Health Determinants and Health Professionals: A Case Study Analysis
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Homework Assignment
AI Summary
This assignment analyzes a case study focusing on the social determinants of health, particularly within the context of an Australian mining town and its Indigenous population. The case study presents a family facing various challenges including poverty, lack of education, unemployment, and health issues such as depression and gestational diabetes. The assignment requires identification of individual characteristics, analysis of social determinants such as income, education, and employment, and proposes solutions to address these issues. It emphasizes the impact of socioeconomic disadvantages on health outcomes, especially for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander populations. The assignment also explores the roles of health professionals in addressing these challenges, highlighting the need for health promotion, cultural competence, and the implementation of policies that promote health equity, including employment opportunities and culturally sensitive healthcare.
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1 Assignment 2
(1) What are the characteristics of the individuals in this case study?
Carla, has been living in a mining town since her childhood. When she was a teenager, she
married John, and they had two children. Their children are now in teen age. John and Carla
had a divorce soon after their birth of the second child. Individual attributes are mentioned
below followed by the case study.
Family Married status Qualification Employment Health
status
Carla Mother
(54 years
old)
Single mother
(Divorcee)
Did not finish
school
A cleaner,
and a
volunteer
Unknown
John Father Single father
(divorcee)
Unknown Employed as
a casual
worker
Head injury
at work the
past,
developed
depression
Anne Daughter Pregnant and
living with
boyfriend ‘Josh’
Did not finish
high school
Unemployed Developed
gestational
diabetes
Robbie Son Unknown Completed high
school
Seeking a job Unknown
Healthcare facility among the residents require skills, resources and necessary knowledge to
acquire a healthy life. It also depends on appropriate care and services provided in a proper
way, at the precise moment to sustain healthy life of a patient. The indigenous population like
Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders (ATSI) are at a verge of risk because of
socioeconomic disadvantage that they experience along with the challenges of dwelling in a
remote rural location, and especially those with physical, mental or intellectual disability are
the victims of inadequate health services (Department of Health and Social Services, 2016).
65 percent of aboriginals who live under poverty, surviving in the peripheral parts of the
metropolitan cities, are the ones which are mostly affected of health inequality. As a 2017
(1) What are the characteristics of the individuals in this case study?
Carla, has been living in a mining town since her childhood. When she was a teenager, she
married John, and they had two children. Their children are now in teen age. John and Carla
had a divorce soon after their birth of the second child. Individual attributes are mentioned
below followed by the case study.
Family Married status Qualification Employment Health
status
Carla Mother
(54 years
old)
Single mother
(Divorcee)
Did not finish
school
A cleaner,
and a
volunteer
Unknown
John Father Single father
(divorcee)
Unknown Employed as
a casual
worker
Head injury
at work the
past,
developed
depression
Anne Daughter Pregnant and
living with
boyfriend ‘Josh’
Did not finish
high school
Unemployed Developed
gestational
diabetes
Robbie Son Unknown Completed high
school
Seeking a job Unknown
Healthcare facility among the residents require skills, resources and necessary knowledge to
acquire a healthy life. It also depends on appropriate care and services provided in a proper
way, at the precise moment to sustain healthy life of a patient. The indigenous population like
Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders (ATSI) are at a verge of risk because of
socioeconomic disadvantage that they experience along with the challenges of dwelling in a
remote rural location, and especially those with physical, mental or intellectual disability are
the victims of inadequate health services (Department of Health and Social Services, 2016).
65 percent of aboriginals who live under poverty, surviving in the peripheral parts of the
metropolitan cities, are the ones which are mostly affected of health inequality. As a 2017
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2 Assignment 2
study suggests, in 2012-13, net income of aboriginals was $465 per week in comparison with
$869 per week, earned by non-natives (National Rural Health Alliance Inc, 2017).
The following is a comparison between metropolitan and rural/remote household incomes,
family structure, education, employment and housing.
According to the 2016 Census, 2.3 million or 9.7% of the population were residing in 1700
small towns across Australia.
Major Cities Small town Large town
Family life
(couples with
children)
47% 38% 40% Cities > Towns
Income
(weekly)
$696 $557 $600 Cities > Towns
Housing
rent per week
$369 $228 $267 Cities > Towns
Mortgage per
month
$1,943 $1,414 $1,504 Cities > Towns
Non-school
qualifications
(ages 15 years
+)
53% 43% Cities> Towns
Employed
persons
(ages 15 years
+)
61% 53% Cities> Towns
Most of the occupants were living in major cities as Professionals (25%), Clerks and
administrative personnel (15%), Technicians and trade-workers (13%). Majority of the
population were working as health care and social assistant (13%), Retail traders (11%) and
Builders at construction sites (9.6%) (Australian Bureau of Statistic, 2016).
Q 2- What are the social determinants of health that are evident in the case study?
study suggests, in 2012-13, net income of aboriginals was $465 per week in comparison with
$869 per week, earned by non-natives (National Rural Health Alliance Inc, 2017).
The following is a comparison between metropolitan and rural/remote household incomes,
family structure, education, employment and housing.
According to the 2016 Census, 2.3 million or 9.7% of the population were residing in 1700
small towns across Australia.
Major Cities Small town Large town
Family life
(couples with
children)
47% 38% 40% Cities > Towns
Income
(weekly)
$696 $557 $600 Cities > Towns
Housing
rent per week
$369 $228 $267 Cities > Towns
Mortgage per
month
$1,943 $1,414 $1,504 Cities > Towns
Non-school
qualifications
(ages 15 years
+)
53% 43% Cities> Towns
Employed
persons
(ages 15 years
+)
61% 53% Cities> Towns
Most of the occupants were living in major cities as Professionals (25%), Clerks and
administrative personnel (15%), Technicians and trade-workers (13%). Majority of the
population were working as health care and social assistant (13%), Retail traders (11%) and
Builders at construction sites (9.6%) (Australian Bureau of Statistic, 2016).
Q 2- What are the social determinants of health that are evident in the case study?
3 Assignment 2
Carla is living in poverty and could not afford bus fare to commute to the city. Individuals
living in pastoral and remote areas of Australia sustain greater difficulties tackling poverty
from their gross income (25 % versus 18%) to those living in metropolitan areas, and endure
higher levels of mental and physical distress. Almost 65% of the ATSI or Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islanders experience the direct consequence of poverty, as most of these people
live beyond city limits (National Rural Health Alliance Inc, 2017, p. 1). Women working as
miners are mostly illiterate and are unaware about their own health conditions (Sharma &
Ress, 2007).
Her ex-husband (John) did not report his head injury to his employer due to being worried
about his job. He then developed depression. Generally, lack of employment opportunities
and long term unemployment can develop clinical depression. Higher stress due to poverty
can increase multiple health risks, like deprived diet and higher smoking frequency.
Residents dwelling in remote locations of Australia are more susceptible to healthcare
inequality due to expense of medical treatment, lack of available services, costs of
transportation and accommodation, and the stigma of seeking mental health care in small
communities (Carson et al, 2016). This can delay or skip treatment resulting in poor health
outcomes (National Rural Health Alliance Inc, 2017, p. 2).
Two of her teenager children have left town for better job opportunities in the city. Young
people in socially deprived areas have fewer exposure and quality resource. As a result,
quality of living is deteriorated along with employment status, physical and mental health,
and education. In 2016, three primary reasons of utmost concern among Australian youth
were drugs (24.5%), mental health (17.6%), discrimination and equity (23.2%) applicable for
all existing socioeconomic groups. (Mission Australia, 2017).
Carla is living in poverty and could not afford bus fare to commute to the city. Individuals
living in pastoral and remote areas of Australia sustain greater difficulties tackling poverty
from their gross income (25 % versus 18%) to those living in metropolitan areas, and endure
higher levels of mental and physical distress. Almost 65% of the ATSI or Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islanders experience the direct consequence of poverty, as most of these people
live beyond city limits (National Rural Health Alliance Inc, 2017, p. 1). Women working as
miners are mostly illiterate and are unaware about their own health conditions (Sharma &
Ress, 2007).
Her ex-husband (John) did not report his head injury to his employer due to being worried
about his job. He then developed depression. Generally, lack of employment opportunities
and long term unemployment can develop clinical depression. Higher stress due to poverty
can increase multiple health risks, like deprived diet and higher smoking frequency.
Residents dwelling in remote locations of Australia are more susceptible to healthcare
inequality due to expense of medical treatment, lack of available services, costs of
transportation and accommodation, and the stigma of seeking mental health care in small
communities (Carson et al, 2016). This can delay or skip treatment resulting in poor health
outcomes (National Rural Health Alliance Inc, 2017, p. 2).
Two of her teenager children have left town for better job opportunities in the city. Young
people in socially deprived areas have fewer exposure and quality resource. As a result,
quality of living is deteriorated along with employment status, physical and mental health,
and education. In 2016, three primary reasons of utmost concern among Australian youth
were drugs (24.5%), mental health (17.6%), discrimination and equity (23.2%) applicable for
all existing socioeconomic groups. (Mission Australia, 2017).
4 Assignment 2
Additionally, teenage mothers were most likely from the lowest socioeconomic status (SES)
rural and remote areas, with poor school performance and attendance. Their social issues can
be linked to not finishing their education, less job opportunities, and postnatal depression due
to a lack of social encouragement and absolute isolation from familial members and friends,
and economic depression (Family Planning Victoria, 2018). Babies born from teenager
mothers were mostly pre-term and a low birthweight, due to smoking during pregnancy. One
in four (24%) were ATSI and had developed rates of pre-birth complications engaging higher
risk factors and inferior or deformed delivery of the baby, compared to non-native teenage
females undergoing pregnancy (Australia Institute of Health and Welfare, 2018).
(3)Select one of these social determinants and describe the best way(s) to address this
issue
Impact of social factors that act as determinants, can be categorized into three major
subtypes: (1) upstream factors: education, recruitment percentage, remuneration, residential
and working environment, (2) midstream factors: psychological and physical well-being, (3)
downstream factors: physiological, biochemical and biological factors. All of these
cumulatively influence the entire community. Adequate protection, stable and ensured
income along with security of the profession, impactful involvement in various aspects of
society, good habitation, better study opportunities and sociomoral support from all the
communities, are principal effectors which can mediate better health of Aboriginals
(Queensland Government, 2013).
The social determinant recommendations of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health
forum workshop are: Increased frequency of employment generating a sense of contribution
along with educating communities about heritage of indigenous culture.
Additionally, teenage mothers were most likely from the lowest socioeconomic status (SES)
rural and remote areas, with poor school performance and attendance. Their social issues can
be linked to not finishing their education, less job opportunities, and postnatal depression due
to a lack of social encouragement and absolute isolation from familial members and friends,
and economic depression (Family Planning Victoria, 2018). Babies born from teenager
mothers were mostly pre-term and a low birthweight, due to smoking during pregnancy. One
in four (24%) were ATSI and had developed rates of pre-birth complications engaging higher
risk factors and inferior or deformed delivery of the baby, compared to non-native teenage
females undergoing pregnancy (Australia Institute of Health and Welfare, 2018).
(3)Select one of these social determinants and describe the best way(s) to address this
issue
Impact of social factors that act as determinants, can be categorized into three major
subtypes: (1) upstream factors: education, recruitment percentage, remuneration, residential
and working environment, (2) midstream factors: psychological and physical well-being, (3)
downstream factors: physiological, biochemical and biological factors. All of these
cumulatively influence the entire community. Adequate protection, stable and ensured
income along with security of the profession, impactful involvement in various aspects of
society, good habitation, better study opportunities and sociomoral support from all the
communities, are principal effectors which can mediate better health of Aboriginals
(Queensland Government, 2013).
The social determinant recommendations of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health
forum workshop are: Increased frequency of employment generating a sense of contribution
along with educating communities about heritage of indigenous culture.
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5 Assignment 2
Strategies Actions Outcomes
Supporting the Aboriginal
Workforce Steering
Committee in Local Health
Districts, to employ more
native people in professional,
administrative, strategic, and
environmental positions
Equal rights for employment
of aboriginal people across
all sectors especially in
health sector and, promoting
support and enthusiasm to
involve them in these
professions.
Hiring aboriginal people in
the high chairs of the
healthcare facilities.
Simplify the application
process
Each organisation in
heathcare industries should
review the applicant’s
background and support
applicants where necessary.
Higher number of aboriginals
working in heath sector in an
executive position.
Career growth, leadership,
continuous appointments,
and safekeeping the interests
of working professionals
Generate more vacancies for
employment of aboriginal
people (providing equal
chances and encouraging
them in education, guidance
and leadership ideas).
Retention of Aboriginal
people employed for five to
ten years in the associated
health services.
Training non-indigenous
staffs to anticipate cultural
heritage.
Relying on a stable and
proven model for
effectiveness of training
regarding cultural awareness
to all staffs.
Increased percentage of non
–Indigenous staffs meeting
the criteria for cultural
competence.
Strategies Actions Outcomes
Supporting the Aboriginal
Workforce Steering
Committee in Local Health
Districts, to employ more
native people in professional,
administrative, strategic, and
environmental positions
Equal rights for employment
of aboriginal people across
all sectors especially in
health sector and, promoting
support and enthusiasm to
involve them in these
professions.
Hiring aboriginal people in
the high chairs of the
healthcare facilities.
Simplify the application
process
Each organisation in
heathcare industries should
review the applicant’s
background and support
applicants where necessary.
Higher number of aboriginals
working in heath sector in an
executive position.
Career growth, leadership,
continuous appointments,
and safekeeping the interests
of working professionals
Generate more vacancies for
employment of aboriginal
people (providing equal
chances and encouraging
them in education, guidance
and leadership ideas).
Retention of Aboriginal
people employed for five to
ten years in the associated
health services.
Training non-indigenous
staffs to anticipate cultural
heritage.
Relying on a stable and
proven model for
effectiveness of training
regarding cultural awareness
to all staffs.
Increased percentage of non
–Indigenous staffs meeting
the criteria for cultural
competence.
6 Assignment 2
School and community
projects to aid and facilitate
partnership providing health
services assisting from
elementary level.
Involving students, parents
and family members as an
integral part of the heath
equity programme.
Accessible heathcare services
providing for local
communities as an initiative
taken from school level.
Permanent recruitment and stable income are crucial for incumbent benefit of the health of
ATSI people. Unemployment contributes to mental instability such as anxiety, depression,
cardiovascular disease, and physical health related illness (Sydney Metropolitan Local
Aboriginal Health Partnership, 2014).
4- What roles should health professionals play in addressing this issue? (200 words)
Health promoting actions seeking involvement from all levels of native community
facilitating employment according to individual merit (Keleher, 2011 cited in Keleher &
Parker, 2012). For example, the areas like downstream covers disease prevention and health
literacy, midstream actions (community development), and upstream actions (Healthy public
policy). The nurses’ role in health promotion is vital and complex in primary health care
includes illness prevention etc (Australia Journal of Nursing Practice, 2017). However, they
are not only employed for serving in health sectors, but also communicating with the patients
engaging cultural ethnicities to create assertive changes in their mental health. (Keleher &
Parker, 2013).
Health promotion orientation commanded for nurses roles:
Individual perspective on a holistic approach like cooperating with families and individual
clients to conclude better health decisions engaging them with various activities of health
promotions, providing health education, and supporting personal aspect of care (Casey, 2007
cited in Kemppinen et al. 2012),
School and community
projects to aid and facilitate
partnership providing health
services assisting from
elementary level.
Involving students, parents
and family members as an
integral part of the heath
equity programme.
Accessible heathcare services
providing for local
communities as an initiative
taken from school level.
Permanent recruitment and stable income are crucial for incumbent benefit of the health of
ATSI people. Unemployment contributes to mental instability such as anxiety, depression,
cardiovascular disease, and physical health related illness (Sydney Metropolitan Local
Aboriginal Health Partnership, 2014).
4- What roles should health professionals play in addressing this issue? (200 words)
Health promoting actions seeking involvement from all levels of native community
facilitating employment according to individual merit (Keleher, 2011 cited in Keleher &
Parker, 2012). For example, the areas like downstream covers disease prevention and health
literacy, midstream actions (community development), and upstream actions (Healthy public
policy). The nurses’ role in health promotion is vital and complex in primary health care
includes illness prevention etc (Australia Journal of Nursing Practice, 2017). However, they
are not only employed for serving in health sectors, but also communicating with the patients
engaging cultural ethnicities to create assertive changes in their mental health. (Keleher &
Parker, 2013).
Health promotion orientation commanded for nurses roles:
Individual perspective on a holistic approach like cooperating with families and individual
clients to conclude better health decisions engaging them with various activities of health
promotions, providing health education, and supporting personal aspect of care (Casey, 2007
cited in Kemppinen et al. 2012),
7 Assignment 2
Empowerment involving individuals, communities, Social Health policy (the World Health
Organisation charters and declarations, and guidance from professional and government
organisations), and working in assistance with employees, professionals from all possible
areas and being respectful towards all cultural communities (Kemppainen et al. 2012).
In addition, residents of remote locations continue to face challenges regarding healthy living
due to the complication of delivering healthcare is intensified by distance, access and
resources (Paliadelis et al. 2012 cited in Australia College of Nursing, 2019). Meanwhile,
registered nurses require promoting cultural safekeeping via careful observation on cultural
competence (The Australia Journal of Nursing Practice, 2019). The Australian College of
Nursing (ACN) promotes the role of nurses in managing in incorporating preventive
measures for chronic diseases in rural and remote settings, such as support plans to increase
the number of nurses in the rural and remote settings for increasing effectiveness of the
nursing service. Expanding training and education among nurses in rural and remote
communities, resulting in nurses being well positioned with their educational and practical
skills and moral values, addressing the need for holistic care in the social determinants of
community healthcare and therefore expedite healthcare effectiveness across all existing
communities (Australia Primary Health Care Nurses Association, 2017).
References
Australian Bureau of Statistic 2016, 071.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting
Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016, ‘Small Town’, online view on 19th April 2019,
<https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main
%20Features~Small%20Towns~113>
Empowerment involving individuals, communities, Social Health policy (the World Health
Organisation charters and declarations, and guidance from professional and government
organisations), and working in assistance with employees, professionals from all possible
areas and being respectful towards all cultural communities (Kemppainen et al. 2012).
In addition, residents of remote locations continue to face challenges regarding healthy living
due to the complication of delivering healthcare is intensified by distance, access and
resources (Paliadelis et al. 2012 cited in Australia College of Nursing, 2019). Meanwhile,
registered nurses require promoting cultural safekeeping via careful observation on cultural
competence (The Australia Journal of Nursing Practice, 2019). The Australian College of
Nursing (ACN) promotes the role of nurses in managing in incorporating preventive
measures for chronic diseases in rural and remote settings, such as support plans to increase
the number of nurses in the rural and remote settings for increasing effectiveness of the
nursing service. Expanding training and education among nurses in rural and remote
communities, resulting in nurses being well positioned with their educational and practical
skills and moral values, addressing the need for holistic care in the social determinants of
community healthcare and therefore expedite healthcare effectiveness across all existing
communities (Australia Primary Health Care Nurses Association, 2017).
References
Australian Bureau of Statistic 2016, 071.0 - Census of Population and Housing: Reflecting
Australia - Stories from the Census, 2016, ‘Small Town’, online view on 19th April 2019,
<https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/by%20Subject/2071.0~2016~Main
%20Features~Small%20Towns~113>
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8 Assignment 2
Australia College of Nursing 2019, ‘The role of nurses in chronic disease prevention and
management in rural and remote areas’, online viewed 25th April 2019,
<https://www.acn.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/position-statement-role-nurse-in-chronic-
disease-prevention-management-rural-remote-areas.pdf>
Australia Institute of Health and Welfare 2018, ‘Teenage mothers in Australia 2015’, online
viewed 14th April 2019, < https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/6976ff0b-4649-4e3f-918f-
849fc29d538f/aihw-per-93.pdf>
Australia Primary Health Care Nurses Association 2017, ‘What is primary health care
nursing?’, online viewed 25th April 2019,
< https://www.apna.asn.au/profession/what-is-primary-health-care-nursing >
Carson, D, Bidargaddi, N, Schrader, G, Allison, S, Jones, G, M, Bastiampillai, T, Jörg, S
2016, ‘Geography of primary mental health care through the Better Access initiative in South
Australia 2006-2010’, Australian Journal of Rural Health, Vol. 24, no. 3, p. 188-192, viewed
10 April 2019, CINAHL Complete database.
Family Planning Victoria 2018, ‘Teenage Pregnancy’, online viewed 14th April 2019,
<https://www.fpv.org.au/for-you/pregnancy/teenage-pregnancy>
Keleher, H, Parker, R 2013, ‘Health promotion by primary care nurses in Australian general
practice’, The Australian Journal of Nursing Practice, Scholarship and Research, Vol. 20, no.
Australia College of Nursing 2019, ‘The role of nurses in chronic disease prevention and
management in rural and remote areas’, online viewed 25th April 2019,
<https://www.acn.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/position-statement-role-nurse-in-chronic-
disease-prevention-management-rural-remote-areas.pdf>
Australia Institute of Health and Welfare 2018, ‘Teenage mothers in Australia 2015’, online
viewed 14th April 2019, < https://www.aihw.gov.au/getmedia/6976ff0b-4649-4e3f-918f-
849fc29d538f/aihw-per-93.pdf>
Australia Primary Health Care Nurses Association 2017, ‘What is primary health care
nursing?’, online viewed 25th April 2019,
< https://www.apna.asn.au/profession/what-is-primary-health-care-nursing >
Carson, D, Bidargaddi, N, Schrader, G, Allison, S, Jones, G, M, Bastiampillai, T, Jörg, S
2016, ‘Geography of primary mental health care through the Better Access initiative in South
Australia 2006-2010’, Australian Journal of Rural Health, Vol. 24, no. 3, p. 188-192, viewed
10 April 2019, CINAHL Complete database.
Family Planning Victoria 2018, ‘Teenage Pregnancy’, online viewed 14th April 2019,
<https://www.fpv.org.au/for-you/pregnancy/teenage-pregnancy>
Keleher, H, Parker, R 2013, ‘Health promotion by primary care nurses in Australian general
practice’, The Australian Journal of Nursing Practice, Scholarship and Research, Vol. 20, no.
9 Assignment 2
4, pp215-217, online viewed 14th April 2019, <
https://www.collegianjournal.com/article/S1322-7696(12)00090-X/pdf >
Kemppainen, V, Tossavainen, K, Turunen, H 2012, ‘Nurses' roles in health promotion
practice: an integrative review’ , Health Promotion International, Vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 490–
501, online viewed 25th April 2019,
<https://academic.oup.com/heapro/article/28/4/490/556908>
Mission Australia 2017, ‘Socio-economic status creates challenges for young people’, online
viewed 14th April 2019, <
https://www.missionaustralia.com.au/news-blog/news-media/socio-economic-status-creates-
challenges-for-young-people >
National Rural Health Allance Inc 2017, Poverty in Rural & Remote Australia, online
viewed 14th April 2019, https://www.ruralhealth.org.au/sites/default/files/publications/nrha-
factsheet-povertynov2017.pdf
Paliadelis, P, Parmenter, G, Parker, V, Giles, M & Higgins, I 2012, The challenges
confronting clinicians in rural acute care settings: A participatory research project, Rural and
Remote Health,
<https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/adcd/5ef94612638bd03f27377e24e17357df7bb4.pdf?
_ga=2.69760336.1393478379.1558460931-869616967.1558460931>
4, pp215-217, online viewed 14th April 2019, <
https://www.collegianjournal.com/article/S1322-7696(12)00090-X/pdf >
Kemppainen, V, Tossavainen, K, Turunen, H 2012, ‘Nurses' roles in health promotion
practice: an integrative review’ , Health Promotion International, Vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 490–
501, online viewed 25th April 2019,
<https://academic.oup.com/heapro/article/28/4/490/556908>
Mission Australia 2017, ‘Socio-economic status creates challenges for young people’, online
viewed 14th April 2019, <
https://www.missionaustralia.com.au/news-blog/news-media/socio-economic-status-creates-
challenges-for-young-people >
National Rural Health Allance Inc 2017, Poverty in Rural & Remote Australia, online
viewed 14th April 2019, https://www.ruralhealth.org.au/sites/default/files/publications/nrha-
factsheet-povertynov2017.pdf
Paliadelis, P, Parmenter, G, Parker, V, Giles, M & Higgins, I 2012, The challenges
confronting clinicians in rural acute care settings: A participatory research project, Rural and
Remote Health,
<https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/adcd/5ef94612638bd03f27377e24e17357df7bb4.pdf?
_ga=2.69760336.1393478379.1558460931-869616967.1558460931>
10 Assignment 2
Tasmania Government 2016, Department Health and Social Services, ‘Equity’, online
reviewed on 19th April 2019, <https://www.dhhs.tas.gov.au/wihpw/principles/equity >
Sharman, S, Rees, S 2007, ‘Consideration of the determinants of women's mental health in
remote Australian mining towns’, Australia Journal of Rural Health, Vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1-7,
online viewed 14th April 2019, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1440-
1584.2007.00842.x
Queensland Government 2013, ‘Queensland Stay On Your Feet - Social determinants’,
online viewed 14th April 2019,
<https://www.health.qld.gov.au/stayonyourfeet/injury_prevention/social >
Sydney Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Health Partnership, 2014, ‘The social determinants of
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health Forum, Report and recommendations 2016’,
online viewed 14th April 2019,
<https://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/planning/pdf/SMLAHP_Aboriginal_Social_Determinants_He
alth_Plan.pdf >
Tasmania Government 2016, Department Health and Social Services, ‘Equity’, online
reviewed on 19th April 2019, <https://www.dhhs.tas.gov.au/wihpw/principles/equity >
Sharman, S, Rees, S 2007, ‘Consideration of the determinants of women's mental health in
remote Australian mining towns’, Australia Journal of Rural Health, Vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1-7,
online viewed 14th April 2019, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1440-
1584.2007.00842.x
Queensland Government 2013, ‘Queensland Stay On Your Feet - Social determinants’,
online viewed 14th April 2019,
<https://www.health.qld.gov.au/stayonyourfeet/injury_prevention/social >
Sydney Metropolitan Local Aboriginal Health Partnership, 2014, ‘The social determinants of
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health Forum, Report and recommendations 2016’,
online viewed 14th April 2019,
<https://www.slhd.nsw.gov.au/planning/pdf/SMLAHP_Aboriginal_Social_Determinants_He
alth_Plan.pdf >
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