful people of group, obliging, cooperative and
concentrated on making a healthy environment and sense of togetherness (Grobler and Joubert,
2018). In Hay’s Travel, teammates are playing their roles in a crucial form by utilising their
abilities for accomplishment of task.
Resource investigator- The person of this role offer suggestions and assets as per need.
In Hay’s Travel, it refers to leader who offer needed assets to employees as per requirement of
their task.
Thought oriented roles
Planter- In respective firm, it refers to those individual who are innovative,
unconventional and producer of thoughts. For instance, when workers are performing in group
and suffer any problem then, they ask to plant person to provide an innovative resolution.
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Monitor evaluator- The individual of this role are reasonable, attentive, critical thinker
etc. They are capable to determine the execution of employees when they are executing in a
group so that the execution of them can be measured and remunerated as per it.
Specialist- In Hay’s Travel, people with this role refers to managers and leaders who
offer information to teammates when they are performing in unit. Then, they recommend about
the plan of actions and tactics so that they can accomplish their task in better form.
It can be analysed form the mentioned information about team development theories that
Tuckman’s theory is more effective to build an effective team as opposed to an ineffective team.
Because in it for a specific task, basically management build a team by selecting same
specialisation of skilled people and then start work. With the implementation of skills and
knowledge, team members achieve task objective and when the goal attain, team is dissolved.
Tuckman’s theory is important conception to create an effective team because it helps in
achieving the aim and objective fp firm in systematic form or an efficient manner.
TASK 4
P4. Concept and philosophies of organisational behaviour within an organisational context
Path goal theory
This concept was first developed by Martin Evans and then it was further introduced by
House in the year 1971. Path goal theory expresses about leadership from which is effective and
expeditious according circumstance to achieve goals and objectives (Chou and et. al., 2019). It
also makes concentration on the activity; with the assistance of leaders choose particular
behaviors which are suitable to workers and with the help of which they accomplish their goals
of business. This conception of leadership considers encouraging manpower, appointing and
satisfying them that aid to ameliorate performance of entire associations.
Employees characteristic
There are several aspects in the style of performing of the individual who are execute
their duties in the firm as per their skills, capabilities and knowledge etc. so the manager of
Hay’s Travel allot work and responsibilities as per their skills because it assist in offering good
outcomes.
Task and environmental characteristic
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It is an appropriate factor of this conception of leadership that is crucial for achieving the
set aims in granted time frame. The involved factors are as under:
Work group- There are workers performing team. There is good and bad relations
between manpower, so chances of occurring issues are high (Lugosi, 2019). It is crucial that HR
administrators must prominence on framing interactive actions that assists in generating
favorable atmosphere in community,
Formal authority system- There is hierarchy in Hay’s Travel that enable in executing
business activities in better form. Top level administrators of this form are accountable for
assigning role and duties effectively and at the same time subordinates are also needed to
responsible for the duties.
Contingency theory- This concept to organisational behaviour implies that different
circumstances need different behavioural activities for effectiveness in its place of the traditional
method to one effective form for all conditions (Ahmad and et. al., 2018). In Hay’s Travel by
implanting this method, each situation must be determined carefully to analyse the significant
variables that exist in respect to establish the types of actions that will be more effective. The
strength of this approach is that it motivates determinations of each condition prior to action.
Therefore, it assists to utilise in the most effective form all the existing knowledge about
employees in venture.
With the assistance of these leadership theories, the worker of enterprise feel encouraged
and efficiently makes involvement in development of corporation. They will utilize their all
effectiveness for achieving organizational aims and objectives. If they execute well then they
will be remunerated by administration for their better performance.
Contemporary barriers to effective behaviour- There are several kind of changes are occurred
in the behaviour of people of company. Some changes are positive which favourably influence
the firm and some negative which affect the growth and development of establishment (O'Grady,
2018). In an organisation like Hay’s Travel, there are some contemporary barriers to effective
behaviour are lack of feedback, lack of immediate consequences, lack of environment or process
support, uncertainty and many more which create favourable and negative impact over business
of firm.
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