Effectiveness of Health Education Interventions for Malaria Prevention

This report investigates the effectiveness of health education interventions in preventing malaria among adults. It begins with an abstract summarizing the global impact of malaria, highlighting the role of misinformation and lack of access to information as key factors in its spread. The introduction emphasizes malaria as a preventable disease and the importance of information availability. The background section discusses the increasing threat of malaria, the significance of community education, and the role of behavior change communication. The report's aim is to analyze the key international strategies, health promotion theories, and risk factors associated with malaria. The literature review covers malaria as a public health issue, international strategies like the WHO Global Malaria Program, and key risk factors including lifestyle, environmental, and cultural factors. The methodology section outlines the search strategy and the PICO framework used. The report aims to provide recommendations based on its findings, emphasizing the importance of health education in controlling and preventing malaria.

Contents
ABSTRACT.......................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................5
BACKGROUND................................................................................5
LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................7
THEME: 1 MALARIA AS AN IMPORTANT PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE.......7
THEME: 2 KEY INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY OR PLANNING FOR
CONTROLLING MALARIA..................................................................8
THEME: 3 KEY RISK FACTORS FOR MALARIA....................................9
THEME: 4 KEY HEALTH PROMOTION THEORIES...............................9
METHODOLOGY............................................................................11
SEARCH STRATEGY.........................................................................11
DEFINE PICO FRAMEWORK............................................................12
PATIENT, PROBLEM OR POPULATION, INTERVENTION,
COMPARISON, CONTROL OR COMPARATOR, OUTCOME(S) (PICO)
FRAMEWORK.................................................................................12
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS............................................................13
CRITICAL APPRAISAL.................................................................14
DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...............................20
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EFFEC
TIVEN
ESS
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HEALT
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EDUCA
TION
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DISCUSSION...........................................................................................................................................20
RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................................................................25
CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................................27
APPENDIX..............................................................................................................................................28
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................34
ABSTRACT
Malaria has been a major disease for a large part of the world in the past few years. It
caused 405,000 deaths worldwide in the year 2018 one of the main factors which relate
to the widespread of Malaria in specific is shortage of skilled health professionals and
lack of access to information (Chourasia et al. 2014).
The research study has been summarized about the effectiveness of education
interventions for adults as prevention strategy for reducing Malaria globally. It has been
included different kinds of secondary sources such as articles and websites are used to
extract useful information for this research process. This will help for gathering relevant
information about the Malaria and gained more knowledge about the better intervention.
In this study, it has been explaining the brief overview about the significance
possibilities across the Malaria prevention strategies.
As per finding, it has been identified the one major reason for the widespread of
Malaria is misinformation or lack of sufficient information (Chourasia et al. 2014).These
factors must be taken in consideration in order to attain an improvised set treatment
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VENTI

provisions for Malaria eradication programs. Although the primary reason for Malaria is
from biting of anopheles mosquito (Chourasia et al. 2014). Other hand, there is a
lacking information effects on the entire case study.
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INTRODUCTION
Malaria is the most prevalent parasitic endemic disease in Africa which is
treatable, curable and preventable. The main question which remains highlighted under
this subject is the fact that despite of its ability to be cured, how Malaria remains
occurring in some of developing countries, (Chourasia et al. 2014). Prominent reason
for this particular perspective is the lack of information availability among the individuals.
In today’s world, Malaria is the found throughout sub-tropical as well as tropical region
of global world. There are cause more than 300 to 600 million people illness and deaths
annually basis (Chourasia et al. 2014). As per approximation, 40% of world population
which is mostly living the poor countries whereas they will have high level of risk due to
Malaria. It is directly affects on the five times as many people those are suffering from
the immune deficiency syndrome, measles, leprosy and tuberculosis combined
(Chourasia et al. 2014). In recently, Malaria is the most important cause of disability and
high death rate among children’s (Chourasia et al. 2014). The ultimate aim of report is
to understand about the behavioral change and ensure that individuals, communities,
families and health worker which are taking preventive measure. There are many
reasons why country bears an overwhelming proportion of Malaria. The report will
describe that how Malaria as an important public health issue across the global world. It
will identify the key factors of Malaria which directly affects on the health condition of
adults. The documentation will describe health promotions theories which providing the
facilities of intervention and prevention against Malaria.
BACKGROUND
Malaria has been considered as a constantly increasing the dangerous threats and risks
for human being. As per report, it has been found that 216 million people in the global
population was at a severe risk of this parasitic endemic disease in 2016. ( Balami et al.
2019).Government has been initiative towards identifying the primary reason behind
increasing causes of malaria across global world.This kind of malaria disease will be
increasing threat of every people because many people have a lack of awareness
regarding positive intervention. (Cox et al. 2018).
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As per report, it has been identified that Malaria across the world depict lack of
efficient educational support within the cultures which ultimately leads to an unsecure
operational environment and a comparatively less specific conservation program.
Community education on Malaria has been a largely evident factor for controlling the
spread of Malaria and overcoming positive cases (Balami et al. 2019). An efficiently
operated community education program is capable of promoting the knowledge base
related to this disease and helps communities to counter it collectively.
In past decade, there are various kind of education program organized by other
committee. In order to control or manage the overall positive practices, knowledge and
attitudes usage to achieve a control on the spread of Malaria. In order to increase the
awareness possibilities across the population for achieving behavioral changes across
the communities (Tobgay et al. 2013). This initiative has been ideal across the South
African regions to increase the awareness about Malaria and its spread. The behavior
change communication under this particular Malaria prevention and elimination strategy
has been also quite useful across the South African regions in achieving better results
(Tobgay et al. 2013). MAP is an adult education program that is largely put in place for
controlling the initiation and spread of Malaria (Tobgay et al. 2013). This particular form
of awareness program is popular across South African states such as Limpopo and
Vhembe districts. The overall effectiveness of these programs is assessed based on the
participation ratio and the effectiveness across learning possibilities of the participants
(Ndira et al. 2014). This comparative analysis is largely helpful in acknowledging the
overall impacts which an educational process has over the desired objective of
eliminating Malaria (Cox et al. 2018). Behavioral changes are an important portion of
the relative Malaria prevention process and it is put in place for assessing a controlled
attribute.
Aim: To Investigate the Effectiveness of health education interventions for prevention
of Malaria in adults.
Objective
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 To analyze the key international strategy or planning for controlling Malaria
 To determine the health promotion theories for prevention of Malaria in adults
 To identify the key factors of Malaria
Research Questions
 What is the concept of public health issue such as Malaria?
 What are different key international strategies or planning for controlling Malaria
across the world?
 What are different health promotion theories for prevention of Malaria?
 What are key factors of Malaria?
LITERATURE REVIEW
THEME: 1 MALARIA AS AN IMPORTANT PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE
Malaria exists as one of the most dangerous acute illness in the human history. It
has been a major player in causing large scale infections and ultimately deaths across
the world. As the main cause of this disease is related to parasitic infection, the chances
of elimination are directly proportional to the elimination of a particular parasite (Tobgay
et al. 2013). The intensity of this issue can be assessed from the fact that in the year
2016, approximately 212 million cases of Malaria were reported worldwide. The total
numbers of people died of this disease in that year were around 429,000 (Tobgay et al.
2013). However, majority of the developed countries have been able to control Malaria
and have developed sufficient measured the parameters. Malaria has been able to exist
in developing and underdeveloped countries across African and Asian regions at higher
(Chourasia et al. 2014) (Chourasia et al. 2014)rates (Tobgay et al. 2013). In the year
2015, the sub-Saharan African region accounted for 90% of the total cases of Malaria
and 92% of the total deaths caused by Malaria (Balami et al. 2019). These regions have
been largely affected by the impacts of Malaria and thus there has been a greater need
for preventive programs across these regions.
Malaria is one of the most public health problem across global world. It is
increasingly cause of morbidity and mortality in different nations. According to WHO, it
has identified that 350-500 clinical cause related the malaria across global world
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(Tobgay et al. 2013). Afterwards, it can be transmitted from widely areas and also
distributed into different countries such as South Africa, Middle East, South America
and Asia. However, it is the significantly understand the geographical variation in term
of morbidity as well as mortality that exits between regions, countries. On the other
hand, America contributed approximately 3% of different malaria causes across the
word. In between 1979 and 2002, large number of imported cases related malaria exists
in UK (Cox et al. 2018).
Topic is important as one of the main reasons behind the spread of Malaria is the
lack of knowledge across adults (Cox et al. 2018). Interactive and informative adult
health education for preventing Malaria can be highly useful to acknowledge the
importance and operability across its relative ideologies and thus attain a better coping
mechanism (Cox et al. 2018). For instance, factors such as Larval mosquito control is
propagated throughout the adult health education programs are helpful in controlling the
Malaria virus at its very early stage and thus improves the coping mechanism
effectively.
THEME: 2 KEY INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY OR PLANNING FOR CONTROLLING
MALARIA
There are a number of programs and strategies that are put in place to reduce Malaria
epidemic. These initiatives are processed and acknowledged by independent countries
as well as the World Health Organization (WHO) (Ndira et al. 2014). Some of the most
significant programs and activities on global as well as national levels are discussed
below.
WHO GLOBAL MALARIA PROGRAM
The WHO global Malaria program is an important program that is put in place for
facilitating a coordinated approach towards the elimination and control of Malaria. The
guidance and counselling facilities under this particular approach is incorporated under
the world health assembly. This program aims to reduce the global cases related to
Malaria by 90%) (Ndira et al. 2014) Elimination of Malaria in approximately 35 countries
by 2030) (Ndira et al. 2014). Lastly, providing preventive resurgence for Malaria across
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the Malaria free countries of world. So as required for understanding the current
scenario of prevention program which always supporting to protect against the
diseases.
GLOBAL TECHNICAL STRATEGY FOR MALARIA 2016-2030
Elimination and control of Malaria on global levels requires huge technical attributes
and support system for coping up with the spread of Malaria. This strategy is liable to
disseminate a global guidance and policy framework that can be useful for sustaining
the global Malaria control operations (Tobgay et al. 2013). Provide a supportive
mechanism for the participating countries in terms of adoption and implementation of
global guidelines from WHO in order to tackle Malaria (Tobgay et al. 2013). Provide
assistance to the partnering countries in making efficient national strategic planning for
preventing Malaria. These structures are also helpful in developing a robust surveillance
system to tackle Malaria.
THEME: 3 KEY RISK FACTORS FOR MALARIA
In addition to this, a number of social beliefs are also directly linked to initiate a
major impact over the Malaria prevention activities among individuals (Tobgay et al.
2013). These beliefs lay the foundations for delayed treatments and prevention
measures. The risk factor for Malaria is that when Plasmodium parasite is considered
as main cause of the infection, lifestyle factor, cultural or environmental factors. It
always play important role for contribution towards Malaria (Tobgay et al. 2013)
Lifestyle factor is the most common issue where it is directly infected the people
in certain geographical region with change the tropical climate. In this way, it has
chances to increase more mosquitos vector that carries more parasite. Living in the
different areas which has increased the Malaria substantially increase more risks
(Tobgay et al. 2013) in this way, it can be improved the understanding towards life style
factor which always influencing the people to aware about critical situation or condition.
At certain aspects, it has analysed the health related risk, threat due to climate change.
Environmental Factor: it has increased the exposure to Malaria which includes
lack of protective clothing. In order to expose the sleeping accommodation and other
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lack of immunization (Tobgay et al. 2013). It has been spreading especially when
people travelling from one place to another. In this way, it is the best ways to use
suitable precaution of maintain or control.
THEME: 4 KEY HEALTH PROMOTION THEORIES
There are several key health promotional theories that signify the availability of
strict standards that are better way to facilitate better cooperation attributes that are
linked to facilitate better results in context of controlling Malaria (Beauchamp, Crawford
and Jackson, 2019). These theories are put in place for effective orientation of
strategies and accomplishments that may be helpful eradicate Malaria. The available
theoretical framework is a key ingredient to influence the behavioral approach as well as
the medical interventions across the Africa (Beauchamp, Crawford and Jackson, 2019)).
The challenges and restrictions are originated with an insufficiency across the
knowledge factor. Thus, most of the applied theories are linked to assess the
behavioral. Some of the most suitable theories which have been or can be helpful in
managing the control factor across Malaria are listed below.
Social cognitive theory: it is based on the learning theory in 1960s by Albert bandura
(Beauchamp, Crawford and Jackson, 2019). This theory is identifying the behavior used
in the health promotion. The primary goal is to understand that how people always used
to regulate the behavior through reinforcement and control. In this way, it can easily
achieve the significant goal and objective in public health.
Protection motivation theory: this theory is mainly useful for proposing the action in
order to protect themselves. Sometimes, it is mainly considered the different factors
such as severity of threatening, probability of occurrence and other type of
vulnerabilities. By using this theory, it can easily identify the changing behavior of
people due to health issues (Ling, Kothe and Mullan, 2019). There are many medical
professional recommendation to prevent the behavior and perceived the self-efficiency
in proper manner.
 Health belief model: This type of model is to be considered as theoretical approach
which providing the better guidance of people while promoting the harmful affect due
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to Malaria. So as require to conduct the prevention program which help for predicting
the individual changes in health behavior (Beauchamp, Crawford and Jackson,
2019) In another way, it can be understand the use of model to examine current
situation or condition.
In additional theories such as Stress and coping theories.
METHODOLOGY
In this research project, Researcher has chosen Qualitative research
methodology for collecting or gathering large amount of information or data relevant to
the Malaria. Qualitative method with the acknowledgement of generalization as well as
abstraction (Kumar, 2019)
Define the Literature review and critical literature review, key types of literature
review are used in public health.
A Literature review seeks to determine, analyse and summaries the published
research related the concept of Malaria and what are different intervention or prevention
to reduce the affects among adults. LR has been assigned as course project which
mainly included the currently situation or condition. Afterwards, it can be evaluated the
strength on the basis of evidence for gaining more knowledge (Kumar, 2019). A review
of public health issue such as Malaria, identifying the implications in term of clinical
practice. Literature review is mainly defined the different area of topic that needed to
further expansion. By using LR, researcher is mainly focused on the research problem
in order to identify the possible solution. It might be included the research question to
find out their answer through analysis (Kumar, 2019) Furthermore, the identification of
various literature review method that help for analysing the public health issue such as
Malaria in adults. It is mainly include formulating the research questions, objective,
screening for inclusion, extract relevant data, assessing the quality of primary studies
(Kumar, 2019)
In this research study, investigator has chosen the research question which
mainly used in the literature review for analysing the better result or outcome. It is to be
considered as different way to handle the problem and issue during execution. Although
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public, social community will be assessing the information about the Malaria how it will
directly impact on the human health condition, the suitable key factors that consists of
various information that how increases public health issue or problem among people
(Kumar, 2019)
SEARCH STRATEGY
A search strategy is mainly introduced the main components of research project
such as Effectiveness of health education interventions for prevention of Malaria in
adults. The investigator has used the secondary resources such as journals, article and
books. The different sets of articles are assessed for managing the information
associated across the relative attribute and its design factor. In order to find out the
result or outcome. In this way, it help for researcher to use authenticate source on the
basis of journals, articles (Hayand, 2019).
In this way, researcher has been considered the journals, article as a search
strategy that provides the facilities to gather large amount of data and analyse them.
Through journal and article, it has randomised the sequence for generated by trained
staff members with hospital. They are directly coordinated with the social community,
individual people in order to increase awareness among them. The significance of
database libraries is that organises the collection of data or information for more
purpose (Hayand, 2019).
Inclusive and exclusive criteria
It is based on the characteristics that is mainly representing the prospective subjective.
On the other hand, exclusive criteria are m-ainly disqualifying the subjects from
inclusion.
In this case study, inclusion criteria related to the malaria which mainly occurred South
African regions population those people are not aware about the malaria.
Exclusion criteria is that when study might be limited awareness among people in term
of medical treatment.
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According to case study of six different studies, identifying the key gaps such as how
they can studies and using appropriate keywords.
 On the basis of study, it has been identified the current symptoms of Malaria such as
vomiting, cough, sneezing. So that it can be implemented a suitable intervention or
prevention. Through study, measuring and calculating the death rate in Africa
regions due to Malaria.
 Another studies representing the “Education intervention plan” for prevention and
also develop awareness among people.

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