Pender’s Health Promotion Model: Analysis - UTA Nursing Theory

This presentation provides an analysis of Nola J. Pender's Health Promotion Model (HPM), developed in 1982, which stems from expectancy-value theory and social cognitive theory. The model defines health as a positive dynamic state and focuses on individual characteristics, behavior-specific cognitions, and behavioral outcomes. It assumes individuals actively regulate their behavior and interact with the environment. The presentation covers the origins of the theory, its core ideas, assumptions, and key concepts such as the influence of inherited characters, the role of self-efficacy, and the impact of family and healthcare professionals on health behavior. It also discusses the theory's usefulness in clinical settings, its goals for nursing care, its application in practice and research, types of studies conducted using HPM, and examples of its application, such as testing nutritional behavior. Furthermore, the presentation addresses the generalizability of the theory, its strengths (simplicity, focus on disease prevention, promotion of independent nursing practice), and weaknesses (difficulty integrating perspectives, potential for confusion due to multiple concepts). The presentation concludes with a discussion on using the theory in a personal clinical setup, emphasizing its person-centered approach and benefits for disease prevention and patient autonomy. References to various studies and articles supporting the model are included.

NURSING THEORY
Pender’s Health
Promotion Model

DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY
 In the current assignment, the health
promotion model suggested by Pender
has been taken into consideration.
 The model has been developed from
expectancy value theory and social
cognitive theory.
 The model was developed by Pender in
order to prevent the occurrence of
disease in individuals by giving them
access to quality life
 The model focused upon the
development of motivation for picking
positive health behaviours
(McCutcheon, Schaar & Parker, 2016)
 It helped in the development of
evidence based nursing care

SUPPORT FOR THEORY
 The theorist wanted to provide a
person centered care
 It was aimed at improving the
knowledge regarding health within
individuals.
 It was found that most of the the
physicians at their times of need
(Chiou, Hsu & Hung, 2016)
 It aims towards a positive
dynamic health (Khoshnood,
Rayyani& Tirgari, 2018)
 Reduce the overall expenditure on
general healthcare (Zhang et al.,
2018)

MOTIVATION FOR THE
THEORY
 The set of variables for behavior specific knowledge
have important motivational significance (Callaghan,
2016)
 The changed behaviors resulted in improved quality of
life (Goodarzi-Khoigani et al., 2018)
 Enhanced health functional objectives

APPROACH TO HEALTH
PROMOTION MODEL
 The health promotion model
is psychological model that
attempts to predict or
explain health behaviors
 By taking a recommended
action negative health
outcome can be avoided
(Clark et al., 2015)

IDEA OF THE HEALTH
PROMOTION MODEL
 The health promotion model (HPM) focuses upon
three important aspects-
 Individual characteristic experiences
 Effect of behavioral specific cognitions
 Behavioral outcomes
 The model is based upon a number of assumptions
such as-
 Individual need to actively regulate their health
behavior (Henry, 2017)
 Individuals are progressively transferred by the
environment over time
 Health professionals constitute a part of the inter-
professional environment (Heydari & Khorashadizadeh,
2014)

MAIN CONCEPTS OF THE
MODEL
 Inherited acquired characters influence health
belief
 People engage in behaviors from which they
could derive personally valued benefits
 Self efficacy to commit to a particular health
behavior can increase the likelihood of
engaging in such behavior again
 On obtaining positive results the probability
of indulgence in such behavior increases
manifold (Henry, 2017)
 Family, peers and other healthcare professional
can influence health behavior adopted to a
significant amount (Mohamadian & Arani,
2014)
 The greater the motivation the more is the
chance of indulgence in such behavior
 To be positively guided by nursing care
professionals using evidence based models

USEFULNESS OF THEORY
IN ACTUAL CLINICAL SETUP
 In this context, the clinical theory have been applied to an
actual and real life scenario
 The author and his friends spent most of the time playing and
trekking outside excepting fro ding homework
 Hence they hardly suffered from clinical ailments due to lack
of physical activities
 Additionally, the author and his friend ate mostly home
cooked food
 Hence, they strictly followed few of the commitments to
health behavior
 The two such objectives were- indulgence in physical
activity and adult health behaviors

GOALS FOR NURSING
CARE
 A number of goals for nursing care using the health
belief model may be developed such as –
 To develop a positive health attitude in the patient
 To develop increased health awareness in the patient
 To promote motivation in the patient to achieve the
heath outcomes
 To reduce the rate of hospital admissions and relatable
burden on healthcare
 To enhance the health recovery rates in the patient

USEFULNESS OF THE THEORY
IN PRACTICE AND RESEARCH
 The theory can help in monitoring
the health and recovery in the
patient
 It helps in the implementation of
evidence based practice in nursing
care (Khoshnood, Rayyani &
Tirgari, 2018)
 It helps in relating a disease to a
particular cause
 Helps in implementing community
based care structures and models
 The theory in practice help in the
modification of health related
attitudes and behaviors (Chiou,
Hsu & Hung, 2016)

CONTD…
 It helps in achieving higher levels of well being
 Patients learn to develop control over their own health
behavior (Callaghan, 2016)
 Thus, helps in the implementation of a person centered
approach

TYPES OF STUDIES
 The HPM has been used to conduct a number of studies-
 It has been used as an explanatory framework in clinical
setting (Clark et al., 2015)
 It explains the relation between specific health
behaviors and behavioral outcomes in patients
 It can be used as a construct to predict nutritional
behavior in people
 It can be used as a psychometric assessment for
accessing positive behavioral outcomes ion people

EXAMPLE OF APPLICATION
OF THE THEORY
 The theory can be applied to test
the nutritional behavior in people
 In-house health education could
be given to the patients
 Randomized control trials could
be conducted to measure the
HDL , LDL content of the patient
after a specific amount of time
 The results obtained to be
compared with a control group
 The results could be discussed
to bring about positive changes
in health behavior

PROPOSITIONS OF THE
THEORY
 Acquired characters influence health beliefs
 Engaging in behaviors which would yield personally
valued health outcomes
 The perceived barriers can delimit the acquisition of the
health objectives (Heydari & Khorashadizadeh, 2014)

GENERALIZABILITY OF THE
THEORY
 Pender’s Health Promotion Model states
that the acquisition of health promoting
behavior depends upon three
components which are- cognitive
factors , modifying factors and cues to
action
 The lack of measuring instruments acted
as barriers to the achievement of
optimum health (Mohamadian & Arani,
2014)
 Suitable to be used in descriptive
correlational study
 Cognitive perpetual factors explain
differences in adopted health behaviors
 Health promotion activities have been
seen to affect quality of life

STRENGTHS OF HPM
 Simple to understand
 Focuses upon disease prevention improving the overall
heath structure
 Widely uses the community health setup
 Promotes independent practice of nursing professionals
(Heydari& Khorashadizadeh, 2014)
 Promotes interventions and education

WEAKNESS OF HPM
 Unable to integrate the perspective of
people, nursing , environment and
health.
 Multiple concepts may create
confusion
 Theory could not be applied in
treating current health condition of
patient
 The implementation of the theory is
guided much by the intrinsic
motivation or nature of people
(Farfaglia, Bernard, Gorman and
Dehpahlavan, 2018)
 The nursing care fails to take into
consideration the differences in
intrinsic mental patterns of people

USE 0F THEORY IN
PERSONAL CLINICAL SETUP
 The theory is apt to be used in personal clinical set up as
it promotes a person centered approach
 The implementation of the model or theory helps in the
prevention of disease which reduced unnecessary health
costs
 Implementation of the theory will make the patient
population self sufficient by helping them take more
autonomy over their health (Henry, 2017)
 Promotes community based health education
 However, it is not suitable to deal with immediate care
concerns

REFERENCES
 Callaghan, D. M. (2016). Implementing faith community nursing interventions to
promote healthy behaviors in adults. International Journal of Faith Community
Nursing, 2(1), 3.
 Chiou, A. F., Hsu, S. P., & Hung, H. F. (2016). Predictors of health-promoting
behaviors in Taiwanese patients with coronary artery disease. Applied Nursing
Research, 30, 1-6.
 Clark, A. P., McDougall, G., Riegel, B., Joiner-Rogers, G., Innerarity, S., Meraviglia,
M., ... & Davila, A. (2015). Health status and self-care outcomes following an
education-support intervention for people with chronic heart failure. The Journal of
cardiovascular nursing, 30(4 0 1), S3.
 Farfaglia, P.G., Bernard, D.L.P., Gorman, A.W. and Dehpahlavan, J., 2018. Keep
Calm and Lead by Example: Healthy Lifestyles of Dietitians and Satisfaction with
Life. Journal of Preventive Medicine, 3(1).
 Goodarzi-Khoigani, M., Moghadam, M. H. B., Nadjarzadeh, A., Mardanian, F.,
Fallahzadeh, H., & Mazloomy-Mahmoodabad, S. (2018). Impact of nutrition
education in improving dietary pattern during pregnancy based on pender's health
promotion model: A randomized clinical trial. Iranian journal of nursing and
midwifery research, 23(1), 18.

CONTD…
 Henry, K. (2017). Frameworks for Behavioral. Frameworks for Advanced Nursing
Practice and Research: Philosophies, Theories, Models, and Taxonomies, 43.
 Heydari, A., & Khorashadizadeh, F. (2014). Pender’s health promotion model in
medical research. studies, 41, 59.
 Khoshnood, Z., Rayyani, M., & Tirgari, B. (2018). Theory analysis for Pender’s
health promotion model (HPM) by Barnum’s criteria: a critical
perspective. International journal of adolescent medicine and health.
 McCutcheon, T., Schaar, G., & Parker, K. L. (2016). Pender's Health Promotion
Model and HPV Health-Promoting Behaviors among College-Aged Males: Concept
Integration. Journal of Theory Construction & Testing, 20(1), 12.
 Mohamadian, H., & Arani, M. G. (2014). Factors predicting the physical activity
behavior of female adolescents: A test of the health promotion model. Journal of
Preventive Medicine and Public Health, 47(1), 64.
 Zhang, P., Xing, F. M., Li, C. Z., Wang, F. L., & Zhang, X. L. (2018). Effects of a
nurse‐led transitional care programme on readmission, self‐efficacy to implement
health‐promoting behaviours, functional status and life quality among Chinese
patients with coronary artery disease: A randomised controlled trial. Journal of
clinical nursing, 27(5-6), 969-979.