Comprehensive Health Policy Proposal: Malaria Prevention in India

This health policy proposal addresses the critical issue of malaria prevention in India. The report begins with an executive summary, outlining the problem's significance, particularly the high incidence rates and socio-economic impacts, supported by statistics from India and other developing countries. It then delves into research findings, highlighting challenges in diagnosis, treatment, and vector control, as well as the implications of these challenges. The proposal explores successful strategies from other countries and provides recommendations, objectives, and expected outcomes, focusing on integrated vector management (IVM), indoor residual spraying (IRS), and enhanced surveillance. The proposal emphasizes the need for improved funding, awareness campaigns, and interdisciplinary collaboration to effectively combat malaria and reduce its burden on the Indian population. The report aims to provide a framework for a comprehensive health policy for malaria prevention in India.

Running Head: HEALTH PROPOSAL
HEALTH PROPOSAL
Name of the student
Name of the university
Author note

1HEALTH PROPOSAL
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................2
1.1.0 INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................2
2.0 WHY IS THIS ISSUE IMPORTANT?.................................................................................................3
2.1. Socio-economic profile.....................................................................................................................4
2.2. Statistics in India and other developing countries.............................................................................6
3.0 WHAT DOES THE RESEARCH TELL US?.................................................................................7
3.1 What are the Implications of the Research?.................................................................................8
4.0 WHAT DOES OTHER COUNTRIES EXPERIENCE TELL US?.................................................9
4.1 CONSIDERATIONS FOR POLICY AND PROGRAMS.............................................................11
Indoor Sprays.........................................................................................................................................11
Entomological surveillance....................................................................................................................12
Integrated vector management.............................................................................................................12
Environmental management.................................................................................................................12
Personal protection...............................................................................................................................12
4.2 Recommendations...........................................................................................................................13
4.3. Objectives.......................................................................................................................................13
4.4. Expected outcome.......................................................................................................................14
4.5. Conclusion......................................................................................................................................14
5.0 References...........................................................................................................................................16

2HEALTH PROPOSAL
Health policy proposal for the prevention of malaria in India.
1.0. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In most parts of the world, malaria has been associated with the poor; countries with
weak economic status have a great challenge in adopting programs aimed at controlling malaria.
In India, efforts to prevent malaria previously came out as a high impact strategic investment
aimed at generating major incomes in the sector of public health. Thus, it is important to note
down the changes that can be the cause for malaria.
The aim of the paper is to find out the framework of health that can address each and
every point for the prevention of the disease. This is done by the use of the various government
databases and the WHO report that establishes the statistics for the prevalence of the disease. The
report also identifies the strategies such as IVM and IRS for the control of the spread of disease
as well as provides certain recommendations for the control of the disease.
1.1.0 INTRODUCTION
In most countries, malaria is associated with many deaths and attacks both infants and adults.
The World Health Organization has categorized malaria as a dangerous disease caused by a bite
from an infected female Anopheles mosquito (Caramello et al. 2012). In India the rate of
prevention of malaria is very less approximately 58% which creates a lot of problem for the
eradication of the disease. This disease has a far-fetched history of its high spread in India, the
developing countries in African and other parts of the world for many centuries as it has led to
the suffering of citizens affected. In India, the malarial disease has been a problem to the
population and the government (Kamareddine 2012). The nation has incurred economic burdens
that have affected the poor and remote parts of the country. As per the WHO reports there is a
great burden over the disease in India and thus, there is a need to develop proper health

3HEALTH PROPOSAL
framework that will address all the aspects of the diseased. This will include the anti-malarial
drug, resistance to insecticide, and spread of awareness and so on. Thus, it is important to carry
out the research in India about the prevention of malaria. There is also a problem of funding in
the research related to the spread of the disease. Thus, the burden of the disease increases more
causing more spread of the disease (Das et al. 2012).
There is also a lack of proper prevention for malaria in India due to lack of awareness. The
current microscopic techniques are not able to identify the exact cause of the disease and thus a
lot of cases remain unreported. This makes the cases of malaria worse and thus causes the spread
and continuous transmission of the disease.
2.0 WHY IS THIS ISSUE IMPORTANT?
India has been known in years for rampant cases of malaria as it acts as the site of the
discovery of noble prize winner Sir Ronal Ross, who recognized the malaria parasite cycle
through Anopheles mosquitoes in the 1960s (Chttopadhyay 2015). India has 89% of its
individuals residing in regions deemed to be with high malaria cases making it a major problem
in the sector of public health (Kochar et al. 2010). Cases of malaria in 2/3rd of the states in India
have been reported to be enormous which has been predominantly caused by Plasmodium vivax
and Plasmodium falciparum affecting people from all age groups.
It is important to reduce the burden of malaria in India as it has been reported that the cases
of death due to malaria is very high. This is mainly because of the lack of awareness along with
the lack of proper prevention and diagnosis approach. Thus, it is important for the government to
investigate the reason for the spread of the disease and also to identify the intervention methods.
Thus, there is a need to research the burden of malaria and to support the intervention framework
for the control of disease.

4HEALTH PROPOSAL
2.1. Socio-economic profile
In India, lack of education, unemployment, low income, and poor households have often
resulted in the high burden of infectious malaria. The widespread of this disease has
consequently led to economic loss both in India and other developing countries i.e. DRC, Congo
there by resulting in poverty in these regions (Santos-Vega et al. 2016). The cost of preventing
malaria has indeed become an important burden on India’s government as malaria and its
associated illness have created barriers for the overall social and economic development. Most of
the individuals lack enough education and therefore they cannot understand the effective ways of
combatting malaria. Poor household conditions surrounded by bushy areas and lack of proper
antimalarial policies have resulted in the widespread of malaria throughout the regions (Ricci
2012). The high occurrence of malaria transmission related to human behavior such as sleeping
without bed nets, poor environmental conditions and poor housing construction offers easy entry
of mosquitoes.
In India, the burden from malaria has significantly reduced over the years due to a series of
interventions like artemisinin-based therapy (ACT) (Trape et al. 2011). Multi-drug resistance to
malaria and the resistance to ACT often became a great threat due to the influence of the Greater
Mekong sub-region countries that are neighbors with India. An increase in urbanization has led
to a shift in the National Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP). WHO on the other
hand claimed that NVBDCP’s malaria surveillance mechanism detected only eight percent of the
cases, 842,095 cases and 104 deaths linked to malaria.
In the last 15 years, India has made considerable amount of change in the reduction of
malaria. IN 2017, the total number of cases that has been recorded is the 104 by the National
Vector-Borne Disease Control Programme. Elimination is defined as an interruption in the

5HEALTH PROPOSAL
transmission of the vectors that can cause malaria (Hay, Peter and Robert 2012). The
development of the National Framework for Malaria Elimination has worked for the decrease in
the prevalence of malaria. In order to achieve success it is important to streamline the planning
and the management of the programme. The second part is the surveillance of malaria for the
elimination of the disease. This will help in the stratification of the interventions as well as the
monitoring of the interventions.
The other preventive steps will include the detection and reporting of the cases that is related
to the malaria. The monitoring of the drug resistance is also a great factor for the identification of
the resistance of the malarial vector. The next step for the prevention of malaria includes the
access to the various healthcare needs and treatment options (Zacarias, Orlando and Mikael
2011). Apart from this, there is a need to include the financial resources and the contribution of
each of the individual. This will include the management of the healthcare staff in the primary
care.
In India, there has been a use of various intervention methods like IVM and IRS that help in
the control of the vectors causing malaria. There are a number of techniques that control
mosquitos but all these methods have a common problem that is the funding of the programmes
that are initiated to control the disease. The strategy of IVM has been designed in order to
overcome all these problems (Hay, Peter and Robert 2012). However, there is a need to prove
that IVM is making an impact and for that there has to be coordination and control of the various
methods for malaria control. This can be done by the strengthening of the IVM at a national level
and also to improve the quality of the IVM training. There should also be promotion of the
interdisciplinary integration of the approaches that will involve the NGOs, public health forums,

6HEALTH PROPOSAL
and other external experts (Das et al. 2012). There should be incorporation of the emerging
techniques in the management of the database, and the development of the novel training model.
2.2. Statistics in India and other developing countries.
As per the report published by WHO, the percentage of the cases of death is
approximately 558%. At the time of Independence, around 75 million people were infected with
malaria with the population of about 330 million. In order to combat this, the government
launched a program called National Malaria Control Programme that was extremely successful.
There was a significant decrease in the cases of malaria to 2 million (Das et al. 2012). After this
the government also launced another ambitious program called National Malaria Eradication
Programme. This dropped the burden of malaria and there was no recorded death after the launch
of the program.
A study conducted in the Southeast Asian Region of WHO shows that approximately 1.4
billion people with malaria live in eleven countries as well as 1.2 billion exposed to the risk of
malaria with majority of population in India (Hay, Peter and Robert 2012). Regions in India
having high malaria cases in India are seen as the poorest of all. However, cities like Odisha,
Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh have also reported cases of malaria. In 2012, the WHO estimates
India's malaria cases to be about 207 million and responsible for approximately 630,000 deaths.
Malaria remains a real health problem and poses a real threat in developing countries like
Uganda where it approximately accounts for 8-13 million cases and 9-14% of the victims are
reported dead annually (Yeka et al. 2012). The government has started the Uganda National
Malaria Control Program (UNMCP) that denotes its principles with the “2000 Abuja
Declaration” that aims to control the major cause of illness and death in that country. In
Mozambique according to the WHO estimates in 2017 found out that about 10 million cases of

7HEALTH PROPOSAL
malaria were evident at the health facilities and nearly 14.7 thousand were reported dead because
of this (Zacarias, Orlando and Mikael 2011). These deaths have made malaria declared a national
disaster in the nation.
In Rwanda, malaria cases have increased in the country with thirty districts held accountable.
There were about more than 4.79 million cases in 2016, however, showed a tremendous
reduction in 2017 where about 4.74 million cases were later reported. In response, the
government of Rwanda implemented a surveillance system geared towards researching the
factors that lead to malaria in the regions. They maintained proper health services from
organizations like faith-based institutions. The country's efforts to combat malaria also came
about by their partnership with global organizations like WHO and President's Malaria Initiative
(PMI), which has since engaged in the decentralization of prevention and control of malarial
activities in the country.
3.0 WHAT DOES THE RESEARCH TELL US?
Research has shown that the India accounts for about 4% of the burden of malaria all
across the globe and there are around 0.84 million deaths due to malaria (Hay, Peter and Robert
2012). There are a number of plans and programs that has been implanted by the government
which faces a lot of challenges. The challenges involve problems in diagnosis, treatment, vector,
asymptomatic cases, vaccines, administration of drug, and cases of malaria at the time of
pregnancy and so on.
The major problem in the elimination of malaria in India lies within the diagnosis and
treatment. The current techniques that are being used for the prevention of the malaria
underestimates the rate of the malaria disease that remains one of the important cause for the
continued transmission of the disease (Yeka et al. 2012). In most epidemic areas there are a

8HEALTH PROPOSAL
number of asymptomatic cases that carry falciparum as the vector also contribute to the
prevalence of malaria.
The occurrence of malaria in the pregnant women is also a great concern for the
elimination of the efforts for malaria. This is because there should be wise use of drugs for the
control of malaria in the pregnant women. The use of Mass Drug Administration (MDA) is an
old method for dealing with malaria (Das et al. 2012). However, the role of this method in
elimination of malaria raises certain questions. The emergence of the multidrug resistance of the
various pathogens also increases the burden over the eradication of malaria.
Apart from this, the elimination of malaria in the urban cities is more complex than in the
remote areas. This is because in the urban areas the spread of the disease is directly related to the
buildings where there is breeding of mosquito larvae due to lack of awareness among the people.
Malaria was considered as a rural disease at a time has now diversified into different types of
ecotypes (Yip K 2000). This is mainly due to the spread of the resistance to insecticides,
exophilic behavior of the vector, breeding grounds with water, urbanization, resistance to anti-
malarial drug and chloroquine, and the resistance of the humans to the chemical control of the
vectors.
3.1 What are the Implications of the Research?
Malaria has been associated with the poor; countries with weak economic status like India
have a great challenge in adopting programs aimed at controlling malaria. The prevention of this
disease in India has been a challenge due to the improper health-care systems and limited
resources making it difficult (Das et al. 2012). The country has faced numerous challenges in its
prevention measures due to climatic and environmental factors.

9HEALTH PROPOSAL
From the research it is clear that the prevention of malaria is required in order to reduce the
burden of the disease. This can be done by taking help from the previous literature that shows
that the data and the statistics are an important part for the prevention of malaria. This includes
the fact that there has to be proper surveillance of the systems for the preventive measures. This
will help in improving the conditions of malarial prevalence in India (Goel et al. 2018).
4.0 WHAT DOES OTHER COUNTRIES EXPERIENCE TELL US?
The health policy proposals on the prevention of malaria are indeed very crucial and it
deserves full dedication from the government to improve the lives of their citizens. In this part,
we shall identify the measures that developing countries have put in place in for preventing
malaria.
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka has been at the forefront of combatting malaria in recent years. They introduced
certain health policy measures that have significantly helped in the prevention of this disease.
Since the year 2012, the country achieved a malaria-free zone country demonstrated with a study
among 1584 individuals who tested negative from malaria. They have used effective awareness
campaigns where medical officers conducted door-to-door visits; as such, they educated the
locals on ways of preventing malaria and tested them for malaria cases. Visits made on both the
public and private health facilities included the education of staff members on the prevention of
reintroduction of malaria. Finally, the Director-General of health services ensured that effective
diagnostic treatment of this disease maximized in all healthcare facilities in the entire country
(Senaratne R 2016). Sri Lanka achieved certification by WHO as a malaria-free zone country in

10HEALTH PROPOSAL
the year 2016 .Hence, the health policy measures on prevention of malaria have achieved their
aims in Sri Lanka.
The government in Sri Lanka has launched a program that will eliminate malaria. The
program was designed with certain objectives that included early diagnosis and treatment of
malaria, the implementation of the vector control model, assessment of the situation in the
country regarding malaria, building up of community participation, promotion of human
resource and operational research. There has been increase in the cleaning of the reservoirs,
pools, stagnant water that are considered as an important part of the vector control.
Taiwan
Taiwan is at risk of the re-establishment of malaria due to visits from Asia and Africa that are
regions prone to malaria. The policies in the eradication of malaria in Taiwan included
surveillance carried out on the local health facilities that had also been accompanied by frequent
monitoring of drugs helpful for the prevention of malaria i.e. chemoprophylaxis. The Center for
Disease Control of Taiwan engaged in patient follow-ups whereby patients who contracted the
disease interviewed by their health care providers. Finally, they also conducted mass screening
on immigrants at the international airports within the country and ensured chemoprophylaxis
regimen for emigrants before traveling to malaria-endemic regions. This country had since then
received certification from WHO as a malaria-free zone in the year 1965 (Yip K 2000).
Philippines
The Philippines is also a developing country that had emerged to prevent malaria through a
partnership with the Australian government. It introduced health policies about regular reports on
malaria cases, the use of diagnostic tests on the disease and the conduction of systems on malaria

11HEALTH PROPOSAL
screening. The government has also ensured proper malaria management at the borders for its
prevention as it involved the community too. The WHO has funded the government in the area
of educating the population on health measures and therefore adopted the use of school-based
malaria modules to train school teachers on the prevention of malaria (Ebol 2012). Monitoring
and evaluation approaches used on malaria cases in the healthcare facilities have prevented the
re-establishment cases of malaria. The government has taken a lot of preventive measures in the
form of vaccinations that provides the treatment to all the individuals at a subsidized cost. The
health program DOH-NMCEP aims to reduce the burden of malaria by the adoption of the health
system that aims to reduce the burden of Philippines (Goel et al. 2018). This can be done by the
use of quality of malaria treatment and diagnosis, strengthening of the human resources, ensuring
timely and proper management of the disease information.
4.1 CONSIDERATIONS FOR POLICY AND PROGRAMS.
To attain control of malaria, the following adoptions needs consideration.
i. Educating the locals on the transmission of the disease.
ii. The need for community mobilization and behavioral change mechanisms deemed
significant for the success of malaria prevention activities.
iii. To increase the availability of the antimalarial drugs
The policies and the programs that can be considered for the elimination of malaria
involve the use of the indoor sprays, entomological surveillance, integrated management of the
vector, environmental management, and personal protection of the individuals.

12HEALTH PROPOSAL
Indoor Sprays
The use of the sprays is also an active step towheads the control of the malaria. There are
a number of sprays that can be used indoor as well as in outdoor. It has been seen in previous
research that the use of the sprays has reported to control epidemic. The use of the spray is more
helpful when they are used in combination to other programs.
Entomological surveillance
The entomological surveillance comprises of the monitoring of the habitats of the larva,
conduction of the insecticides tests, survey of the adult mosquitos, and the assessment of the
change in the surrounding environment. The objective of such surveillance is that it helps in the
identification of the change in the susceptibility of the environment, and also to monitor the
efficacy of the malaria control program.
Integrated vector management
The aim of the integrated vector management is to control the effectiveness of the vector
control and also to regulate the cost of the vector management. It also aims to reduce the spread
of the insecticide resistance drug. The strategy is to use a combination of interventions that will
control the spread of the mosquito.
Environmental management
The environmental management policy helps in the reduction of the size of the vector.
This can be done by the modification of the surrounding habitat. The management of the
environment can be done through the cleaning of the drains, streams and canals. The infilling of
the reservoirs that are not used is also an important step for the prevention of the vector growth.

13HEALTH PROPOSAL
Personal protection
The use of the personal protection plans helps in the reduction of the risk that is
associated with the biting of the mosquito outside the house or an enclosed place. The use of the
protective clothing, herbal medicines, and insecticides treated products help in saving the
individuals from the mosquito bite. This also prevents the transmission of the disease and thus
reduces the prevalence of malaria.
4.2 Recommendations
In fighting out malaria, it is important to intensify public awareness on the control and
treatment of the disease. To achieve this, both the public and private health sectors should pick
up the fight against malaria by ensuring regular diagnosis and test of the disease for early
diagnosis and treatment. This will ensure that the preventive mechanisms are in place. Constant
monitoring activities on the healthcare practitioners concerning matters about the admission of
proper health measures becomes important.
Adoption of community mobilization in India with the help of public health communication,
which involves the use of health information, education, and communication (IEC) materials and
by arranging community-based activities. Engaging masses believed to be influential in the
community for investigate better about malaria and their efforts should concentrate on changing
the misconceptions of the rest concerning malaria transmission (Das et al. 2014). In some areas
like Ruhuha, Rwanda, communities have jointly participated in malaria prevention methods
where the community-based programs hesitantly demonstrated effectiveness on malaria
prevention.
Finally, regularly screening of immigrants from malaria-endemic areas or those traveling to
regions that are prone to malaria incidents. Moreover, the use of chemoprophylaxis needs

14HEALTH PROPOSAL
administration at the airports to avoid the re-establishment of malaria and thereby achieving the
health policy measures in India's malaria prevention.
4.3. Objectives
The objective of these recommendations is to ensure that everyone forms part of the team
fighting against malaria. Ignorance is a dangerous aspect that drags the war on malaria, lack of
knowledge to fight and control the menace can increase the risk of attacks by the disease. When
the public is educated, they form part of the fighting team that will assist eradicate and control
malaria.
4.4. Expected outcome
1. Early diagnosis and treatment of Malaria to avoid deaths.
2. Controlled breeding and spread of malaria through environmental conservation.
3. Comprehensive adoption of a preventive measure.
4.5. Conclusion
Malaria has indeed emerged as a major problem at the hearts of India’s national level and
such individuals mostly live in the poor quality of houses that lack proper preventive measures.
There is the need for proper community-based programs that should mainly focus on the
improvement of the people's standard of living, well-established healthcare facilities accessed
and health awareness will positively aid in the prevention of malaria. They have made
tremendous progress over the last few years, but the loopholes still need addressing especially on
the full impact of India's health policy proposal has not been fully achieved in the prevention of
malaria in the highly affected areas. Therefore, the government needs to build more health
facility structures or posts so that the population can effectively access healthcare programs to
prevent the transmission of this disease.

15HEALTH PROPOSAL
5.0 References
Caramello, Pietro, Rosanna Balbiano, Tiziano De Blasi, Monica Chiriotto, Maura Deagostini,
and Guido Calleri. "Severe malaria, artesunate, and hemolysis." Journal of antimicrobial
chemotherapy 67, no. 8 (2012): 2053-2054.
Cotter, Chris, Hugh JW Sturrock, Michelle S. Hsiang, Jenny Liu, Allison A. Phillips, Jimee
Hwang, Cara Smith Gueye, Nancy Fullman, Roly D. Gosling, and Richard GA Feachem.
"The changing epidemiology of malaria elimination: new strategies for new challenges."
The Lancet 382, no. 9895 (2013): 900-911.
Checkley, Anna M., Adrian Smith, Valerie Smith, Marie Blaze, David Bradley, Peter L.
Chiodini, and Christopher JM Whitty. "Risk factors for mortality from imported
falciparum malaria in the United Kingdom for over 20 years: an observational study."
Bmj 344 (2012): e2116.
Chttopadhyay, Dhrubajyoti. "The Unsung Indian Behind Ronald Ross’s Success." (2015).
Das, Aparup, Anupkumar R. Anvikar, Lauren J. Cator, Ramesh C. Dhiman, Alex Eapen,
Neelima Mishra, Bhupinder N. Nagpal, et al. "Malaria in India: the center for the study of
complex malaria in India." Acta Tropica 121, no. 3 (2012): 267-273.
Das, Ashis, Jed Friedman, Eeshani Kandpal, Gandham NV Ramana, RK Das Gupta, Madan M.
Pradhan, and Ramesh Govindaraj. Strengthening malaria service delivery through
supportive supervision and community mobilization in an endemic Indian setting: an
evaluation of nested delivery models. The World Bank, 2014.

16HEALTH PROPOSAL
Dharmasiri, AG Gayan, A. Yashan Perera, Jeevanie Harishchandra, Hemantha Herath,
Kandasamy Aravindan, H. T. R. Jayasooriya, Gaya R. Ranawaka, and Mihirini
Hewavitharane. "First record of Anopheles stephensi in Sri Lanka: a potential challenge
for prevention of malaria reintroduction." Malaria Journal 16, no. 1 (2017): 326.
Dhingra, Neeraj, Prabhat Jha, Vinod P. Sharma, Alan A. Cohen, Raju M. Jotkar, Peter S.
Rodriguez, Diego G. Bassani, et al. "Adult and child malaria mortality in India: a
nationally representative mortality survey." The Lancet 376, no. 9754 (2010): 1768-1774.
Gupta, Indrani, and Samik Chowdhury. "Economic burden of malaria in India: the need for
effective spending." WHO South-East Asia journal of public health 3, no. 1 (2014): 95.
Goel, Richa, Raj Kumari, Vijender Singh, Renu Kumari, Suchi Srivastava, and Sushil Kumar.
"Perspectives of the Artemisia annua Dry Leaf Therapy (ALT) for Malaria and of its Re-
Purposement as An Affordable Cure for ArtemisininTreatable Illnesses." Proceedings of
the Indian National Science Academy 84, no. 3 (2018): 731-780.
Hay, Simon I., Peter W. Gething, and Robert W. Snow. "India’s invisible malaria burden."
Lancet 376, no. 9754 (2010): 1716.Kamareddine, Layla. "The biological control of the
malaria vector." Toxins 4, no. 9 (2012): 748-767.
Kochar, Dhanpat Kumar, Ashis Das, Abhishek Kochar, Sheetal Middha, Jyoti Acharya,
Gajanand Singh Tanwar, Anjana Gupta et al. "Thrombocytopenia in Plasmodium
falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and mixed infection malaria: a study from Bikaner
(Northwestern India)." Platelets 21, no. 8 (2010): 623-627.

17HEALTH PROPOSAL
Oxborough, Richard M. "Trends in US President's Malaria Initiative-funded indoor residual
spray coverage and insecticide choice in sub-Saharan Africa (2008–2015): the urgent
need for affordable, long-lasting insecticides." Malaria Journal 15, no. 1 (2016): 146.
Pavli, Androula, and Helena C. Maltezou. "Malaria and travelers visiting friends and relatives."
Travel medicine and infectious disease 8, no. 3 (2010): 161-168.
Ricci, Francesco. "Social implications of malaria and their relationships with poverty."
Raghavendra, Kamaraju, Tapan K. Barik, BP Niranjan Reddy, Poonam Sharma, and
Aditya P. Dash. "Malaria vector control: from past to future." Parasitology research 108,
no. 4 (2011): 757-779. Mediterranean journal of hematology and infectious diseases 4,
no. 1 (2012).
Santos-Vega, Mauricio, Menno J. Bouma, Vijay Kohli, and Mercedes Pascual. "Population
density, climate variables, and poverty synergistically structure spatial risk in urban
malaria in India." PLoS neglected tropical diseases 10, no. 12 (2016): e0005155.
Senaratne R, Singh PK. Ministry of Health, Nutrition, and Indigenous Medicine. Malaria
Elimination in Sri Lanka. National Report for WHO certification. Sri Lanka: 2016;
388:1038-9.
Sridhar, Devi, and Eduardo J. Gómez. "Health financing in Brazil, Russia and India: what role
does the international community play?." Health policy and planning 26, no. 1 (2010):
12-24.
Trape, Jean-François, Adama Tall, Nafissatou Diagne, Ousmane Ndiath, Alioune B. Ly, Joseph
Faye, Fambaye Dieye-Ba, et al. "Malaria morbidity and pyrethroid resistance after the

18HEALTH PROPOSAL
introduction of insecticide-treated bednets and artemisinin-based combination therapies: a
longitudinal study." The Lancet infectious diseases 11, no. 12 (2011): 925-932.
Taylor, Walter RJ, Josh Hanson, Gareth DH Turner, Nicholas J. White, and Arjen M. Dondorp.
"Respiratory manifestations of malaria." Chest 142, no. 2 (2012): 492-505.
Tanner, Marcel, and Marcel Hommel. "Towards malaria elimination-a new thematic series."
(2010): 24.
Yeka, Adoke, Anne Gasasira, Arthur Mpimbaza, Jane Achan, Joaniter Nankabirwa, Sam
Nsobya, Sarah G. Staedke, et al. "Malaria in Uganda: challenges to control on the long
road to elimination: I. Epidemiology and current control efforts." Acta Tropica 121, no. 3
(2012): 184-195.
Yip K (2000). Malaria eradication: The Taiwan Experience. Parasitologia; 42:117-126.
Zacarias, Orlando P., and Mikael Andersson. "Spatial and temporal patterns of malaria incidence
in Mozambique." Malaria journal 10, no. 1 (2011): 189.