Healthcare Delivery Model: Prevention of Smoking Among Younger Adults

This report presents a healthcare delivery model aimed at preventing smoking among young adults in the United States, where cigarette smoking remains a leading cause of death. The model, grounded in the Ottawa Charter framework, focuses on building public health policies, creating supportive environments, strengthening community actions, developing skills to overcome smoking habits, and re-orienting healthcare services. Key strategies include offering assistance to fight depression, providing education and awareness through social media and community campaigns, utilizing nicotine replacement therapy, and implementing family-based interventions. Strengthening community-based action through nurses and social healthcare workers, along with behavioral approaches like problem-solving skill training, are also emphasized. The report concludes by advocating for primary healthcare setups in rural areas, rehabilitation centers in cities, community-based health education, and governmental programs to motivate young adults to quit smoking.

Healthcare Delivery Model for
the Prevention of Smoking
among the Younger adults
Presented by:

Introduction
• Cigarette smoking is a leading cause of
death in the United States (CDC, 2017)
• In 2017 14 out of 100 U.S adults who are
over 18 years are addicted to smoking
• The majority of them are young adults like
18 to 35 years old
• The current smoking rates have decrease to
14% from 20.9% since 2005 however, the %
of young adult smokers are still alarming
(CDC, 2017)

Other Statistic Related to Smoking
• The rate of smoking is higher among the non-
Hispanic Americans or who are from the
Indian or Alaskan Natives
• The young adults who are school drop-outs
have more tendencies to smoke
• Poor socio-economic status also increases the
tendency of smoking
(CDC, 2017)

Figure: The rate of smoking in different
states of U.S
(Source: CDC, 2017)

Importance of the Health Promotion Plan for
the Smoking Prevention
• Will help in the reducing smoking
addiction among the young adults
• Reduction in the tendency of
developing short-term health
consequences of smoking like
respiratory and non-respiratory
effects
• Reduction in the long term health
consequences
(World Health Organisation, 2019)

Health Delivery Model under the framework
for Ottawa Charter
It will deal with
• Building proper public health policy
• Creating supportive environment
• Strengthening Community Actions
• Development for the proper skills in
order to overcome smoking habits
• Re-orientation of the healthcare
service
• Increasing the prospect in the future
(World Health Organisation, 2019)

Building of the public health policy
• Smoking prevention public health policy must
be directed towards
• The exact need of the target population
• Assessment of the gap in the knowledge about
the impending disease outcome
• The estimated cost for the health care
promotion and the service delivery
• Probable outcomes

Creating Supportive Environment
Supportive environment for the
prevention of smoking among the
younger adults in the U.S will include
• Assistance to fight against depression
• Proper education and disease
awareness
• E-cigarette to cope with withdrawal
symptoms or use of Nicotine
replacement therapy
• Family based support

Offering Assistance
• The study conducted by Aveyard et al. (2012)
showed that the offering assistance to quit smoking
is more effective than advising smokers to quit
smoking
• Offering assistance: Mental health recovery:
Recovery from depression
• Regular counseling and community based
intervention programs will help to overcome
depression and thereby helping to quit smoking
(Tjora et al., 2014)

Education and Awareness
• The education and awareness is effective in
preventing smoking
• Education is given in the domain of harmful
effects of smoking and also knowledge about
the impending risk factors behind smoking
• Education can be given through launching social
media campaign, community based campaigns
• Community based campaign will deal with
audio-visual/powerpoint presentation in order
to make youth aware of the effects of smoking
and how it might hamper their quality of life
(Hornik, 2018)

Example of the Presentation
Style under the Community
Based Health Education
Campaign

Nicotine Replacement Therapy
• It provides Nicotine in the form of
Gum, patches, inhalers, spray and
lozenges but it is devoid of
harmful chemicals that are
present in tobacco
• It helps to relieve physical
withdrawal symptoms in order to
fight against the psychological
consequences of quitting
cigarette
(American Cancer Society, 2019)

Family-Based Interventions
• Education of the family members about the harmful effects of smoking
• Training the family members to assist the young adults to fight against
the withdrawal symptoms of smoking
• Training the family members like spouse or parents to create supportive
environments where the depression and the concerns of the young
adults will be recognized and thereby assisting them mentally to quit
smoking
• Interventions for family members to reduce smoking in order to avoid
the harmful effects of passive smoking (Soulakova et al., 2018)

Strengthening Community Based Action
• Establishment of the community based action can
be done through under the initiative of the
community based nurses and the social healthcare
workers
• Such community based actions will educate the
young adults and their family members about the
harmful effects of smoking
• Under the community based interactions training
will be given healthy lifestyle habits and
importance of conducting daily physical exercise
(WHO, 2019)

Proper skills to quit smoking
Behavioral Approaches for Smoking Cessation
Problem solving skill training
• Making lifestyle change
• Minimizing time to presence in places which allows
smoking
• Prevention of the craving against smoking
• Avoidance of thoughts like Cigarette is not harmful
(Hornik, 2018)

Re-orienting Healthcare Service
• Primary healthcare set-up in the rural areas
• Availability of special rehabilitation centers in every rural
and urban cities
• Community based health education approaches with at-
least three community nurses operating 10 to 25 people
• Setting up special governmental programs for rewarding the
youths who are have been successful in quitting cigarette in
order to generate motivating success stories (WHO, 2019)

Conclusion
Thus from the above discussion it can be said that
health service delivery for quitting cigarette smoking
among the young adults can be achieved by
• Building public health policies
• Creating supportive environments for quitting
smoking habits
• Developing personal skill set for quitting smoking
• Overall strengthening of the community based
action

References
• American Cancer Society. (2019). Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Quitting Tobacco. Access date: 14th February 2019.
Retrieved from:
https://www.cancer.org/healthy/stay-away-from-tobacco/guide-quitting-smoking/nicotine-replacement-therapy.html
• Aveyard, P., Begh, R., Parsons, A., & West, R. (2012). Brief opportunistic smoking cessation interventions: a systematic review
and meta analysis to compare advice to quit and offer of assistance. ‐ Addiction, 107(6), 1066-1073.
• Caldwell, A. L., Tingen, M. S., Nguyen, J. T., Andrews, J. O., Heath, J., Waller, J. L., & Treiber, F. A. (2018). Parental Smoking
Cessation: Impacting Children’s Tobacco Smoke Exposure in the Home. Pediatrics, 141(Supplement 1), S96-S106.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults in the United States. Access date:
14th February 2019. Retrieved from:
https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/data_statistics/fact_sheets/adult_data/cig_smoking/index.htm
• Hartmann Boyce, J., Chepkin, S. C., Ye, W., Bullen, C., & Lancaster, T. (2018). Nicotine replacement therapy versus control for‐
smoking cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (5).
• Hornik, R. (2018). Public health education and communication as policy instruments for bringing about changes in behavior.
In Social marketing (pp. 45-58). Psychology Press.
• Leventhal, A. M., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2015). Anxiety, depression, and cigarette smoking: A transdiagnostic vulnerability
framework to understanding emotion–smoking comorbidity. Psychological bulletin, 141(1), 176.
• Soulakova, J. N., Tang, C. Y., Leonardo, S. A., & Taliaferro, L. A. (2018). Motivational Benefits of Social Support and Behavioural
Interventions for Smoking Cessation. Journal of Smoking Cessation, 1-11.
• Tjora, T., Hetland, J., Aarø, L. E., Wold, B., Wiium, N., & Øverland, S. (2014). The association between smoking and depression
from adolescence to adulthood. Addiction, 109(6), 1022-1030.
• World Health Organisation. (2019). Health effects of smoking among young people. Access date: 14th February 2019. Retrieved
from: https://www.who.int/tobacco/research/youth/health_effects/en/