Health Promotion Plan: Smoking Cessation Campaign in Hackney, London

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Contents
TASK 1..........................................................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................1
DISCUSSION.............................................................................................................................................1
1.1............................................................................................................................................................1
1.2............................................................................................................................................................3
1.3............................................................................................................................................................4
TASK 2..........................................................................................................................................................5
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................................5
BODY...........................................................................................................................................................6
2.1............................................................................................................................................................6
2.2............................................................................................................................................................7
2.3............................................................................................................................................................8
Conclusion...................................................................................................................................................9
TASK 3........................................................................................................................................................10
Introduction...............................................................................................................................................10
3.1..........................................................................................................................................................10
3.2..........................................................................................................................................................11
3.3..........................................................................................................................................................12
Conclusion.................................................................................................................................................13
TASK 4........................................................................................................................................................14
4.1..........................................................................................................................................................14
HEALTH PROMOTION PLAN...................................................................................................................14
CAMPAIGN OF SMOKING AND SPREADING AWARNESS ON ILL EFFECTS OF SMOKING........................15
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................15
AIM AD OBJECTIVE................................................................................................................................15
METHODS..............................................................................................................................................15
4.2..........................................................................................................................................................16
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................................18
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TASK 1
INTRODUCTION
Health and wellbeing are correlated terms and if a person manages to attain health he is bound
to be able to achieve better position in life. As per Maslow’s hierarchy of needs health is one of
the basic and crucial needs of human being. Health and wellbeing is considered as related to
achievement f self-actualization that is a part of development of human life. This report aims at
producing discussion on the socio economic factors that influence the achievement of health, it
will also focus on explaining the relevance of information provided by the government in
reporting health related inequalities as well as the report also highlights the some of the
important barriers that are present in assessing health and social care.
DISCUSSION
1.1
Various factors are responsible for influencing attainment of health and health related services.
According to WHO some of the crucial socioeconomic factors that are the factors derived from
social and economic lifestyle of a person are determined to have significant impact on health
and wellbeing of the individual (Svedberg, 2007). These factors are mainly enumerated as
education, housing, income status, religion, community; environment etc. studies have
revealed that people suffering from diseases usually belong to lower socioeconomic status. This
shows that socioeconomic status plays a crucial role in attainment of health and wellbeing.
Housing
Housing or homelessness are interrelated terms as housing refers to the place where a person
lives and it is seen that about 320,000 people are reported to be homeless in UK (Svedberg,
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2007). Homelessness or improper housing has great impact on the health of an individual.
Housing determines the income status an employment of an individual too and directly
proportionate to the unemployment as the status of the individual leading him to financial
crises and suffer inequalities in society. It is also seen that hospitals usually prefer to treat
patients with a permanent address to be notified that makes a homeless person avoid reaching
out to health care services. Same is the issue that is seen in given scenario where the homeless
man died but could not perceive services due to improper housing status and being homeless.
Education
Education on other hand again proves to be important factor in promoting health and wellbeing
of the family. Education level makes the person aware of disease and health care services and
also makes them proactive regarding the steps they should take to improve their health. It is
also evident that educated person is bound to make better health choices than an uneducated
one. It is also seen that the education level of the region impacts by influencing the mortality
and morbidity rates of the population making them determine the positive health outcomes
(Thomas, 2015).
Unemployment
Unemployment is also an important factor that drives the health and wellbeing of an individual.
The person who is not earning well to afford health care services usually avoids seeking help
during health crises and the ones who earn well and have solid income status are more aware
of achieving good health. This fact is important as the health care is not easily accessible and
requires funding and financial support in order to achieve it (Laverack and Labonte, 2000).
1.2
Health inequality is defined as differences in accessing health dependent on various factors
such as community, education, religion, income etc. it also refers to difference in health status
residing in same region but with some differences. Government sources are always working
and functioning in order to promote health and in order to highlight health inequalities over the
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years various reports have been formulized by government under the name of Black report
(1980), Acheson report (1998), Marmount report (2010), JSNA etc.
Black report (1980) this report was sanctioned by the Secretary of State in England in 1977 for
labor government. The report was that time published by the conservative Secretary of State
for Social Services. The inequalities in health and social car status in population of England was
analyzed and the socioeconomic factors responsible were identified as education, income,
housing, employment, diet, and work conditions. The report produces 37 recommendations to
overcome these inequalities but it was not justified as it presented disproportional ratio of
death and health inequalities among population (Department of Health and Children, 2000).
Acheson report (1998) was a well formed report for labor government with aim to tackle health
inequalities. The report mainly provided recommendation to monitor and reform the policies of
health in the nation by the NHS. It provided a new vision under the name of Saving Lives Our
Healthier Nation in England. The strategy aimed at saving 3000,000 lives in next 10 years and
they promoted health agency and public health for this.
Marmout report (2010) was focused on analyzing the inequalities present after 2010 and
devised strategies to promote health and reduce the inequalities. Fair Society, Healthy Lives
was the plan that report discussed that overlaid the unjust government policies and also
promoted fair services to all equally. It also mentioned the inequality due to socioeconomic
status and poor people receiving less services and opportunities for health reform (Department
of Health and Children, 2000).
.
These reports are relevant in providing factors that are present in society for health inequalities
and are also applicable in the case of Ramon where the socioeconomic level, homelessness and
income played role in lack of health service to him and finally his death.
1.3
Barriers to accessing healthcare involve the challenges and problems one face while accessing
health and social care services. These barriers can be in form of anything and can hinder the
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individual’s ability to achieve proper health services. Barriers in accessing health care includes
financial, psychological, language, physical, geographic, cultural and resource based. Financial
barriers are most evident as it presents financial constrains for achieving healthcare. NHS is a
funded organization but yet it is not capable to provide care to every individual from that
funding. Psychological barrier includes the psychological restrains a person might have due to
cultural belief or their cause. This barrier causes a person to deny health and social care and
avoid the opportunity to attain better health. Resources as a barrier is also common in
healthcare as person may not have required resources to get to services or the conditions of
the region and facilities provided may not match the resources required to treat the condition
of that particular patient that leads to resources barrier in care (Mozaffarian, Angell, Lang and
Rivera, 2018).
In given case Ramon was facing financial, psychological as well as cultural barrier. The services
were not accessible by him due to his homelessness and also unemployed condition that led
him to avoid services or seek health care that ultimately led to his death.
TASK 2
INTRODUCTION
The government policies and legislation works in order to reduce the health inequalities and
promote better health to the individual in the nation. Tis essay aims at discussion the link
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between the government strategies and models of health promotion, wide explanation of role
of professionals in meeting health targets and the crucial role of routine and regularity in
promoting better health.
BODY
2.1
Health promotion is defined as the process in which the agency or the organizers manages to
promote health among the population. Different models of health promotions can be applied
to strategies the promotion of health among the population. Some of the models from Tanhill,
Beatie and Becker provide inks to correlate health promotion with government policies for
issues such as smoking. Smoking is considered as one of the largest cause of death in UK
involving around 200 deaths per day due to this social element. It is also found responsible for
majority of health inequalities and issues. In 2017 the government of England has strategies a
plan for smoking under the name of Towards a Smoke free Generation a Tobacco Plan for
England. It is considered as one of avoidable factors in society that can lead to better heath of
individuals (Department of Health and Children, 2000).
According to Tanhill model of health promotion the main strategy to promote health should
involve three domains that is health education, prevention and health protection. Health
education incorporates the education and information by communicating about better and
good health status d also communication referring to awareness regarding the diseases and
health issues. Prevention strategies that help in prevention of disease due to the risk factors
associated this links with the policies that government creates. Health protection is referred to
as the formation of legislation and policies that help individuals to stay protection and secure
from the diseases and factors enhancing it risks. The protection measures taken by government
for smoking includes providing smoking areas, smoke free places, restrictions of tobacco
advertisements and business (Rowan Frost, 2008).
Beatie’s health promotion model explains and aims at the interventions brought about by
health professionals, communities, government and population to control the disease and
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promote health. It explains four parameters for health promotions that is community
participation for health, legislations for health, health persuasion and personal counseling.
Legislations for health are the regulations government provides to promote health. Health
persuasive techniques involve the campaigns and rallies organized in order to eradicate the risk
factors such as smoking cessation drives by professionals. Community and personal counseling
are similar in manner that both focus on empowering the individuals to promote health and
wellbeing by reducing the activities that promotes ill health and promote awareness for the
same. It is seen that Public Health England supports the campaigns and JSNA for smoking
cessation and health promotion in England (Rowan Frost, 2008).
.
Becker’s health promotion model works on promoting health by allowing the followers to get
incentives and deterrents. Incentives are simple explanatory tools that make the individual
realize their life and health is important. As smokers should be explained how their smoking is
reducing their life expectancy and if they quit they may live longer. Also some strategies from
government have promoted financial incentives to the individual who follow the programme
and quit smoking. Deterrents are provided as visual or media ads that make people rethink
before using the substances that deteriorate health as in smoking printing of packages that
promote health.
2.2
Professionals are the people who working society and are identified as the role models by the
normal population. Professionals here refer to as the doctors, nurses, teachers, social worker
etc. who play an important role in health promotion and monitoring. These professionals play
crucial role in achieving government targets for health promotion in different manner as per
their profession. The national targets set by government for smoking are reduction of smoking
in 15 year old generation from 8% to 3% d in adult generation reduction from 15.5% to 12%.
Also the target involves reduction of smoking in pregnant women from 10.5% to 6% ( Nair and
Fellmeth, 2018). Government targets in all over England are different as per the prevalence in
different region but the overall ratio of smoking is targeted to be reduced by 60 to 70% in
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England. Professionals that helped in achieving these targets are the officers in charge for the
smoking cessation programmes, nurses, dietician, and social worker, G’s, psychologists,
midwives and pharmacists. These professionals’ aims at promoting soothing environment for
the cessation smoking campaign and aim at counseling people in their contact for better
outcomes. Promoting education and imparting knowledge about it refers to making behavior
modification among the individual. Health professional’s role in this programme is crucial as
they promote health and impart awareness regarding the harmful effects in public. It is their
duty to make services accessible to the ones requiring it and their contribution in doing so helps
government in achieving targets regarding health promotion. As smoking cessation in charge
has duty to identify the group of people at risk of becoming a smoker and guide and counsel
them to not direct their lives to smoking (Nair and Fellmeth, 2018). Same way teachers and
professors in school and colleges will be providing required education in order to inbuilt healthy
behavior towards smoking. Professionals should also know about recent policies and
programmes to ensure any individual requiring the help will be allowed to access the services
without nay barriers in their path.
2.3
Routine is an important concept in achieving proper and healthy life. Routine refers to a set
plan for regular events of the day in an individual’s life. Routine is important in promoting good
health as it allows one to stick to healthy diet and habits that promote health and avoid
diseases. Even during the period of quitting or in programme for quitting smoking and such
habits routine play a crucial role. The smoker who are trying to quit their habit are usually
monitored by the health and social care professionals in order to maintain their routine that
includes, proper and healthy diet, exercise, personal hygiene maintenance and relaxation. It is
important as routine avoids risk towards diseases that are otherwise avoidable and ensure the
individual cooperation towards healthy life. It is also seen that maintaining a healthy life
includes maintaining a routine that reduces the risk towards various disease like heart diseases,
diabetes, hypertension etc. According to a research by Li and Siegrist, (2012) physical activity
has proved to be beneficial in reducing the risk towards cardiovascular diseases. Engagement of
an individual in physical activity increases the blood flow and decreases the symptoms of
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withdrawal from tobacco. It is helpful in managing smoking habits and cessation programmes.
Smoking works by increasing effects on blood flow and affecting heart, lungs and brain that
causes one to have incapability to work out but cessation of smoking encourages physical
activity and proves it to be beneficial.
Diet is another important factor of routine that enables one to take in required and appropriate
nutrients and elements essential for functioning o the body. This includes intake of healthy
vegetables and food items that reduces the damage on organs and immunity caused by
smoking and tobacco. Eating better diet will help in promoting better immunity towards
diseases and also avoid comorbidities (Gorski, and Roberto, 2015).
Personal hygiene and cognitive functioning can be affected due to smoking. As smokers can
have bad breath, teeth and unhygienic ways. Following a proper routine will allow individual to
work on their hygiene and maintain proper personal hygiene and be presentable to world
(Gorski, and Roberto, 2015).
.
Conclusion
Health promotion is a vital duty of government that is done in England to higher levels. Health
promotion is done in various manners by promoting health and imparting education regarding
awareness to healthy living and avoiding risks towards diseases. Smoking is seen as one of the
major issue in society that makes smoking as an issues that is being in concern to provide
policies and control by the government. Professional support and guidance helps them to
achieve the targets for reducing health issues and achieve better results.
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TASK 3
Introduction
This essay aims at discussing the health belief models and the factors and beliefs that modify
health behaviors; it also aims at discussing effects of conflicts with the local industry due to
health promotion. The essay in the end also highlights the importance of providing health
related information to the public.
3.1
Health belief is referred to as the personal opinion of an individual or thought of an individual
regarding health (Thomas, 2015). Promoting health encourages the individual to make healthier
life choices and helps one to lead a healthy life. Understanding how the behavior of health and
beliefs influence individual behavior regarding health relevance from theories such as health
belief model, stages of health model etc. can be used. Health belief model is most acceptable
and widely explained model to understand health behaviors. It has four domains including
perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, and perceived barriers (Coulson
ET AL, 2016). Additional two components of this model are self-efficacy and cue to action. The
perceived threat is regarded as the individual belief that disease is a concern or not it lies
between the susceptibility and severity of the belief that is concerns of disease being
threatening to life and actual severity of disease. When the threat is perceived properly the
individual will work to achieve health and this will help in modifying the health behavior of the
person. Also the self-efficacy is achieved when the actions are perceived for promoting better
health after analyzing the issue to be severe. Cue to action is the stage that a health
professional prompts in the individual’s habit to make them aware of strategy to avoid risk to
disease and implement habits that are healthy with healthy behavior. For example in a health
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issue regarding smoking a person is not aware of its severity and concerns regarding health. The
belief of a person can be modified by managing to cue the action of quitting smoking into him
by education and implementing strategies for withdrawal of the habit. This will provide the
individual a sense and clear picture of health issues and their concerns and also reduce the
barriers that may fail their will to quit (Taylor et al, 2006).
Health action model is another theory based model to understand the health belief and
behavior of the individual regarding health. It basically concentrates on self-esteem and
motivation for withdrawal from ill habits and to follow a healthy living. This theory is based on
describing locus of control that an individual possess and can be internal or external. The
difference in this approach makes individual to either concentrate on self-esteem to overcome
the health behavioral issues or motivation to be used to guide them through.
3.2
Whenever health is being promoted the products or the industries manufactures the harmful
products for health usually gets into conflicts with the promotional strategies. There are always
conflicts with the health promotions strategies with the alcohol, tobacco and food industries
that produce such products that enhance the risk towards health issues. These conflicts can
help the industries to target more population and get more response that will lead to unhealthy
society and effect on economy of the nation. In 2016 and 2017 the alcohol industry brought
about £10.7bn taxes to government in England but the ratio of people consuming alcohol and
diverting their lives at the risk of developing severe disease due to it is much higher (Gilmore,
Tavakoly, Taylor and Reed, 2013). Alcohol is considered as a great factor in increasing mortality
rate in the age group from 15 to 49 years that makes it major concern and in policies of the
government. The policies have notified 200 plus disease risk due to alcohol and the government
devise interventions such as control over pricing, advertising, and promotion of cheap alcohol.
Alcohol industries conflicted against these policies as it would affect their revenue and business
causing people to divert from the consumptions (Gilmore, Tavakoly, Taylor and Reed, 2013).
Tobacco industry in same manner possesses high rates of conflicts with the government policies
and health promotions. In the year 2016 it was found that tobacco industry brought about
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£12bn taxation to the government but the ratio of people dying every year due to tobacco is
1000,000 in UK that is much more high then what the revenue it collects. Smoking is held
responsible for increase rate of lung cancer in UK and causes 50 dreadful diseases in
population. Smoking industry denies the facts regarding health and safety and denies that
smoking can cause cancer. It is also said that banning smoking will increase unemployment and
affect the economy and so these conflicts are present (Meng Meng et al, 2014).
3.3
Informing public is an essential part of governmental functioning that ensures that public
should be informed regarding health issues and health risks from different substances.
Government on regular basis thrives to inform public about the risks, prevention and protection
from different diseases and strategies to implement healthy living for better health of the
nation. Relevant information to public by the government is produced by the social media
where the information can be presented in form of media campaign and advertisements for
better acknowledgment of the population. As smoking is a concern and is a risk associated to
various health issues and cause to various life threatening diseases the information about its
harmful effects, prevention, control and dangers should be provided to public and is done by
means of health promotion (Duaso, 2000). This information helps the vulnerable group from
getting abstinent from the practice and helps them to avoid dreadful diseases of lung and heart.
Also it is seen that second hand smoke risks individual life receiving it indirectly that increases
risk to diseases and many media campaigns y government re introduced to aware individuals
regarding it.
Providing information affects the economy by producing positive effects on reducing the
burden to health and social care and having good effects on economy of the nation. It also
reduces the rate of mortality due to smoking and costs of its interventions on NHS and
government. Methods like posters, media, leaflets, newspaper etc. are used basically to inform
and spread the information regarding health and this is considered to be big step in structuring
the economy (Savel, and Foldy, 2012.).
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