Unit 12: Physiological Principles of Health and Social Care Assignment

Desklib provides solved assignments and past papers to help students succeed.

UNIT 12 PHYSIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES
OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1...................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1........................................................................................................................................ 4
1.2........................................................................................................................................ 7
LO2........................................................................................................................................... 9
2.1........................................................................................................................................ 9
2.2...................................................................................................................................... 12
2.3...................................................................................................................................... 13
TASK 2.................................................................................................................................... 14
3.1...................................................................................................................................... 14
3.2...................................................................................................................................... 15
3.3...................................................................................................................................... 16
LO4......................................................................................................................................... 17
4.1...................................................................................................................................... 17
4.2...................................................................................................................................... 19
4.3...................................................................................................................................... 21
CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................... 22
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................... 23

INTRODUCTION
It is evident that the human body is complex in nature. A study has been conducted in order
to assess the principles of health and social care in an effective manner. There are diverse
systems of the human body and every system possess a certain function and operations
such as Digestive system, excretory system, nervous system, respiratory system, circulatory
system, muscular-skeletal system, immune system, and reproductive system (Padulo et al.,
2016). There are several services which are offered by the health and social care through the
help of care providers and medical professionals. The services which are offered by the care
providers in the health and social care focus on enhancing the human body's functions. The
main elements of the human body are a circulatory system, nervous system, digestive and
respiratory system. The functioning and growth of the body have been dependent on the
collaborative functioning of arteries, organs, and veins in the body (Dingwell et al., 2018).
This study would be helpful in understanding the growth, cellular metabolism, and
development of the body along with the responses of the human body towards the daily
activities.

TASK 1
1.1
Anatomy is the feature through which the human body is very closely connected and are
majorly increasing the physical structure (Atkinson and Batterham, 2015). There are certain
ways through which the anatomical range of human body preferences that are directed on
the micro and level economy. There are many directions to assess the anatomical features
to differentiate the features of the body. They are:
The skeleton
This feature can help in adapting the structure of the bipedal locomotion and erect posture
to the body. The structural uniqueness is based on the characteristics of the human being
and human skeleton possess (Atkinson and Batterham, 2015). This can characteristically
meet facial geometry and appearances. The skeleton in the form of bony shape can
thoroughly indulge the human body that is framed under the designated measures and
functions. The bones are considered to be a vital part of the body. The haematopoietic
system is likely to meet with the requirement of the bone marrow and protect the organs by
associating in the functional unit. This often leads to the anchorage to muscles and
attachment to all with the formation of the joint capsules (Padulo et al., 2016). It is often
found that the conjunction with the muscular contraction can initiate and sustain the
movement.
The overview of the basic anatomy of the human skeleton, joints and bones can be depicted
as:

Figure 1: Anatomy of the human body
Source: Liu et al., 2017
Gross Anatomy
The body skeleton is divided into two parts. They are listed as:
 Axial skeleton
 Appendicular Skeleton
According to this anatomy, the axial Skeleton is considered as the central or core part of the
unit that consists of the skull, ribs, vertebrae and sternum. On the other hand, appendicular
skeleton comprises of the bones and extremities (Liu et al., 2017). In regards to the present
study, there are many organs whose complex attitudes can meet with the features that are
required to be discussed.

The liver is considered to be the second largest organ in the body. This can provide the base
on the right and apex to the left. On the other hand, the organ is pinkish in the colour and
has soft consistency of high vascularity that is followed by the friability. There are different
microscopic and macroscopic levels present which consist of the head and neck, thorax and
upper limbs, pelvis, and perineum (Curtis, 2016). The organ consists of cardiovascular,
digestive, endocrine and urinary and reproductive systems. This can direct on the
anatomical features and organs that are discussed. The waste product that regulates in
shaping the human body can help in performing the most important functions of filtration
and exertion to waste products. There are different types of renal arteries which diverge
into smaller afferent arterioles. This can help in presenting the bundle of capillaries. Thus,
the microscopic structures of the human body can discuss the anatomy which includes
lymph, cells of bones, muscles and cartilage. Thus, it can include the tissues such as nervous
tissues, muscles and epithelial tissues (Tortora and Derrickson, 2017).

1.2
There is a number of interactions that take place in the entire body systems. This can direct
on the appropriate functioning of the system as well as growth. It is necessary to make sure
that the temperature, internal conditions and specific blood conditions, as well as variables,
can be managed in living systems which is also known as Homeostasis (Tortora and
Derrickson, 2017). It is a constant condition where the internal environment of the body is
maintained with the help of this process. The functions are performed relatively with the
constant range of the functions and are processed with the body parts through which the
organ and tissues are managed. There are two stages through which transportation of extra-
cellular fluid across the body parts and are managed with the constant conditions (Tortora
and Derrickson, 2017). The range of the methods that are predicted in order to provide the
movement of the blood circulation projects on the blood vessel and other conditions. The
intercellular spaces may project relations between the tissues and ranging the oxygen
supply with the help of the conditions between the spaces. The conditions that are
articulated with the range of the Carbon-di-oxide and blood level in the business can be
attained through the atmospheric conditions (Liu et al., 2017).
The feedback regulation occurs in the most basic form through which being positive and
negative range can be managed. While determining the negative feedback, the output of a
system can make sure that the response to an increase in stimulus turnoff. On the other
hand, the positive feedback can help in raising the stimulus such as during the regulation in
the body, the temperature of the body is present in the centre of thermoregulation of
hypothalamus. This can present the two input sets. In case of the drop in the temperature,
the body starts to shiver and account in the input sets. The two input sets are hypothalamus
and sin receptors. This can be present as the body can be warm with the generation of
sweat to make it cool down on the account of evaporation.
There is a number of chemical reactions that are carried out by the cell in order to make the
body work efficiently. This can refer to energy-driven practices. The energy is needed to
perform the reactions that take place in the form of photosynthesis. The role of the
respiration in the body of the animal can direct on the energy level. This can also structure
the metabolic rates through which the process can begin to demolish the practices of ATP

production. This is considered to be a central part of the body and ranging from different
production sources (Curtis, 2016). Therefore, the small intestine has provided long ranging
events through which the digestive systems can meet the working aspects of the metabolic
energy generation through the mouth and ending in the stomach. The passage of food and
their secretion with the help of the digestive juices can break a large amount of molecule
into small ones. There are different forms of the intestinal walls and bloodstream which
mark important in entailing the carbohydrate to break down by the action of the amylase
enzymes to form glucose (Le Grand, 2018). The breaking up of the starch molecules has lead
in the creation of the glucose and absorption of it by the intestine.
As is the case with digestion, it entails the respiratory system to can project on the reactions
that are undertaken to meet the long-ranging sources. The biochemical energy can direct on
the problems that are likely to be associated with the hormones. The imbalance in the
hormone can direct on the person present conditions. This is likely to meet with the facial
features of the individual especially adult who is lean on the body mass index and other
features affecting the structure of the body (Curtis, 2016).

LO2
2.1
There are several organs and systems in the human body and they possess a significant
function and operations in the body. The key systems of the body are described below:
Digestive System
The key function of the digestive system is to break down the food, manage the body waste,
and absorb energy from the food into the body (Turan et al., 2016). The major parts of the
digestive system are oesophagus, colon, anus, large intestine, mouth, stomach, rectum, and
small intestine. The pancreas and liver help in building the digestive juices. The role of
specified organs has been significant in supplying energy. It helps in increasing the growth,
repair, and functional cell growth. There are two key groups in which the digestive system
has been segmented such as accessory structures and gastrointestinal tract.
Nervous System
It is considered as one of the most complex elements in the body. The role of the brain is to
coordinate effectively with every part of the body. The nervous system effectively manages
the voluntary and involuntary actions (Turan et al., 2016). The system is complex in nature
and possesses certain cells like neurons. There are two segments in which the nervous
system has been divided such as:
 Central Nervous System
The central nervous system possesses two key parts such as spinal and brain cord.
The spinal cord possesses fibres like afferent and efferent fibres. The function carried
by the afferent neuron in the brain is to carry the impulse of the nerve from the
sensory receptors to the brain while the function of the efferent neurons is taking
the impulse from the nerves by the brain (World Health Organization, 2015). Peripheral Nervous System
It has been segmented in two categories such as Autonomic and Somatic nervous
system. The function of the autonomic nervous system is to carry the involuntary
movements of the cardiac muscles, internal organs, and blood vessels. In addition,

the somatic nervous system effectively carries voluntary movements in the body of
joints, skeleton muscles, and bones (Padulo et al., 2016).
Respiratory System
The respiratory system helps in conducting the breathing operations in the body. There are
various body parts which are involved in this activity such as larynx, nose, alveoli, lungs,
trachea, pharynx, bronchi, and bronchioles. The key function which is carried by the system
is to carry oxygen from the environment and transporting the cells such that exhaling the
carbon-dioxide in the environment. The body exhales the carbon dioxide which is
considered as the waste product (Golightley and Goemans, 2017). The body parts in the
respiratory system such as bronchi, nose, alveoli, etc. possess a significant role in building
the system of tubes with help of air which transported by the lungs to other body parts. The
key role in the respiratory system is played by the lungs which possess small sacs in the air
which are called alveoli. The function of alveoli is to take oxygen and further transfer them
to the blood and moves out the carbon-dioxide from the blood and take it into the air.
During an infection or disease, the respiratory system experience various challenges that
result in difficulties in inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon do oxide (Atkinson and
Batterham, 2015).
Musculoskeletal System
This system presents different form of the activities and number of ways to meet the
muscles response towards exercise. The contractions in the concentric, eccentric and isomer
contractions can create the muscles while contracting during the exercise. The ATP can help
in contracting the muscles and managing the body’s glycogen. The size of the muscles is
highly associated with the specific training exercises and is affecting the body skeletal
system as:
 Increased bone density
This can direct on the weight-bearing exercises through which stress on the bones can
produce osteoblasts in the body and makes the bones even stronger and dense (Clayton,
2015).

 Increase in Synovial Fluid
The increase in the synovial fluid produced by the membrane on the short term basis is
mainly due to generating a response to the exercise.

2.2
The responses to the body can be elucidated with the help of tissues and cellular structure
and physiology. This can be examined while working out or exercising. During the exercise,
the skeletal muscles increases as the body need oxygen. This can help in burning the fat and
sugar from the tissues of the body (Clayton, 2015). The organs and tissues that are working
within the body can meet the demand of the oxygen in the body by making the muscles
stronger over time. The production of the energy in the form of the ATP can contract the
muscles and stored enough energy for 1-2 seconds of the work. This can curtly meet with
the requirement of physical exercise and immediate energy needs. This can rapidly meet
with the ways to resynthesize the ATP. There are different places through which the
reactions to the phosphocreatine can mark responses to the physiology. The increase in the
triglyceride hydrolysis in the body can effectively meet the demand of the energy required
at the time of exercising (Persing et al., 2016).
For example: If a 25-year-old individual undertakes the physical activity then the body can
raise their interest in bringing about the need for oxygen and substrate the business (Woo,
2017). The exercise can substantially bring about the change in the cells of the body by
burning the fat in the best possible manner. The range of the muscular strength is increased
by changing the overall distribution of the blood flow and overall demand of the working
tissues and organs in the body. This can move the flow of oxygen in the entire body in the
form of the Adenosine Triphosphate.