Comparing Health Systems: An Analysis of India and Germany

This research report provides a comparative analysis of the healthcare systems in India and Germany, utilizing the World Health Organization's (WHO) six building blocks framework. It examines key aspects such as service delivery, health workforce, health financing, health information systems, medical products and technologies, and leadership and governance in both countries. The report highlights the differences and similarities between the German and Indian healthcare models, noting Germany's self-administrating system with inpatient, outpatient, and rehabilitation facilities, and India's state-administered system focused on universal coverage and addressing rural healthcare gaps. Challenges within each system, including non-communicable diseases in India and patient-centered approaches in Germany, are discussed, along with the integration of public health services in both nations. The research relies on secondary sources from 2015 onwards, including articles, journals, and online databases, to provide an up-to-date overview of the healthcare landscape in both countries.

Health System analysis research report

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................................3
METHODS..........................................................................................................................................4
RESULT AND FINDINGS.................................................................................................................4
Service delivery.................................................................................................................................4
Health workforce...............................................................................................................................5
Health financing................................................................................................................................5
Health information system.................................................................................................................6
Medical products and technologies....................................................................................................7
Leadership and Governance...............................................................................................................7
DISCUSSION......................................................................................................................................9
Integration of public health services................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..................................................................................................................................11
REFLECTION...................................................................................................................................11
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Trauma is generally a leading cause of death across world for the people who are
younger than 65 age years. It mainly continues to be responsible for more loss than the
cardiac illness and cancer collaboratively. Across nation, there are about 1.2 million civilians
who are die as an outcome of the road accidents. Among several countries, the number of
road incidents fatalities is generally high. Based on the survey by the World Health
Organization, the situation within India is generally same to that influencing more than about
the 60% of the population of world. In this, most of the countries are generally fast enhancing
economically having access to enhancing the number of vehicles in the absence of effective
road infrastructure, education, licencing, the traffic laws and many more. In this, the delivery
of well-being care across the world is greatly differential with every system which is
designed as well as executed in order to respond towards the contextual elements of the
specific countries. In this, what a work for one of the countries certainly does not work for an
another, mainly influenced by the social, economic, political as well as the geographical
components. The essential commonalities among the most of the well-being care systems is
generally the framework which is proposed by the World Health Organization including the
six effective building blocks such as well-being and information system, health financing,
medical products and technologies, service delivery, health workforce and leadership and
governance. The main aim of developing the research report is to effectively analyse the
diverse well-being systems of both India and Germany in association with World Health
Organization building blocks as well as can draw the differences and similarities among the
systems. The research report will discuss the possible challenges among the Germany and
India’s well-being care system as well as its integration of the public well-being care services
(Lopes and Alves, 2020).
In context with Germany, the well-being care system is usually self-administrating as well as
is operated by various players and institutions. The healthcare system is usually divided into
three sub regions within Germany such as inpatient care, outpatient care and a rehabilitation
facility. In contrast with India, the well-being care system is primarily administered by the
states. The constitution of India tasks every state with giving the well-being care for the
public. Within India, to address the absence of clinical coverage among rural regions, the
national government has generally launched the national rural well-being mission in the year
2005. In this, the well-being system of the Indian population is primarily affected by the non-
communicable illnesses like stroke, chronic respiratory syndrome, ischaemic illness and

many more are mainly caused by an unhealthy lifestyle. The Indian well-being care system is
mainly based on the thought of a universal coverage as well as an equal access for every and
contains the publicly funded well-being care and a private well-being insurance as well (Shi
et. al., 2021).
METHODS
The preparation of the research report generally includes the collection of some
relevant and reliable sources and up to date evidences from multiple secondary sources like
Articles, Journals, Online sources, Books, relevant databases and many more. For completing
the research report, online or internet is the main source or main search engine for effectively
accessing as well as conducting the research for the comparison of well-being system of both
India and Germany. In this, the material that was gathered in context with both the countries
about the well-being care systems was generally filtered to only involve the publication dates
from 2015 and onwards, ensuring only the recent information was used. In addition to this,
the keywords also played an essential role while searching for the effective sources which
were relevant to the objectives of this report like the well-being care systems of both India
and Germany. Further research was conducted, predominantly via the Google Scholar and a
Griffith University Library database. There was a huge array of keywords used to determine
the relevant articles, primarily searching (country name) well-being care system or the
country name building blocks to locate documents associated to the six World Health
Organization building blocks. All the documents were noted and sorted into a list which is
based on their significance to the country profile or building blocks, ready to be utilised in
every section of the research report.
RESULT AND FINDINGS
Service delivery
The primary well-being care are the crucial strategy which can remain the backbone
of the well-being care service delivery. In this, the universal well-being care which is
acceptable or affordable and universal to everyone, can comprising the promotive,
preventive, rehabilitative, as well as the curative aspects of the well-being and an integrated
and a comprehensive care approach towards the enhancement of the well-being care services.
There is generally a broad spread as well as an enhancing demand for the primary well-being
care in evolving countries such as India. In this, the service delivery within the well-being
care system that is mainly based on the thought that the care services are to be specifically
greater quality as well as are delivered within the safe, accessible, equitable, affordable as

well as in an effective manner to respond effectively towards the well-being needs of the
population. The healthcare system of the Germany can give the care services only to those
residents who are generally insured either under the compulsory public well-being schemes
as well as under the private well-being care scheme. In addition to this, the German
government has recognised that the need for a more patient centred approach towards the care
services which can engage a person within the care planning and a delivery of their own care.
An access to universal well-being is mainly essential, providing an access to the acute
emergency care to an undocumented migrant (Krick et. al., 2020).
Health workforce
Health system is functioning only with help of health workers, who are working for
improving health science coverage and standards of health. However, countries face varying
degree of difficulties in education, employment, retention, and performance of their
workforce. In India, healthcare is provided by a variety of cadres involving doctors
(allopathy, Ayurvedic, homeopathy, siddha, and Unani), nurses, dentists, pharmacists, mid
wives, nurses, community health workers, ASHAs, traditional healers. India has a multi payer
universal healthcare model which is paid by combination of public and private health
insurance funds along with entirely tax funded public hospitals (free for all Indian residents
except for small). In Germany, a high share of its national wealth is spent on its health.
Health care system in Germany is based on four basic principles: compulsory insurance,
funding through insurance premiums, principle of solidarity, and principle of self-
governance. The health care in Germany is provided by cadres involving doctors, physicians,
dentists, psychotherapists, pharmacist, nurses, midwives. Germany has an excellent statutory
healthcare system, whereby all residents can have access to medical care. The public
healthcare system is paid by a combination of employer and employee insurance
contributions, and is also subsidized by German government. It is mandatory for every
German resident to have public health insurance as per their law (Arjadi et. al., 2018).
The key concerns of healthcare workers are similar in both the countries, that are
understaffed places, overwork on healthcare workers, undervalued, and underpaid. But
recently, the economisation, and privatisation in health sector has brought a positive change.
Health financing
The financing of healthcare mainly refers to the management of the funds for these
such medical or clinical resources. On a personal basis, such types of financing generally
refer to the payments corresponding to the well-being care, healthcare professional care,
dental care as well as various other medical care services. In this, a well-being care financing

system generally does not involve an adequate fundings, instead of it can entails an effective
use of these such funds in promotive, preventive as well as a curative care services delivery,
the well-being study, an information system as well as the clinical or medical care
technologies to effectively ensure the cohesion of the well-being care system. As per World
Health Organization, the healthcare system of Germany was about 77% of the government-
funded as well as about 23% are the privately funded. In the year 2004, Germany was
generally ranked at the thirtieth position within the world in the life expectancy and 78 years
for the men. In this, the managers as well as their workers can pay for most of the well-being
care systems within Germany via the premiums. All the care workers can effectively
contribute about 8% of their salary in the public well-being insurance pool. In contrast with
India, the financing of well-being care can come more largely from the state government
budgets, more about 80% and the balance from the union government about 12 % as well as
the local government about 8%. In India, the public financing of the well-being is generally
among less within world at just over 1% of the GDP, and spending is quite elevated at about
3% of the GDP (Kalyanpur and Newman, 2019).
Health information system
In India, the research and information ecosystem in India is presently have a
significant opportunity for multinational corporations across the world due its intellectual
capital available in the country. There are several multinational companies are shifting their
research and development base to India. India has top innovation centre in the country and
has been increased in the contribution to high quality scientific research. With the support of
government, the research and information sector in India is going to witness some robust
growth in the field of agriculture and pharmaceutical sectors. India generally involves a
multi-payer universal well-being care model which is specifically compensated by the
grouping of both the private and public well-being insurance funds along with the element of
almost wholly tax-funded public healthcare system. In contrast with Germany, the research
and information in Germany offers a diverse and pleasuring ecosystem for researchers and
innovators across the world. Germany is a leading research nation. Especially when it is
comes to the disciplines of the future. The government of Germany is implementing various
strategies and initiatives to create policy that will ensure Germany is scientifically,
technologically equipped for facing the challenge in the future. Every resident of the German
can access the well-being care system via the public well-being insurance within Germany. In
this, non-residents generally need to have the private insurance coverage to access the well-

being care. the temporary visitors will more typically need to pay for the care treatment as
well as the prerogative settlement later.
Medical products and technologies
India is dominating in the field of medical products and technology in the market. As their
appliances is used in the specialities such as ophthalmic, dental and other physiological
classes. The rapid growth of medical products and technology industry in India has been
increased due to changing the technology, and improving the healthcare delivery or
financing. The well-being care system in India generally faces multiple difficulties consisting
an inadequate access, the low insurance penetration as well as an enhancing chronic illness
burden. At the similar time, the more traditional business models generally have found it hard
to express the attractive returns on the investments. The infusion of the technologies along
with an expanded infrastructure as well as the efficiencies from the process enhancements
can aid to enhance the well-being care accessibility and affordability as well. In contrast with
Germany, it has a very well-established medical products and technology market. There are
various brands are available for producing the high-quality medical products and technology.
It’s mainly emphasis on diagnostic imaging, precision medical and dental instruments, and
technologies. The healthcare and life science industry are a priority for the development and
growth in Germany. Germany has a strong well-being care system, more specifically in
accordance to the infrastructure, the well-being care beds as well as the trained care staff. In
the year 2019, there were approximately 494,300 beds in the 1914 well-being care
organizations that can involve 645 non-profit, 545 public well-being care organizations and
about 724 private organizations. It can involve 1112 rehabilitation centres and in year 2020
there were approximately 18,753 pharmacies (Davies et. al., 2019).
Leadership and Governance
The governance of the well-being system is generally notably complex with the
specific actions of an authoritative bodies impacting the manifestation of various other five
building blocks. The study mainly expressed that the good governance can enhances the
effectiveness of the well-being care system spending that also correlates to better well-being
results. The well-being care system of Germany is mainly semi-decentralised as well as
effectively governed by the national Ministry of the well-being and care services who can
improve the policies and can allocate the well-being expenditure as well as the direct
subordinate agencies.

Figure 1 Organizational framework of Germany healthcare system.
The solidarity manifests itself both on the income side as well as the provision side of the
statutory well-being care insurance; all the insured people, irrespective of the well-being
risks, can contribute to a percentage of their income, and these such contributions can entitle
the people to benefits according to the well-being needs-irrespective of their socioeconomic
situation, capability to pay, or a geographical location. In addition to this, the pooled-risk
system, people with the high-income support people with the reduced income, the young
people encourage the older age people, the healthy people encourage other people who are ill,
and people without the children empower the other people with children. In context with
Indian well-being system, the structure can hold the wide as well as the leaders generally
accountable for a continuously enhancing the operations, the medical staff and the processes,
the financial as well as the societal performance. In this, a well-being care board of directors
in India and its executive management are generally the in charge of all the aspects of
corporate governance (Chandra and Kumar 2021).

Figure 2 Organizational framework of Indian healthcare system.
DISCUSSION
The complex well-being systems of both India and Germany can face an unexpected
difficulty in various aspects of their planning and management provided the several socio-
economic, political, geographical as well as the environmental constraints of both the
countries. In contrast with Germany, the majority of the difficulties within the well-being
care system that has been determined in the research report generally correspond with the
relatively low level of the developments, the imperfect governance as well as a
mismanagement of the economic of the Germany as well. in this, the leadership of the
Germany by both the government and monarchy is generally a questionable as well as the
components of corruption are quite apparent. In addition to this, the governmental policies
document can exhibit an exceptional intention to overhaul the well-being care system,
therefore it is not completely translated to the reality and Germany is facing an additional
well-being issue. In this, the government of Germany specifically needs to enhance their
leadership as well as also need to examine the reasons or causes behind the lower-middle
income classification of the country that is mainly contrasted with an enormously great

illness burden. The other possible challenge the well-being system of Germany is the crisis of
the human resource which is described above. The government is generally working towards
enhancing the domestic education capacity to practice the more local well-being workers;
therefore, the challenge is also to enhance both the primary as well as secondary education to
enhance the levels of tertiary enrolments within the board and within medicine as well. In
contrast with India, there are numerous challenges within the well-being care system which
India is facing, one being the level of socio-economic as well as the inequalities among the
geographical in access towards the well-being care services. It was determined from the
discussion that the income status, an education levels were the main hindrances to the
equitable access. India generally has also embarked on the enhancing electronic well-being
care records as well as eventually producing the fully web-based records of the vulnerable
patients. in addition to this, the monitoring, planning, as well as evaluation of the well-being
record system is generally a challenge for the well-being care system in order to ensure about
no breaches of the confidentiality or the errors can manifest (Pavlova, 2018).
Integration of public health services
The main agenda of the global well-being care system over the past years has
generally been shifted to an emphasis on the public well-being care as well as the preventable
measures in order to enhance the exacerbating well-being status among the low, medium as
well as high economic countries. The specific public well-being interventions are mainly
linked with the well-being promotions, protection, assessment as well as the surveillance
effective strategies and its associations with the various other stakeholders is quite essential
for their efficacy as well. In this, the Indian well-being care system mainly focus on
effectively improving the public well-being care services as well as their integration within
the well-being care system, mainly advocating for the well-being promoting society as well.
it can be effectively attained via the integration of the public well-being into all the effective
policies, prevention concentrate within the public well-being care services, enhanced research
as well as higher monitoring and an evaluation of the public well-being care services. In
context with Germany, the public well-being system is mainly complex in which the
resources as well as the funds should be allocated to a curative care service in order to
address the existing increased illness burden in a resource-limiting care setting. Therefore, the
governmental system is committed to placing a higher stress over the public well-being care
interventions in the possible three main regions such as, control, prevention, as well as
management of the various infectious and non-infectious disorders, the well-being
promotions such as well-being awareness, the environmental well-being, and the last family

well-being such as maternal and child well-being and its nutrition as well (Löbmann et. al.,
2022).
CONCLUSION
From the above discussion, it is concluded that the building blocks of World Health
Organization can give commonality among the complex well-being systems of both the low,
middle as well as high income countries. They can enable the people to draw differences as
well as the similarities among the diverse systems, mainly evident within the cases of both
India and Germany. The recognition of the differences and similarities is generally an
essential step in knowing each other. By implementing such thoughts at the global well-being
systems context, can hence enable a high association as well as the sharing of the notions to
make advantage the countries of every income status as well.
REFLECTION
It is analysed by me that the research report process itself was clear as well as
attainable and can also be complemented the course of content pretty well. the research report
generally enables me to apply the effective knowledge about the well-being system as well as
the World Health Organization’s building block of both the countries such as Germany and
India from the online sources as well as also understands that how it can operate on the
universal level. In addition to this, I did find some factors more challenging, particularly
attempted to condense the breath of the data within the word limit. It was generally also
challenging to diversify an accurate material when multiple reliable sources which can
conveying the well-being systems in a diverse manner. In this, the completion of the research
report has generally enabled me to further comprehend an enormous well-being system
complexity as well as the difficulties which may grow. Within the theory, I know that how a
good well-being care system can interplay for the economic, political, as well as the social
environment. In this, a key learning for me in the research report was that the middle- and
low-income countries can have a best well-being care system than the first notion. Therefore,
I somewhat underestimated Germany but can also create the enhanced expectations for India
that has altered throughout the completion of the research report.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals:
Arjadi, R., Nauta, M.H., Scholte, W.F., Hollon, S.D., Chowdhary, N., Suryani, A.O.,
Uiterwaal, C.S. and Bockting, C.L., 2018. Internet-based behavioural activation with lay
counsellor support versus online minimal psychoeducation without support for treatment of
depression: a randomised controlled trial in Indonesia. The Lancet Psychiatry, 5(9), pp.707-
716.
Chandra, D. and Kumar, D., 2021. Evaluating the effect of key performance indicators of
vaccine supply chain on sustainable development of mission indradhanush: A structural
equation modeling approach. Omega, 101, p.102258.
D'Angelo, V. and Magnusson, M., 2020. A bibliometric map of intellectual communities in
frugal innovation literature. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 68(3), pp.653-
666.
Davies, S.E., Stoermer, S. and Froese, F.J., 2019. When the going gets tough: The influence
of expatriate resilience and perceived organizational inclusion climate on work adjustment
and turnover intentions. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 30(8),
pp.1393-1417.
Goyal, N. and Howlett, M., 2020. Who learns what in sustainability
transitions?. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, 34, pp.311-321.
Kalyanpur, N. and Newman, A.L., 2019. Mobilizing market power: Jurisdictional expansion
as economic statecraft. International Organization, 73(1), pp.1-34.
Krick, T., Huter, K., Seibert, K., Domhoff, D. and Wolf-Ostermann, K., 2020. Measuring the
effectiveness of digital nursing technologies: development of a comprehensive digital nursing
technology outcome framework based on a scoping review. BMC health services
research, 20(1), pp.1-17.
Löbmann, M.T., Maring, L., Prokop, G., Brils, J., Bender, J., Bispo, A. and Helming, K.,
2022. Systems knowledge for sustainable soil and land management. Science of the Total
Environment, 822, p.153389.
Lopes, T.S.A. and Alves, H., 2020. Coproduction and cocreation in public care services: a
systematic review. International Journal of Public Sector Management.
Pavlova, M., 2018. Fostering inclusive, sustainable economic growth and “green” skills
development in learning cities through partnerships. International Review of
Education, 64(3), pp.339-354.
Shi, X., Zuo, Y., Zhai, P., Shen, J., Yang, Y., Gao, Z., Liao, M., Wu, J., Wang, J., Xu, X. and
Tong, Q., 2021. Large-area display textiles integrated with functional
systems. Nature, 591(7849), pp.240-245.