Health and Social Care: Theoretical Perspectives and Models Report

This report delves into the multifaceted aspects of health and social care. It begins by exploring two key theoretical perspectives: symbolic interactionism and functionalism, providing a foundation for understanding health and illness. The report then examines Parsons' sick role and the impact of stigmatization on service users. A significant portion is dedicated to evaluating two healthcare delivery models: the Beveridge and Bismarck models, followed by a justification for the Bismarck model based on a provided case study. Furthermore, the report discusses government measures of morbidity and mortality, social inequality in health, and the role of health education and promotion in improving national health. The report utilizes evidence-based data to analyze various aspects of health and social care.

HEALTH AND SOCIAL
CARE

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
TASK 1............................................................................................................................................3
A: Describe two theoretical perspectives to health and illness?.............................................3
B: Describe parson’s sick role?..............................................................................................5
C: Describe stigmatization and its potential affect upon services user?................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................5
A: Evaluate two different model of healthcare delivery?.......................................................5
B: Using the case study provided justify a model of healthcare delivery which would be most
appropriate?............................................................................................................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................7
A: Discuss how the government measure morbidity and mortality across the UK?..............7
B: Describe what is meant by social inequality in health and what factors influences it?.....8
C: Discuss the use of health education and health promotion to improve the health of the
nation?....................................................................................................................................8
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Health and social care are defined as the services which are available from in health and
social care provided into the various aspect of users who are facing with various complications
and consequences in the provision of health. This is the term that refers to the whole healthcare
provision infrastructure and private sector. In this, health and social care are usually related to
the number of services which is provided by healthcare professionals in their healthcare sectors
to improve and eradicate the condition which is associated with the health concerns (Bisceglia
and et. al., 2018). In this, they are meant to start with various interventions and approaches which
is reliable and orderable to fulfill the demand of health and social care needs. In this, the needs
which are available in the community or the social group is fulfilled by taking the aspect of
intervention and reliably a step forward towards their health is usually implemented by using the
health and social care provider who are applicable and take a step to provide effective services
regarding with the health and social care. The health and social care will help to create a
placement along sides by implementing some strategies and action plan to provide the services
which are reliable and affordable within the sector. In this, the healthcare pathway associated
with the various assistant and developed care pathway which include doctors, nurses, social
workers, councilors, psychotherapist, paramedics, and a range of related occupations they are
used to serve by improving the quality of life. In this report, some questions are related to health
and social care in which the models and perspective are used to define by taking a proper
analysis of evidence-based data (Chzhen and et. al., 2018).
MAIN BODY
TASK 1
A: Describe two theoretical perspectives on health and illness?
In this, the health and endless are the social construction which were will be associated
with the physical and mental condition with a little objective to create the approach towards the
healthy or ill condition in which they are defined as such by society. To this, there are some of
the perspectives are used to identify health and illness. Moreover, in this, two theoretical
perspectives are:
Symbolic interactionist perspective: The symbolic interactionist perspective is also called
symbolic interactionism. Moreover, it is directly associated with sociology which is related to

health and illness which is happening in the everyday life. As per this, the perspective is used to
elaborated by George H. Mead introduced this model of perspective to American sociology in
the 1920s. According to the symbolic perspective, it was stated that the people attached meaning
to symbols and they are acting according to the stimulus by taking the interpretations of the
various symbols in this verbal communication. Usually, used to serve as a predominant symbol
in this stimulus interpretation are show the evidence the word has a certain meaning from the
behalf of the sender and as per the effective interaction they are used to you take that message in
the appropriate way which signifies by the sender with the same meaning for the receiver overall
this word is not starting ache and they used to require the intention and interpretation (da Costa
and et. al., 2018).
The symbols are used to solve the various aspects of health and illness. Moreover, it is
helpful to understand and create organized to be to develop the sense of understanding in this the
symbolic interactionist give serious thoughts about the people act and they seek to determine
what meaning individual assign to take their actions and symbols this is always essential and
towards the others. In this, the perspective of symbolic interactionist is used to provide to
understand the consequences and also with the communication it helpful to find out the
difference in the perception of same event and symbols. There are various critics which are
claimed the symbolic interaction which is neglected the macro-level of social interpretation.
Functionalist perspective: According to the functionalist perspective in which also used to
refer to as functionalism in which is the aspect of society is shows the contribution in the
functions of social groups and community. There are several governments and a state
intervention which is available to provide the education for the children of the family. Moreover,
it is also helpful to understand the social functions and community perspective regarding the
health and illness used to create a proper running and factor fix used to create the proper factors
which are helpful to create productivity and stability in health and social care. In this, the new
social order stability is used to provide to believe that society is held together by social norms
and cohesion. In this, used to work upon with the various aspect of health and illness find a way
to eradicate this social cohesion in this the mechanical solidarity organic solidarity used to be
discussed to provide some of the interference based on the tradition base of health and social care
in new industries complex societies (Eastwood and et. al., 2017).

B: Describe parson’s sick role?
Parsons is defined as a sociologist who used to give deviance about the sick role. In this,
the sick role is defined as medical sociology regarding the sickness and the rights and obligations
of the affected. This is a vital concept which is usually created by American sociologist Talcott
Parsons in 1950. Moreover, this concept state about the argument which is based on being sick
means that the sufferer enters a role of sanctioned deviance in which the general idea is to be
concluded by measuring the factor and individuality of those individuals who is fallen in the
condition of not only by physically sick but now they feel specifical that on the social role of
being sick.
C: Describe stigmatization and its potential effect upon services user?
Stigmatization in healthcare and among the healthcare professionals can use to provide the
outcome in substandard square and serious barriers and to provide effective health care services
to several populations. In addition, it is well optimized that this organization can also create were
shame and isolation. In this, the additional factors which are associated with the stigmatization
can create over diseases and other risk-taking activities. In this, the major effect of stigma is
followed in the health and their hopelessness and isolation from the social and community.
Moreover, the lack of understanding by family friends and others relative are usually observed
there are fewer opportunities for employment or social interaction have been due to the factor of
stigmatization. In this, physical violence and harassment are a normal scope for those who are
dealing with stigma (Garvey and et. al., 2019).
TASK 2
A: Evaluate two different models of healthcare delivery?
In this, the discussion is based on the changing the model will only continue because its
ability of the model to create a better understanding of the global coverage system. In this,
education ourselves the problem that usually arrives and the solution that another nation around
the world is using a chance that healthcare innovation. In the United States, but taking the
broader term, this is well defined that there are some of the health care models in which its
model shows the distinct and itself probability used to provide various factors and authority to
create their hybrid that involves features of several aspects. In this, some of the models are
discussed below:

Beveridge model: In this, the Beveridge model is usually developed in 1948 by Sir William
Beveridge in the concerns of the United Kingdom. As per this, they are about some of the
centralized factors which are developed through the establishment of the National health services
or in the affections of United Kingdom by taking the National health services as a contributed
association. Moreover, an essential aspect is that the government act as a player to remove all the
competition from the market which claimed that they have a low cost and standardized benefits.
As per this, the National health services control the service provider and can do and what they
can charge. Moreover, the funded by taxes is usually not from the pocket of the patients or any
cost-sharing. In this, everyone who is a tax-paying citizen is guaranteed the same as to clear and
this is clarified by the government of United Kingdom that the patient does not receive any kind
of medical bill from the healthcare sectors through the healthcare professionals (Kneale and et.
al., 2021).
Moreover, there is one criticism of this model is created that is associated with the risk of
overutilization in this the destruction is needed because without restriction-free as it could
potentially allow patients to demand the health care services effectively. So, as per this, the
unnecessary or factor that can result in the rising of cost and higher taxes. It may happen in the
country after a time while due to the demand of the population for upbringing free of cost health
care services. As per this, there are some policies and revenues are used to create it to enhance
the patient's liability. Moreover, it remains the same in the situation of the covid-19 scenario.
This model is usually a proactive prevention campaign that manages the regulations and creates
various aspects of advanced primary care free of cost and providing healthcare services without
any medical bills. This is finding insights that are regulated by the government by taking the
aspects of populations in the United Kingdom for the medical services.
Bismarck model: The Bismarck model was created at the end of 19 century by Bismarck to
create a decentralized form of healthcare. As per taking the aspect of Bismarck modern, it is
well-identified that the employer and employee taking the responsibilities for the funding in their
health insurance system by approaching towards the sickness points and this is created by payroll
deductions (Kock and et. al., 2019). Moreover, the private insurance plans are also used to cover
the employed persons to create the preexisting conditions, and the plans are used to create a
profit basic structure over the service provider and hospitals urgently drive age and they usually
show the number of populations by providing them. Moreover, in various circumstances, there is

a single insurer. As per this, there are various countries such as Germany and the republic that
have several competing insurers which control the pricing of the government much like the
above model. The above-stated model, the Bismarck model does not provide health coverages
for this, the requirement associated for the employment for the health insurances and after the
allocation of this resources the services are provided to contribute financially in that particular
insurance factors the primary criticism which is faced by the Bismarck model is to provide care
for those who are unable to work or cannot afford the contribution. In this scenario, the
unemployed people are usually restricted from that particular model. In this, the aging population
has also participated and the imbalance between retires and employees are creating conflict in the
Bismarck model (Pascual and et. al., 2018).
B: Using the case study provided justify a model of healthcare delivery that would be most
appropriate?
After analyzing the case study, the Bismarck model of healthcare delivery is most
appropriate because due to the free healthcare services. There are several consequences are
generated in this the demand of service users are higher because of no cost initiated from the
health care professionals or healthcare sectors. In this, the healthcare professionals also face
crisis due to the free services the government used to fix some of the appropriate prices for the
services this help to build the economy and contribution for the salary and funds in the healthcare
professionals. Moreover, the Bismarck model is the appropriate and ideal model for nowadays
because the medical insurance is now going on in a rapid mode in which the number of
populations is used to contribute in the insurance and after some of the incident or accident claim
for those services in which the health care sectors provide a class of services due to the
insurance. In this, no social-economic barrier ahead it in the front of the individual while taking
the quality and standard healthcare services from the health care professionals (Sahoo and et. al.,
2018).
TASK 3
A: Discuss how the government measures morbidity and mortality across the UK?
The mortality data are collected by complete and continuous registration of death which is
certified by the attending medical practitioner. In this, the death certificate includes the formation
of various causes of death normal death sex address, and the profession. Moreover, the death

certificate is sent to the office of national statistics where the causes of death are usually
classified by the tenth revision of the international classification of diseases. In this, mortality the
statistics for England and Wales are compiled by the officers of office for National statistics and
they used to publish annually and the mortality statistics which recorded the annual data of death
and childhood and perinatal mortality. Whereas, the injury and poisoning mortality and there is
also association which is called health static statistics quarterly they use to present the quarterly
information on dates childhood mortality trends, in health survivals abortion and various
morbidity.
The morbidity data is analyzed by the routine data which is available relating to mortality
moreover a range of data is collected by the studies. In this, the cancer registration, notification
of infectious disease, laboratory reporting for microorganism data, healthcare professionals
reporting for their clinical data hospitals, data health services, are also used to confront in the
data the general practice of survey which is based on the morbidity is to be analyzed. In this, the
data is collected across the United Kingdom (Scott and et. al., 2017).
B: Describe what is meant by social inequality in health and what factors influence it?
Health inequalities are creating unjust and avoidable differences among the people with the
association of health across the population and communities and also it affects the social group.
In this, sometimes the specific population group is also affected due to the health inequalities. In
this, the health inequalities are shown the differences of delivering of health services to the
specific population group or communities the inequalities state about the unequal distribution of
services which is regarded in the healthcare services. Whereas this is usually occurred due to the
various factors which influence it these are employment or having a poor quality, low paid or
low income can create health inequalities, in the healthcare sector low level of education and
skills because this limits people's ability to assess the decent job to develop themselves and
participate fully in the society is also not contributed in the standard quality of health. In this, the
low-income people are usually affected due to their affordability of health services. Moreover,
the social inequalities are also linked with racial inequalities, gender inequalities, and wealth
inequalities (Takahashi and et. al., 2019).
C: Discuss the use of health education and health promotion to improve the health of the nation?
Health promotion improves the health status of individual families’ communities and the
overall nation. In this, the health promotion enhances the quality of life and also improves the

number of populations that provide effective standard in free from the disease’s conditions which
can spend the quality life with their families. Excessive health promotion is used to reduce the
number of complications and also, reduce the essential factors such as premature death. Health
education plays a vital role in the development of a positive approach towards life and also
health education provides to teach and educate the individual and communities about their life
and the ways by which the lights become healthier. There is various knowledge from the
biological, environmental, physiological, and medical sciences. The health education
professionals are usually implemented in such a way that helps to evaluate the program and give
the people healthy in their daily lives. Moreover, the government also used to create various
campaigns in such a way that is useful to imply and implement some of the policies related to
health in various workplace communities and social groups. This awareness is essential to create
the education and this is usually approved by health promotion and health education among the
individual and number of communities (Wohlers and et. al., 2017).
CONCLUSION
As per the above discussion, this is when analyzed that the above-stated question is related
to the health care factors. In this, their perspectives models of healthcare delivery are used to be
discussed ineffective way and also the morbidity and mortality across the UK. This is identified
and the social inequality is discussed which can create various consequences and complication in
the delivery of services related with the health and their factors is also discussed which can
influence the health inequality.

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