A Dissertation on Impact of Emissions on Road Construction Workers

This dissertation investigates the impact of emissions on the health of road construction workers, focusing on the types of emissions released during road construction, their specific health impacts, and potential mitigation strategies. It highlights that road construction sites generate various pollutants, including particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide, which can lead to respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, reduced lung function, and neurological issues like dementia and autism due to lead exposure. The research emphasizes the urgent need for government and organizational interventions to ensure worker safety through improved safety standards, awareness programs, and the implementation of strategies to minimize emissions and protect the health and well-being of road construction workers. This study underscores the importance of addressing health risks in the construction industry to reduce occupational cancer rates and improve overall worker welfare. Desklib provides access to similar dissertations and resources for students.

DISSERTATION

ABSTRACT
With development in economy, the construction of road has been increased at rapid
stages that lead in enhancing emission of harmful gases within the environment. Furthermore,
Air pollution levels remain dangerously high in many parts of the world such as 9 out of 10
people breathe air containing high levels of pollutants. PM, carbon oxide and others are
common harmful gas that has been inhaled by most of the people or working in the construction
sites on regular basis. As all these harmful gases are being generated due to burning of fossil fuel
as well as used of old machinery in order to complete the respective task. Hence, it lead in
impacting on their respiratory system, causing lung cancer, reduce in lung function and inhaling
issue. Government as well as organisation working in construction of road cumulative take steps
to ensure health and well-being of workers through ensuring safe environment and generating
awareness among them. Therefore, this research has depicted crucial information pertaining to
impact of road construction on health of workers.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................5
Background..................................................................................................................................5
Aim..............................................................................................................................................6
Objective......................................................................................................................................6
Research question........................................................................................................................6
Rationale......................................................................................................................................6
Significance of the study..............................................................................................................7
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW..........................................................................................9
Theme 1: Different types of emissions that are released during road construction work...........9
Theme2: Impacts of emission on the health of road construction workers...............................13
CHAPTER -3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...........................................................................17
Research type.............................................................................................................................17
Research approach.....................................................................................................................18
Research philosophy..................................................................................................................18
Research design.........................................................................................................................19
Data collection...........................................................................................................................20
Data analysis..............................................................................................................................21
Ethical consideration..................................................................................................................21
Reliability and validity...............................................................................................................22
Research limitation....................................................................................................................23
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS...................................................................................24
Emission of noise during the road construction.........................................................................24
Emission of particulate matter during road construction...........................................................24
Emission of nitrogen oxides during the road construction........................................................25
Exposure to Sulphur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide................................................................26
Impact of emission on the health of road construction workers................................................27
Respiratory illness, cardiovascular disease and mortality as well as lung cancer.....................27
Reduced lung function...............................................................................................................28
Lead in causing health issue such as dementia and autism........................................................29
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION..........................................................................................................31

Emission of noise during the road construction.........................................................................31
Exposure to Sulphur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide................................................................32
Emission of nitrogen oxides during the road construction........................................................32
Emission of particulate matter during road construction...........................................................33
Impact of emission on the health of road construction workers................................................33
Respiratory illness, cardiovascular disease and mortality as well as lung cancer.....................34
Reduced lung function...............................................................................................................34
Lead in causing health issue such as dementia and autism........................................................35
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION......................................................36
RECOMMENDATION.................................................................................................................37
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................40

CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION
Background
Impact of emissions on health among road construction workers has been found to be
severe, as it further has significant impact on overall functional health parameters. UK faces
significant health concerns rising among road construction workers, due to excess emissions
release and less advancement regarding safety standards. There has been rapid decline in proper
facilities maintenance for road construction workers, as this has led to also increased health risks
concerns.
The emissions released from road construction work, has primitive high impact on health
of employees, as it increases health risk variedly with reduced efficiency for proper breathing.
Noise, vibrations, asphalt fumes, poor work postures and physical injuries are some of the major
health hazards found rising among health concerns in road construction workers. Construction
work is highly risky for health of workers, which has rapidly increased respiratory disease found
among people. It has strong link with increased respiratory health issues, dermatological and eye
problems, injuries and risks behaviors which have reported to be rising profoundly within recent
time (Begum and et.al,., 2022). The increased awareness about impact of emissions within health
of construction workers, has been found to be competently crucial as it further develops critical
awareness. Recent study will develop in depth analysis on impact of emissions on health among
road construction workers, and challenges faced which need to be mitigated. Emissions have
fundamental impact, on decline in physical health care facilities and decreased breathing aspects
due to rapid increase in emissions. The carbon emissions, hampers mental alertness, and physical
wellness rapidly among road construction workers where proper facilities availability is missing.
Road construction workers experience exhaustion, stress and mental abilities decline which has
been found to be integral parameter. Recent research will explore optimum new facilities,
standards and vision oriented changes which need to be evolved for integrating best safety
standards for mitigating health risks variedly.
Also study within recent analysis will also determine strategies, that can be taken for
mitigating negative impact of emissions during road construction among workers. The sector of
construction industry faces huge rise in rates of musculoskeletal disorders, where physical
hazards in construction industry includes noise, heat, cold, radiation and vibrations which lowers

health of road construction workers. Also, there has to be new strengthened vision developed on
among road construction parameters for reducing health issues and risks further engaging better
facilities. Road construction workers, also faces huge decline in proper health care facilities
being available for optimum recovery and further technical reduction among new strengthened
competencies. UK further aims to reduce carbon emissions and bring on sustainability, where
practical engagement of new facilities should be done.
Aim
To analyse the impact of emissions on the health of road construction workers.
Objective
 To analyse the different types of emissions that are released during road construction
work
 To analyse the impacts of emission on the health of road construction workers
 To recommend strategies that can be used for mitigating the negative impacts of
emissions during road construction work
Research question
 What are different types of emissions that are released during road construction work?
 What are the impact of emissions on the health of road construction workers?
 What are recommend strategies that can be used for mitigating the negative impacts of
emissions during road construction work?
Rationale
Construction has largest burden of occupational cancer amongst industries, and
construction sector aspects where it has risen for over 40% of occupational cancer deaths among
workers. Construction also impacts rise on highest factors, where noise and vibration also leads
to severe health impact. New strategies have to be formulated for improvising health
concerns, significant new medical facilities developed on for extensive improvement in health of

road construction workers. This further also signifies importance for developing improvement,
and bringing awareness among health parameters within road construction workers. Rationale
behind conducting study is also correlated to essential aspect, where road construction workers
also faces mental health disorders and serious concerns due to low proper management. UK
faces significant increase in health issues related to respiratory disease, and mental disorders due
to emissions increase within carbon. The road construction workers should be given proper
health facilities, and develop proper medical assessment for reducing construction risks
significantly. Research will enable in depth analysis to be developed on for analysing new scale
aspect worked on for healthcare analysis among road constrtuction workers, and how new
measures can be framed by optimising extended development. Study will also enable primitive
analysis done on extended new critical medical facilities, and healthcare services availability
among workers at road construction (Ziabari and et.al, 2022).
Rationale behind conducting this research can be analysed that road construction workers
face various health risks due to emissions, which further lowers vitality within the treatments
advancement The topic within recent study is significant for research, as health concerns and
increased health risks among workers have been increasing rapidly. It has been found to be also
essential, where new strategies have to be formulated for reducing health risks and diseases faced
by road construction workers. Recent study will also explore significant expertise needed for
analysing road construction worker’s healthcare, which also primitively determines that major
paradigms have to be explored. There is specific significance correlated to construction work,
where it develops innovation to further generate wider scale awareness for workers to optimise
new health. The further new critical focus has to be prioritised towards new optimum
parameters, specific vision expansion developed on towards improvising proper new facilities
for road construction workers.
Significance of the study
The significance behind study can be analysed that health concerns among road
construction workers is serious issue, which has evolved as one of the major risk factor evolving.
It can be analysed that carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and carbon monoxide are some of the
major types of emissions released during road construction which lowers efficiency standards.
Impact of emissions on health of road construction workers, has been significantly growing
where new strategies should be rapidly formulated for improvising health. It can be analysed that

the research study has been found to be integrally essential, for developing faster improvement in
overall wellness criteria and reducing health risks due to carbon emissions. Unexpected increases
in material costs and damage in working conditions, further have been found to be rapidly
increasing concerns among road construction workers which holds significance behind study.
Significance behind development of new strategies and further practical working competencies,
can be also analysed for implementation in further recovery. Road construction workers, has
been facing visual disabilities and decline in physical well –being which holds significant role to
analyse productive working extended criteria (Guo and et.al, 2022).
Significance behind study is also correlated to developed new scale optimised strategies
development, for improvising construction facilities for workers and lowering overall emissions
and hazards. Also formulation of new safety measures and generating specific functional
recovery options, for all road construction worker’s new paradigms can be explored actively.
There has to be better analysis done to improvise new strategies and better improvement
explored on, based on rapid vision expansion for better optimisation. Evaporative emissions such
as gasoline, auto liquids such as hydrocarbons which are released which hampers overall
wellbeing within health among people. This can be also analysed that health care goals, have to
be further monitored for improved work facilities and healthcare perspectives to evolve on
proper informative scenarios rapidly. Research in recent study will also explore new scale
measures to be evolved on, for primitive competent vision for bringing change and sustainable
changes variedly.

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Literature review can be defined as overview of previous work that has been published by
well-known author related to specific topic. It is narrowing downing the paper, searching for
relevant literature, reading article and evaluating and extracting useful information for getting
better in sight. Hence, in short it is survey of scholarly sources that is books, journal articles, and
theses that will be used to gathered sufficient information pertaining to “Impact of Emissions on
road Construction worker Health”. It can be also analysed that by analysing articles for various
published sources, further will enable productive results to be analysed on for extended optimum
efficacy paradigms.
Theme 1: Different types of emissions that are released during road construction work
As per Zhao and et.al., (2020), the construction sites are responsible for generation and
emission of various type of pollution within the environment such as visible dust, waste material,
vibration and noise. The contingent exposure connected towards significant rise among
emissions has developed decline in health parameters for road construction workers within UK.
Also, competent rise on further new optimised aspects for bringing change in facilities for proper
arrangements, have to be worked on among road construction workers. The carbon emissions,
have also risen severe health concerns for healthcare priorities found among road construction
workers and further decline in medical facilities availability.
Construction site is responsible for producing lot many pollutions or realise two types of
gases, such as nitrogen dioxide and particular matter. Furthermore, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, the third largest source for nitrogen oxides is off-road diesel equipment.
Such as in the United States, around 23 billion litres) of diesel fuel per year is being consumed
for making use of two million pieces of construction and mining equipment. The major concern
of making use of construction equipment is that it resulted in making air quality poor, lead in
climate change and is major burden on the health and well-being of construction workers.
Therefore, government and organisation engaged in construction must considered the ill impact
of making use of equipment on health of individual. Research by author has shed light on fact
that various emissions released in air, has also further declined health of road construction
workers variedly which is integral parameter.

As noted by Rehman and et.al (2022), Road construction workers, has been also found to be
competently facing huge health aspects and diseases which has led to overall decline in overall
wellbeing criteria diversely. Heavy metals, oils and toxic substances and debris from
construction traffic and spillage can be also observed with varied changes coming in construction
sites variedly. There is also further decline in physical wellness aspects among health parameters
experienced by road construction workers, where this has also lowered specific functional
growth in collective wellbeing. Research done by author is significantly authentic for extended
prior growth factor towards analysing specific parameters which hampers road construction
worker’s health variedly.
Increasing exposure to poisonous gases, and toxic working conditions fort road
construction workers further lowered vitality among health aspects of worker. Research in recent
study also signifies that author has primitively explored various types of emissions, released
during road construction work. Exposure further signifies that visual abilities and specific
respiratory abilities are further hampered, among road construction workers for engaging
towards proper scale expansion competently.
The author further illustrates that construction machinery electricity generators, digger
and caterpillar’s results in making more than traffic-related particulate matter emissions. Such
as, London Atmospheric Emissions Inventory, estimated that NRMM used in construction sites
lead in emission of 7% of Nitrogen oxide, 8% PM10 and 14% of PM in London. Furthermore,
the nitrogen dioxide is also being release from gasoline fuelled engines in excavators, electricity
generators, bulldozers and off-road machinery. UK has witnessed an excessive increase in
significant health risk found among road construction workers, which has also lead to optimum
health risk exposure. Carbon emissions, has been significantly impacting breathing abilities
among workers in road construction and hampers overall wellbeing functionally. Author also
signified critically that air pollution is one of the major factor, which has declined proper
working facilities and led to rapid decline in health among workers (Mishra, Sarsaiya and Gupta,
2022).
As noted by Mohan and Xavier (2022), Hand arm vibration syndrome is commonly
referred as painful industrial disease among blood vessels, nerves and joints which is triggered
with continuous exposure on vibratory power tools and work equipment’s. Road construction
workers also faces increased risk exposure to various internal weak senses, with continuous

illness lead to developed decline in overall functional profound wellness paradigms. It has been
also found that road construction workers faces decline in proper functioning within hand
movements, and also specific decline on overall medical standards. Author in recent study has
shed light on extended paradigms where awareness about health hazards, among road
construction workers plays crucial role for developing further engagement on extended proactive
paradigms.
States that construction of road results in combustion of fossil fuel and more production
of nitrogen oxide. Likewise, the short-term exposure to NO2 for people that have health issue
such as Asthma will have negative impact. For example: it leads in causing increased respiratory
symptoms and airway inflammation in healthy people. The road construction workers, have been
also facing decline in proper healthy breathing, where gaseous emissions hinder respiratory
abilities (Onyango, 2022). Also, emissions of gases further impacts breathing, and also visual
abilities which specifies that major safety standards have to be kept measured specifically.
Health issues need to be monitored effectively, which further critically plays keen role for
developing untapped awareness. Research is authentic and critically addresses specific
awareness about major health risks faced by road construction workers in UK. There has been
structural functional decline in major healthcare availability, and medical facilities which plays
primitive role for improvising facilities.
Construction related dust includes larger size or coarse particles which are known as
PM10, (between 2.5 and 10 micrometres) generated mostly from bulk materials operations on
construction sites. Earthworks, demolitions, crushing and grinding operations have significant
impact on health parameters within road construction workers. It contributes to problems such as
fugitive dust, where road construction workers or demolition sites faces rapid decline in proper
berating. There is also primitive rise in significant exposure to coarse particles, where pollution
has led to overall healthcare decline among health in road construction workers. Also coarse
particles release, and decline in safety measures have been found to be major healthcare
parameter. Construction related workers, further have been experiencing decline in overall
wellbeing functionality which specifically lowers technical health priorities rapidly.
As discussed by Müller and et.al., (2020), the concern on road construction and their
impact on society and environment have increased because it is expected that in 2025, there will
be more than 25 million kilometres of new roads in developed countries. 72% of emission of

GHG in external environment is mainly due to rehabilitation, maintenance and road construction.
Moreover, the Carbon dioxide is one of the highest quantities of pollutant that has been emitted
by different plant and machinery that are being utilised in construction of road. That is around
500,000 kg of CO is being produced that lead in contributing 300,000 kg of nitrogen oxides. The
emission of PM 10 through construction of road is mainly due to two reason such as truck
transits on unpaved roads (47%) and truck transits on paved roads (27%). On the other hand, the
earthworks and topsoil excavation have less contribution in emission of PM that is around only
1%. The concrete production and storage crushing have contribution of around 14% and 13% to
PM that is harmful for individual living in the society.
Moreover, the Dai and et.al., (2019), specified that the growth of construction of road
across worldwide at rapid rate has resulted in increasing concern for government to make careful
and reliable evaluation of environmental impact on main activities of construction for fruitful
outcome. It has been founded that in many of the countries there are large number of total
emissions of particles and trace gases that lead in adverse impact on health and wellbeing of
individual. Likewise, the motorway construction contribute in realising gases and dust of
particulate matter (PM10) is 10%, monoxide (CO) is 57% and nitrogen oxides (NOx) 33%.
Diesel-powered construction equipment is also construction equipment that results in exhaust
particulate of PM2.5 that lead in negative impact on health of people
. Therefore, all the activities
and process involved in the construction of road carefully planned and organized in order to
reduce and mitigate the negative effect. Author specifies in recent study done, explains that
primitive decline in overall wellness within healthcare among healthcare workers specifically
plays keen role to monitor changes in health of workers.
As noted by carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide are some of the major poisonous
gases which impacts overall health among road construction workers. This also signifies that
major competent engagement towards better healthcare facilities, and availability of primitive
bets safety standards are some of the best specific strategies which need to be adhered for
developing competent functional growth.
Theme2: Impacts of emission on the health of road construction workers
From the point of view of Losos and et.al., (2019), there are number of activities that are
being included in the Road construction such as operation of machines and equipment consume