Health Promotion Report: Socioeconomic Factors and Health Disparities

This report delves into the intricate relationship between socioeconomic factors and health outcomes. It begins by exploring the significant impact of socioeconomic influences such as income, unemployment, homelessness, access to education, and healthcare access on health disparities within a population, particularly in England. The report then assesses the relevance of government data sources, including health surveys and lifestyle surveys, in reporting health inequalities and the importance of this data for understanding health disparities. Finally, the report discusses barriers to healthcare access, emphasizing factors like low health literacy and discrimination, and highlighting the role of organizations like NICE in addressing these challenges. The analysis underscores the need for improvements in healthcare access and promotion to reduce health disparities and improve overall health outcomes.

Running head: HEALTH PROMOTION
HEALTH PROMOTION
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

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1.1 Socio-economic Influences on Health
Introduction
Health is a factor which is dependent on different aspects including the social,
environmental, political and economic. In terms of the health disparities it has been seen that
among all the social determinants of health the socio-economic factor is the most prominent
aspect. Hence, it can be stated that the socio-economic aspects of life of a person can determine
the health condition of the person as well. Moreover, the socio-economic factor is a broader
aspect comprising of different issues such as the income of the person, unemployment,
homelessness, access to education and health care access. On this context it has been also found
that the development of health disparities is also dependent on the health inequities that are
discrimination. The discrimination can be classified in the racial, gender and economic
discrimination. It has been seen that the class-based discrimination that is the socio-economic
status-based discrimination affects the health outcome. In the following section the above-
mentioned socio-economic factor will be discussed with the consideration of influence over
health.
Income
Average income of England population has been seen to be in the financial year 2018
was £28,400 (Ons.gov.uk, 2020). On this context it can be stated that the factor of socio-
economic structure can be marked as average. However, the income of different jobs varies
within a large range. Thus, it can be stated that the income is one of the factors that develop
disparity among the lifestyles of the general people of country. Moreover, the aspect of the

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discrimination regarding the health care access and social resources. It can be marked as one of
the most prominent factors for development of the health disparities among the country citizens.
Unemployment
As per the government report the unemployment rate of England in 2019 was 3.8 per cent
(Ons.gov.uk, 2020). On this context it can be stated that the unemployment rate is higher than
many other developed countries. Thus, the factor of the socio-economic imbalance is visible
which can lead to the development of the health disparity among the people. Moreover, it can
also develop the negative condition of lack of health care access among a large number of
people.
Homelessness
As per the report about the homeless people of England it has been seen that 320,000
people and the rate is rising by 4 per cent last year (BBC News, 2018). Hence, it has been seen
that the homelessness condition is rising with higher numbers. Thus, it can also be marked as one
of the most prominent aspect for the health disparity development among people of England. On
this context the discrimination is also related to this condition as well as it shows a specific
imbalance in the socio-economic structure.
Access to education
The factor of the knowledge and the education access of the England population it has
been seen that there are 32,770 schools and the education system is differentiated in different
level (BESA, 2020). On this context it can be stated that the rate of literacy is high. However, the
health literacy rate of country population is 42 per cent which is low in terms of the quality care

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access obtaining and living healthy lifestyle (Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk, 2020). Hence, it
can also be marked as the socio-economic factor for the health disparities of the country.
Health care access
The health care system of UK has been seen to be free for the people and the public
health services of country provided to 58 million people which is approximately 87 per cent of
the total population (Assets.ce.columbia.edu, 2020). Hence, it can be seen that 13 per cent of the
total population cannot avail health care. Thus, the discrimination is visible. On this context it
can also be marked as the social factor which leads to the health disparity development. On this
context it can be stated that the improvement of the health care access is required for the health
disparity reduction.
1.2 Relevance of Government Data on Health
Health data is found to be the factor of the government regulated process. On this context
the government is responsible for the data management about the health sector, health care
delivery and also the mortality and morbidity rate of the country population. Based on this data
the health care settings should be improved with higher priority. Thus, it can be stated that the
disparities in the health care data such as the health inequity should also be marked in the data
produced by the government. On this context it can be seen that the health care delivery data and
also the mortality or morbidity rate of the country population can be found. Thus, the data is
relevant for understanding the health care inequities of the country. Moreover, it can be found
that the process of the health care delivery, quality of care and other socio-economic factors are
also highlighted in the government data which are developed with the survey conducted by the
government departments of health. Hence, it can be found that the health care inequity present in
the health care sector of England and that can be found by the government data. Based on this

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context it can be stated that the government data about the health inequity would be very much
important in the determination of the health care practices and the negative effects of the
practices as well. On this context the following data are very much important:
Health Survey for England 2018
The health survey of the England government body that is the NHS showed that the
health care procedures and the health condition of the country population in an effective way.
That data highlighted several aspects regarding the health condition of the country population
such as the 43 per cent of adults face at least one long lasting medical issues, 17 per cent and 18
percent men and women respectively diagnosed with asthma in the country, 56 per cent of adults
have the risk of developing chronic disease, 27 per cent of the population do not work out for a
standard amount of time, 19 per cent and 28 per cent of men and women respectively over the
age of 65 have unmet needs of daily life (NHS Digital, 2018). On this context it can be stated
that the data found in this government conducted survey report shows that the health condition of
the country is still facing issues despite of being a developed country. Moreover, the report also
focuses on the health conditions people which shows that the effects of the health care should eb
developed in order to achieve better health outcomes. It has also been assumed that the health
care inequity is present as most of the affecting factors are focused on the socio-economically
and culturally backward population. On this context it can also be stated that the process of the
health care improvement is required with higher priority. Hence, it can be seen that the data of
the government survey shows the effects of the health inequity and it helps in the knowledge
development regarding this factor.

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Health and Lifestyle Surveys
The health and lifestyle survey help in the understanding the health and wellbeing of the
population of England. The process of the report development has been done with the help of the
survey and interview of the people (Ons.gov.uk, 2018). The data found in this process would be
effective in the reformation of the health care procedures of England as it has a large aspect of
the health care access of the country people. On this context it can be found that the process of
the health care is still infected with the malpractice of the health care inequality. The data
developed by the government would be used for the public knowledge development as well as
effective health care policy development as well. On this context this report also shows that the
government data on the health would be effective for the development and improvement and the
health care facilities of the country. Moreover, the data would also be effective in the process of
the awareness development among the people who are vulnerable and do not have any health
care access. Hence, the government generated health reports are very much important in the
process of the health care delivery improvement. Moreover, the government data found in this
report also developed by the direct interview of the public thus the data is very much relevant in
terms of the health condition and life style analysis of the people of the country.
1.3 Barriers for Health Care Access
The health care access is one of the most important factors in the health quality
improvement of the people of England. On the other hand, there are different barriers present in
obtaining health care access such as the socio-economic imbalance, unemployment, lack of
education and discrimination regarding economic structure or racial and gender. Hence, it can be
stated that the process of the health care has to improve with consideration of the social structure.
Moreover, the factor of the health care access has been deprived as the health literacy rate is low,

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economic imbalance is present and the public health service is restricted to a certain amount of
people. Hence, it can be stated that the health care access is affected and there are prominent
barriers are present. Based on this context it can be stated that the low level of health literacy
affects the health care access obtaining and also the discrimination regarding the socio-economic
structure. Hence, the earlier mentioned factors can be marked as the primary barriers for the
health care access obtaining for the people. Moreover, the factor of lack of infrastructure and
health care professionals can also be marked as the barriers for the health care access
development by the people health care system of the country.
NICE Report
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) is the UK government
organisation focuses on the development of the social care and health of the people in a better
condition (NICE, 2020). Hence, as a social care organisation the data about the health disparities
has been developed by this organisation as well. The data found by the organisation has been
used for the improvement of the health condition of the people of the country. On this context it
can be stated that the data or the information regarding the health condition and the mortality rate
and the morbidity rate or the rate of disease have been determined by this data as well. Hence,
the NICE data also effective in the process of the health care improvement and achieving the
goal of reducing the health disparities. Hence, it can be stated that the government data is very
much important in the knowledge development about the negative condition of the health and the
requirement of the reformation as well. Moreover, the data also focuses on the effective
knowledge development regarding the health care access of the people and the needed
reformation in the process of the health care system. On this context it can be stated that the data

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developed by NICE is focused on the social care aspect. Hence, the community-based
intervention plans can be found in this data properly.
Based on the discussion it can be found that the government data is one of the most
important factors for the health care and it also helps in the effective knowledge development of
the health disparity. Hence, it also helps in the process of the idea development and planning
about the change in the health acre system or the requirement of the health promotion among the
people of the country. However, the health care inequity is of the factor which is prominent and
it should be reduced for the betterment of the health outcome of the people of the country. Thus,
the effectiveness of the health data generated by the government can be identified by all the
above-mentioned detailed factors. Thus, the change of the health behaviour of the people can
also be found as one of the most important factor for the improvement of the health outcome of
people.
2.1 Relation of Government Strategy and Health Promotion Model
The condition of the health care system in UK has been seen to be developing as the
government has an insight that focuses on the improvement of the health of the people with the
consideration of job, home and friend for all the people. On this context of the health promotion
strategy for 5 years that is 2020 to 2025 (Assets.publishing.service.gov.uk, 2020). Hence, it can
be stated that the process of health improvement of the UK population has been focusing on the
mental and physical improvement through the economic and the social improvement. Thus, this
strategy can relate to the ecological model of health promotion which focuses on the multiple
factors of the social and the behavioural development of the people (Whitehead 2018). Hence, it
can be stated that the process of the health promotion is focused on the development of the health
of people with the focus of the improvement through need fulfilment of people. Hence, it can be

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stated that the focus of the government for the health promotion is to improve the lifestyle from
the mental and physical perspective. Thus, the ecological theory is the theory which is justifying
the strategy. On the other hand, the multifaceted consideration of this process will help the
people to effectively improve the health condition.
2.2 Role of Professionals in Health Promotion
The health promotion for the improvement in health conditions of people of UK has been
focused on the improvement of the health condition of people with consideration of mental,
physical and social factors. On this context it can be stated that the improvement of the health of
people can be achieved with proper insight about the change and the influencing factors as well.
Thus, the health care professionals, especially the community nurses and the health care
educators should survey about the condition. The condition regarding the effects of the socio-
economic factors and other environmental factors should be assessed by the health care
professionals (Gale and Sidhu 2019). Moreover, the data collection and the assessment of the
data would be important for the knowledge development about the needs and the effects of the
influencing factors on health. Moreover, the professionals should be able to understand the needs
of the people and also develop the plan for educating them as well trains them about the health
disparities (Steven et al. 2018). On this context it can also be stated that the health promotion is
dependent on the attitude and knowledge of the health care professionals for the improvement of
the health condition. Moreover, the health care professionals have a role to educate and also care
the patients with highest priority.

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2.3 Role of Routine in Healthy Living (400)
Healthy living is the primary focus of the people for the improvement of the health
conditions or health outcome. Hence, the healthy living is dependent on the discipline of life as
the discipline comprises of healthy eating habits, physical activity, time management and sound
sleep. Hence, the factor of the discipline maintenance is one of the most important processes for
the healthy living. Thus, the routine maintenance is crucial as the discipline cannot be maintained
without the proper time management. Hence, routine plays a crucial role in healthy living. Proper
discipline and the time management reduce the effects of stress and depression and also proper
digestion development (Murray et al. 2018). This factor leads to the positive living that is the
healthy living. On this context it can be found that the process of the routine maintenance should
be conveyed to the people for the betterment of the health condition. Thus, the routine
maintenance and the discipline are very important in terms of the healthy living. Hence, routine
plays a crucial role in healthy living. According to Donovan and Paudyal (2016), it has been seen
that the healthy living performance has been improved through proper health education
providence and knowledge about the routine maintenance.
3.1 Health Belief and Health Behaviour
Health belief is the model which refers to the human mentality of taking preventive
measures when they perceive any susceptible or vulnerable condition from the physical or
mental state (Livi, Zeri and Baroni 2017). The model also states that the people are generally
susceptible to the negative conditions and thus they focus on the preventive measures for
reducing the cost of the prevention by early action. Hence, this model states that the reduction of
cost is one of the features of the health belief and also early prevention can be achieved through
this. On this context it can also be stated that the health belief is effective in nurturing the health

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in a better manner as the focus is placed on the prevention or development of the health in a
positive direction. Hence, it can be stated that the health belief of the people is basically related
to the health behaviour as it focuses on the preventive measures of the negative prospects of the
physical or mental health (Jeihooni et al. 2016). On this context it can be found that the
improvement of the health condition is the most desired factor for a person.
It has been seen that the process of the health belief development is dependent on the
negative precursor development. On this context it can be stated that the negative precursor can
develop the awareness regarding the health improvement. Hence, the behavioural belief
development and outcome evaluation lead to the improvement of the health conditions. Hence, it
can be stated that the theory of reasoned action would develop through the health belief
improvement. Hence, the process of the normative belief and motivation to improve the
motivation and subsequently the development of the behavioural intention development. Hence,
the behaviour development can be achieved. Hence, the theory of reasoned action is the factor
that helps in the process of the health improvement with the consideration of the health belief
development (Yzer 2017).
Moreover, the health action model can also be related to this factor as the health belief
can be effective in the perspective development regarding the health efficacy development. On
this context it can also be stated that the process of the health belief development can be effective
in the process of identification of the health condition deterioration or improvement. However,
the health literacy is also a part of the knowledge development and changing the situation. On
this context it can seen that the health belief can also develop the self-efficacy and subsequently
improve the health behaviour that can reflect upon the health outcomes (Bare et al. 2019).
Hence, it can be stated that the process of the health belief development can effectively help

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people in the knowledge development as well as effectively develop the behaviour of not
neglecting the health issues or developing the healthy living regimen. Thus, it can be stated that
the health belief of people can also be marked as the health behavioural improvement process.
Hence, the health action process approach can be achieved by the improvement of the health
belief. As per the stages of the development of the behaviour the health belief is one of most
important factors and it helps in the implementation of the health action model as well.
In terms of the stages of change model or the transtheoretical model it can be found that
there are six stages of change such as the precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action,
maintenance and termination (Coulson et al. 2016). On this context it has been seen that the
stages are based on the change perceived by an entity through development. The first steps that is
the precontemplation and contemplation are the stages that dependent on the belief of a person.
The change in the health belief if perceived then the precontemplation and the contemplation
stages can be crossed by the person and subsequently the effective development of the health
condition can be achieved as well. Hence, it can be stated that the health belief is one of the most
important aspect in the health behaviour change and the effective knowledge development
regarding the health condition would be effectively help in the achievement of the positive health
outcomes (Van Cappellen et al. 2018). Thus, it can be found that the health belief can also be
effective in the process of the transtheoretical model of health behaviour change achievement.
3.2 Conflict of Local industries on Health Promotion
In terms of the health deterioration or disease development it can be found that there are
several determinants present. The social determinants of health are comprising of the addiction
and the mal food habits. It has been seen that the smoking and the alcohol consumption are one
of the most prominent threats to human body. However, the addiction of these substances can be