A Review of Effectiveness: Health Promotion Intervention Report

This report provides a comprehensive review of the effectiveness of health promotion interventions aimed at reducing the negative impacts of tobacco and alcohol consumption. It begins with an introduction that highlights the importance of health promotion and the role of interventions in addressing harmful behaviors. The report then delves into the background, discussing the public health issue of tobacco and alcohol use, its impact on individuals and society, and the importance of interventions. The methodology section details the literature review process, including the use of the PICO framework, the selection of a library database, and the application of Boolean operators and filters. The report analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of the search strategy and addresses ethical considerations. The critical appraisal section evaluates peer-reviewed articles, and the discussion and recommendation sections provide insights and suggestions for enhancing the power of health promotion interventions. The report concludes with a summary of the findings and recommendations.

Research question
summative IR

Table of Contents
TOPIC: A review of the effectiveness of a health promotion intervention.....................................3
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
1. Background..................................................................................................................................3
2. Research Methodology................................................................................................................5
3. Critical Appraisal.........................................................................................................................8
4. Discussion and Recommendation................................................................................................9
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENECES............................................................................................................................11

TOPIC: A review of the effectiveness of a health promotion intervention
INTRODUCTION
Health promotion is important in nature to provide information about the negative aspects
associated with any specific determinant have upon different individuals of society. These
promotions that work towards the eliminating the use of negative determinants is further known
as interventions (Quitério, 2013). It is the duty of government and health agencies to work over
different interventions that aid in reducing the usage of harmful determinants along with
promotion of health associated benefits. This will provides an opportunity to build the culture in
society about the usage of determinants which are healthy in nature and does not have any kind
of negative impact. One of the major area that have negative impact over the lives of different
individuals of society includes regular consumption of tobacco and alcohol that resultants into
creation of health issues like Cancer, liver cirrhosis etc. The main literature review question
cover in this research report is about review of the effectiveness of a health promotion
interventions regarding negative impact of consuming tobacco and alcohol on individuals of
society.
The different points cover in this includes background study covering importance of the
chosen public health area and methodology that providing information about literature review,
PICO, Boolean operators, information about six different articles etc. Also, cover about the
matter related to critical appraisal of 3 peer reviewed articles and providence of
recommendations in increment of the power of health promotion related interventions.
1. Background
The public health topic chosen in the current research report is health issues due to
regular consumption of tobacco and alcohol over human body among all the different individuals
of society (Gabarron and Wynn, 2016). Nowadays, large number of individuals of society from
the different age group are attracted towards the consumption of tobacco product and alcohol.
Majorly, the individuals who falls between the age group of 20 to 40 are main in consumption of
same. Both the determinants have huge negative impact over the health of an individuals. There
are many chronic diseases will be faced by individuals including cancer, liver cirrhosis etc. Many
cases were confront from overall world regarding the failure of liver in young individuals due to
excessive consumption of alcohol. The impact of this habit not only affects one person but

society has to face the negative consequences where others can share same habit. Sharing of this
negative habit by young people also impacts the working abilities of nation that resultants into
decrement in growth prospects. So, the scope of these issues is wide in nature to affect different
parties (Schwingel and Gálvez, 2016). The short term effects of alcohol consumption over
human body includes Trouble concentrating, Loss of critical judgement, Reduced core body
temperature, Raised blood pressure, vomiting etc. Along with these short term, there are many
long term effect of alcohol consumption. These different kind of impacts ascertained over the
body in long term includes Memory loss, Liver fibrosis, Steatosis (i.e., fatty liver),
Cardiomyopathy etc. The intense nature of diseases and over consumption of the products like
alcohol and tobacco in all over the world, builds this as one of the important area of public health
towards adopting different health promotional interventions.
The benefit of health interventions will be attained in future in the form of creating
awareness among the individuals that understood about the different negative impacts of
consuming tobacco and alcohol on their body. The main purpose of these health interventions is
to provide message to large number of people and focus over creating major changes in the
lifestyle and ideas of person that affects the health of a person in negative manner. So, the
importance of selected public health area is also determined from the positive impact of
interventions in reducing bad habit of consuming such determinants.
To justify the severity of these issues, background of the health of UK individuals is
provided. This will help to ascertain the knowledge that how important is adopting health
promotional interventions in today's period of time. Th detailed information in relation to same is
provided below:
The addictive nature of alcohol is understood from the fact that 3.5 million people of UK
are dependent over its regular consumption (Fjeldsoe, Miller and Marshall, 2012). The negative
impact was ascertained by all such users in direction of physical, mental and social well-being.
Their family members and associates were also impacted from same that hinders ability to live
normal life.
24% of adults that are living in England and Scotland regularly drink over the level
provided chief medical officer in respect low risk guidelines. Also, 27% of person' s in great
Britain binge drink on their heaviest drinking days. From the figure ascertained in 2016,
determined that total number of deaths recorded were 9214 from alcohol consumption. The high

mortality rate is present between the age group of people of 55 to 69. In only England, the total
number of dependent drinkers are 586780. From this number, 82% are those which were not
accessing treatment.
Use of alcohol is considered as biggest risk factor towards the death, ill health and
disability among the people belong from the age of 15 to 49 years in UK. While talking about all
ages then the same is considered as fifth biggest risk in number that hampers the life of
individuals reside in society (Ansari, 2012).
Consumption of alcohol is considered as the casual factor behind creation of more than
60 medical conditions within an individual including mouth, stomach, throat, cancer, high blood
pressure, liver cirrhosis and depression.
All these negative impacts clearly depicts the reason behind the selection of this as public
health issue along with ascertaining the effectiveness of health promotion interventions. The
main aim behind this is to minimise the consumption and focus over promoting the living of
healthy life.
Specifically, the area where needed to provide more focus includes cancer and liver
cirrhosis. The is so because these are chronic disease and leads the person towards end of life
(Bradford and Chan, 2017). The treatment related to both disease is not perfect in nature and
costly too. This will diminishes the ability to perform daily functions and destroy the ability to
live normal life. So, these two diseases are major areas of concern while reviewing the
effectiveness of health promotion interventions along with determination of the negative impact
of consuming alcohol and tobacco in regular manner.
2. Research Methodology
Define what a literature review
Literature review is determined as the scholar paper that is developed by researcher by
making use of different secondary sources. In this, mainly concepts, viewpoints and information
given by different authors has been evaluated so that proposed answers on the research question
can be obtained by investigator in rightful manner.
Define and discuss the PICO framework and how you used it
PICO framework is basically determined as the mnemonic used by individual practising
in health care sector so that they can easily answer clinical related questions (Korda and Itani,
2013). The framework is highly useful in formulating search strategies by determining the core

concept which is going to be addressed. With reference to the present research PICO framework
will going to be used by effectively following all four sections of concept of this that is patients,
problem or population, the intervention, the comparison, and at the last outcome. By following
all of them investigator will be able to obtain proposed research outcome in rightful manner.
What library database was chosen and why was it chosen
Library data base are the electronic resources that are used individual for gathering
maximum information. For performing present research academic search have been used by
researcher. The main reason behind choosing this library is to grab maximum information from
more than 4600 journals, around 3900 peer reviewed titles etc. This will directly contribute in
developing maximum information over the topic that is effectiveness of a health promotion
interventions regarding negative impact of consuming tobacco and alcohol on individuals of
society.
Set out exactly the main search keywords with Boolean operators (the main search phrase)
Boolean operators are the core words that are used in library data base search that directly
makes whole research precise and valuable (Sarmiento, 2017). Some of the common words that
would be used in this research are And, or and not.
Describe the search
Search on this topic will be effectively performed by making use of valuable Boolean
operators in order to develop understanding over the proposed topic. Here, investigator has
divided overall topic into few sections which were further searched by them effectively. Also,
various filters have also been applied in order to precise the information and develop outcome
over the same in detailed manner.
Set out the number of search results at each stage of the search and the final number of
titles and abstracts that were read from which you selected the six studies (articles) (you
should narrow down to between 50-120 and then read titles and abstracts to identify 6
articles (studies) relevant to your literature review question)
At the starting time of research when investigator has searched for the topic have
determined range of links (Pederson, Greaves and Poole, 2014). After short listing all of them at
each level. Investigator have final reached to last six articles which were further reviewed by
them in the literature review section.

What Boolean operators were used and explain how they help with searching for studies
(articles)
For conducting present research investigator have effectively made use of AND, NOT
and OR as the main boolean operator that will further support them in narrowing down their
information and also supporting them in obtaining valuable outcome for the same. Boolean
operator will directly support in connecting two or more statements which will provide
contribution in obtaining best articles that would be further reviewed in Literature review
section.
Explain what truncation and filters/limiters are and explain how they help with searching
for studies
Truncation is determined as the effective searching technique that is basically used in
databases under which last word of the statement is replaced with the symbols. For current
investigation, researcher have made use of question mark (?) as the truncation. This have directly
contributing in searching overall desired information on the chosen topic that is the effectiveness
of a health promotion interventions regarding negative impact of consuming tobacco and alcohol
on individuals of society.
Discuss the inclusion/exclusion criteria (did you limit the search to any number of years?
What about language? Other?)
The core exclusion criteria of the investigation is to exclude old data that is 20 years ago.
Also, overall information will going be searched in English only as it is common language that
could be easily understood by the involved person.
What are the strengths and weaknesses of your search strategy
The core strength of this adopted search strategy was that it has provided support in
gathering overall information in adequate manner with right keywords (DeFrank and Cooper,
2013). On the other hand, the core weakness is that it was slow and consumed huge time of
investigator while searching for the desired information in adequate manner.
Discuss briefly the key ethical issues that a literature reviewer would be looking for in
order for a study (article) to be used in a literature review (For example, research that
forces people to take part would be unethical and would not be used in a literature review)
While conducting effective literature review, investigator has clearly focused on using
information from the authenticate sites only so that overall gather information could be trusted

by all. In addition to this, researcher are also required to focus on determining that all sources are
fresh that means belonging to the recent articles only so that overall developed information can
contribute in drawing valid outcome on research topic in adequate manner.
3. Critical Appraisal
Discuss what critical appraisal is and how you are going to appraise the literature? e.g.
using a official appraisal table, exploration of limitations, discussing validity, reliability,
generalisability
Critical appraisal is determined as the effective process through which investigator
systematically evaluates overall outcome of research in order to determine that whether it is
valuable, relevant or trustworthiness or not (Dür, 2012). The overall developed information will
contribute in conducting research in adequate manner by appraising literature. This also provides
support in ensuring validity and reliability of the investigation that contributes in the developing
detailed understanding over the proposed research topic.
Description of three articles chosen.
Article 1: Effects on alcohol use of a Swedish school-based prevention program for early
adolescents: a longitudinal study
This article has clearly specified relationship between early adolescent alcohol
consumption and increasing risk of dependence in life afterwards. The main motive of
conducting this program is address effects of alcohol over the school children and their life after
its consumption for many years. The overall findings of the project clearly depicts that
consumption of alcohol does not place any sort long term effects over children if they have
stopped consuming it in the initial age only (Kratzke and Cox, 2012). It can be further said that
main strength of this prevention program was that all the methods use for this were highly
authenticate and valuable for the investigator which have further provided them support in
obtaining reliable project outcome in rapid manner. In addition to this, it can be further said that
the main weakness of this intervention program was that it was highly difficult to convey overall
developed information on this topic to the attendees as they would not be able to explain overall
information to the associated people.
Article 2: Community-based approaches for the prevention of alcohol, tobacco, and other drug
use

This article clearly provides clear description over the range of communication based
approaches that are used by health care practitioners in order to attain develop their
understanding over this. This further provides detailed information on the range of interventions
that could be used by individuals in order to prevent alcohol, drugs and other addictive things
which are affecting their life in negative manner (Malik, Blake and Suggs, 2014). The main
strength of this study was that it has clearly described all prevention that will help readers in
overcoming the same issue. Apart from this, the major weakness of research that it was highly
time consuming process which have hampered overall completion of the project.
Article 3: Comparing global alcohol and tobacco control efforts: network formation and
evolution in international health governance
The health promotion intervention is related to global alcohol and tobacco control efforts:
network formation and evolution in international health governance. The main aim of this study
is to ascertain the efforts taken at world wide level in relation to promotion of health impacted
due to the consumption of alcohol and tobacco. Also, analysis of all these efforts in direction of
determining effectiveness towards attaining positive results. It is identified from the study of
article that both issues gained the international attention. In all nations at different level,
advocacy is provided on health problems. They build the agreement on policy solutions, spread
out their range in low- and middle-income state and trust evidence-based research with support
motility beyond the public health-centered focus of the core scheme. In opposition, a similar
system in the alcohol case battle with enlarge its reach and has yet to overcome divisions based
on competing difficulty explanation and answer to alcohol harm. The strength is that tried to
reach large number of people but the biggest limitation associated with same that not able to
persuade the behaviour due to lack in intensity in promotion.
4. Discussion and Recommendation
The one more theme whose impact is emerging in nature about excessive nature of
smoking. This will also leads towards the disease of cancer (Golden and Earp, 2012). There are
many other chronic diseases will be encountered by a person that are different from the one
defined above.
The policy recommendations regarding reducing the consumption of alcohol and tobacco
includes;
 Not allowed to buy the products by a person below to the age of 25.

 Totally banned the production of such products.
 Focus over increasing the prices related to such products
 Increment in tax rates
 Eliminates the entry of any foreign organisation
 Limit the level of ingredients that have least harm in accordance to the age of consumer
 Early education from the very beginning to disseminate the information about the
negative impact of such determinants over health
 Proper information to buyers about the negative impact of consuming such products
 Government advisories regarding precautionary measures
CONCLUSION
On the basis of overall information in the above, it can be said that health promotion
practices plays an essential role in developing knowledge of the individual on the core health
issues which are affecting life of individuals in society. Health promotions basically includes
range of interventions that could provide support to individuals in reducing effects of these
diseases and live a better lifestyle. In addition to this, it has been further identified that Boolean
operators are some common words that contributes in searching detailed information on the topic
in less time with higher reliability.

REFERENECES
Books and Journals
Ansari, R., 2012. Applications of public health education and health promotion interventions.
Trafford Publishing.
Bradford, N.K. and Chan, R.J., 2017. Health promotion and psychological interventions for
adolescent and young adult cancer survivors: A systematic literature review. Cancer
treatment reviews. 55. pp.57-70.
DeFrank, R.S. and Cooper, C.L., 2013. Worksite stress management interventions: Their
effectiveness and conceptualisation. In From Stress to Wellbeing Volume 2 (pp. 3-13).
Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Dür, W., 2012. Applying system theory of organisational change to health promotion
interventions in schools. In The Implementation of Health Promoting Schools (pp. 51-
67). Routledge.
Fjeldsoe, B., Miller, Y. and Marshall, A., 2012. Text messaging interventions for chronic disease
management and health promotion. E-Health Applications: Promising Strategies for
Behavior Change. 1st ed. New York, NY: Routledge. pp.167-186.
Gabarron, E. and Wynn, R., 2016. Use of social media for sexual health promotion: a scoping
review. Global health action. 9(1). p.32193.
Golden, S.D. and Earp, J.A.L., 2012. Social ecological approaches to individuals and their
contexts: twenty years of health education & behavior health promotion
interventions. Health Education & Behavior. 39(3). pp.364-372.
Korda, H. and Itani, Z., 2013. Harnessing social media for health promotion and behavior
change. Health promotion practice. 14(1). pp.15-23.
Kratzke, C. and Cox, C., 2012. Smartphone technology and apps: rapidly changing health
promotion. Global Journal of Health Education and Promotion. 15(1).
Malik, S.H., Blake, H. and Suggs, L.S., 2014. A systematic review of workplace health
promotion interventions for increasing physical activity. British journal of health
psychology. 19(1). pp.149-180.
Pederson, A., Greaves, L. and Poole, N., 2014. Gender-transformative health promotion for
women: a framework for action. Health promotion international. 30(1). pp.140-150.
Quitério, A.L.D., 2013. School physical education: the effectiveness of health-related
interventions and recommendations for health-promotion practice. Health Education
Journal. 72(6). pp.716-732.
Sarmiento, J.P., 2017. Healthy universities: mapping health-promotion interventions. Health
Education.
Schwingel, A. and Gálvez, P., 2016. Divine interventions: faith-based approaches to health
promotion programs for Latinos. Journal of religion and health. 55(6). pp.1891-1906.
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COMMUNITY-BASED APPROACHES FOR THE PREVENTION OF ALCOHOL,
TOBACCO, AND OTHER DRUG USE. [Online]. Available Through:
<https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.pu.17.050196.002005>.

Effects on alcohol use of a Swedish school-based prevention program for early adolescents: a
longitudinal study. 2017. [Online]. Available Through:
<https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-016-3947-3>.
Comparing global alcohol and tobacco control efforts: network formation and evolution in
international health governance. 2016. [Online]. Available Through:
<https://academic.oup.com/heapol/article/31/suppl_1/i98/2404488>.