Health Economics and Finance: Australian Healthcare System Analysis

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the Australian healthcare system, focusing on the critical trade-off between efficiency and equity. It begins by outlining the historical development of the system, emphasizing the evolution from its inception to the current public-private partnership mo...Read More

Health Economics and
Finance

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................6
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................7

INTRODUCTION
TOPIC: Australia health system trade-off between efficiency and equity.
The health system of the Australia is considered to be one of the best across the globe which
helps in providing affordable and safe health services to all the individuals who has been seeking
care. The Australian health system is uniquely designed within the complex system of private
and public partnerships. The public of the Australia have high degree of access to the public
health system for low cost or free medical care. The private health system tends to highly include
those services which are owned and managed privately. This study will focus on evaluating the
history, current and possible future healthcare system’s design in the context of the classic trade-
off between equity and efficiency.
MAIN BODY
Mossialos, Elias, Martin Wenzl, Robin Osborn, and Dana Sarnak, (2015) sought to
determine the fact that, the medical history has in turn gone through various shifts with wide
degree of struggle. Health care industry is considered to very unique because of the three major
factors which tends to largely underpin the sovereignty of the physician are autonomy,
maintenance and authority. On the 1st February in the year 1984 the highly controversial system
in turn was introduced which has established the basic care system for all the Australians. With
the historic initiative taken by the Australia, now all Australians have simpler, newer and fairer
health insurance system. New technology advanced system has further entrenching the society’s
s dependence within the medical system of Australia. Medicare is considered to be one of the
single payer universal healthcare scheme which focuses on covering all Australian citizens and
Australian permanent residence. Australia has become a Federation on 1st January in the year
1901. The Commonwealth of the Australia was recognised as the Federation’s National
Government. Moreover, The Australian Constitution splits powers between the Commonwealth
and the state. Therefore, the States and eventually the Territories administered their own health
systems.
Moreover, Malik, Arunima, Manfred Lenzen, Scott McAlister, and Forbes McGain (2018)
examined the fact that, Australia in turn tends to have one of the universal care system which in
turn is primarily funded by the Medicare. The healthcare system of the Australia in turn tends to
have one of the best possible world best services. They tend to focus on providing the best
possible affordable and safe care services to all the residents of the Australia. The health system
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of the Australia is highly run by the various levels of the Australian government which includes
local, territory, state and federal government. This in turn is considered to be as one of the key
reason which in turn eventually results in long degree of life expectancy across the globe. The
key providers of the health care within Australia are various primary care services which has
been delivered by the general practitioners, allied health workers, nurses and various other
medical practitioners who in turn tends to highly focus on providing the best possible health care
services within care organization.
Malik, Arunima, Manfred Lenzen, Scott McAlister, and Forbes McGain (2018)
established is view points by stating that, Medicare and various public hospital system focuses
on providing free and also low-cost access to the healthcare services to all the Australians.
Medicare is considered to be the foundation of the health system within Australia. The key major
parts of the Medicare Australia are medical services, medicines and public hospitals. The
Australian state also tends to have private health insurance coverage which is distinguished into
hospital cover and general treatment. There are various set of primary health networks which
focuses on coordinating the various sets of health services within the local areas of Australia.
The primary health network organisation tends to focus on Supporting community health centres,
nurses, specialist, general practitioners and health professionals in order to provide the care
services to the people who are seeking care. The primary health network also focuses on
coordinating different parts of the health system and also focuses on assessing the health needs
within the local area of Australia. Moreover, Stubbe Østergaard, Liv, Marie Norredam, Claire
Mock-Munoz de Luna, Mitch Blair, Sharon Goldfeld, and Anders Hjern. (2017) examined the
fact that, another key role associated with the primary health network is that it focuses on
providing extra services such as after hour services, mental health services, supporting primary
care, health promotional programs and also supporting for the primary care and continuous
education. The key responsibilities associated with the state, territory and local government is
that, they must focus on administering and managing the various public hospitals. They also
focuses on funding and appropriately managing the care communities. The state and local
government is also responsible for ensuring food and safety regulations and delivering
preventive services such as immunisation programmes and breast cancer screening. They are
also responsible for inspecting, regulating, monitoring and licensing the various health premises
within Australia.
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Subsequently, Duckett, Stephen, and Sharon Willcox, (2015) argued that, one of the key
challenge associated with the health system of Australia is that, ageing population has been
increasing which tends to demand higher degree of healthcare services. This in turn eventually
result in increasing demand of trained and expert health professionals who can provide the best
possible care to the people of Australia who has been seeking care. Increase in the higher degree
of rate associated with the chronic disease is also considered to be one of the major challenge
associated with the Australian health system. The rise in the chronic conditions in turn tends to
increases the demand for more personalised person centred treatment to the patient. Advances
within the medical science is considered to be one of the Major challenge which in turn largely
influenced the medical and health services. Emergence of new advanced technology within the
medical and Health Company. Their higher set of digital technologies within the healthcare
company which focuses on automating the health services and also diagnostic in the health of the
individual person. These advanced health technologies has in improving the health system. One
of the key challenge associated with integration of new technology is that it might affect the
patient and also indulge high degree of cost while complying with new and advanced technology
within the healthcare system. Across the globe, health has been challenged by various set of
economic and demographic changes. However, these changes tend to have threatening impact on
the ability of the Australia to deliver the best possible care services within Australia.
Baum, Fran, Toby Freeman, David Sanders, Ronald Labonté, Angela Lawless, and Sara
Javanparast (2016) sought to determine the fact that, Virtual healthcare system tends to focus on
offering more promising future within Australia. There are various set of global evidence which
tends to state that the investment within the virtual health and health tele-health in turn is
considered to be very useful and expanding the services and also help in hospitals to decrease the
cost. Virtual health services also helps in providing the high degree of quality care services to the
customers (What’s the future of Australia’s healthcare sector?, 2020). It is considered to be very
crucial for the healthcare system of the Australia to attract top health professionals and
practitioners in order to deliver high quality care services and also focus to invest in innovative
technologies to provide the best possible value services to the customers. Australia will
completely focus on adapting to the changing customer demands needs and expectations which
helps in providing convenient, coordinated and customised services to the people seeking care.
Moreover, Vivanti, Angela, Therese A. O'Sullivan, Jane Porter, and Marion Hogg (2017)
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examined the fact that, Australia tends to have great health care system this will help room for
improvement which has increasing the affordability and also tends to provide Universal access to
the healthcare services. It also helps in improving variability within the health outcomes and also
provide range of interventions for the specific illness. This way it Helps in increasing the quality
of care and also has enhancing the care services within Australia.
Paolucci, Francesco, and Manuel García-Goñi. (2015) examined the fact that, Western Sydney in
turn is considered to be one of the most recognise hotspot for the diabetes. There are certain set
of gaps within the health outcomes across the various social and economic groups. Indigenous
group of Australia have lower access to the healthcare services which results in less life
expectancy of 10 years when compared with a non-indigenous Australians. Whilst, Australia is
considered to have one of the leading healthcare system across the world. But unfortunately it is
becoming increasingly an affordable for the people. There are high degree of cost associated
with the healthcare treatment of an individual. Implementation of the new models and focus on
integrated care helps in eliminating risk on providing the best possible care services to the people
of Australia. Stubbe Østergaard, Liv, Marie Norredam, Claire Mock-Munoz de Luna, Mitch
Blair, Sharon Goldfeld, and Anders Hjern. (2017) examined the fact that, Leveraging the digital
and analytical technologies helps in delivering affordable and convenient quality services to
people. Building cyber security capabilities also helps in managing increase number if risk
associated with the healthcare system. Collaborating private and public organisation also helps in
providing with the person centred healthcare services within Australia health system.
Establishing a meaningful ecosystem and partnership within the health industry helps in
providing continuous health services to the people. It is very crucial for the healthcare system of
the Australia to create a financial sustainability by adopting the latest set of new care delivery
models.
Bastos, João L., Catherine E. Harnois, and Yin C. Paradies. (2018) established is view
points by stating that, the equilibrium between the equity efficiency trade off is highly dependent
on the values and key viewpoints. Equity within the health care system can be effectively
assessed by processing the care and outputs. The equity efficiency trade off is highly associated
with the access to the care services, technical efficiency and care distribution across various
localities of the Australia. The Pareto efficiency tends to highly exist in health care by
appropriately reallocating resources. Moreover, the health of an individual cannot be increased
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by reducing the health outcome of the other individual. However, Interpersonal trade off of any
type are not part of the efficiency agenda within health care system of Australia. The scope
associated with the efficiency is therefore mainly confined with the consideration of cost
effectiveness and technical efficiency.
Subsequently, Buchmueller, Thomas and Meliyanni Johar. (2015) argued that, the equity
trade-off between within the health care system in turn tends to state that, all the individuals
within the Australia in turn has equal set of right to effectively evaluate the various needs and
demand of the person seeking care. Providing appropriate treatment to the patients within the
specified time in turn is very crucial because it helps in providing the best care services by the
top practitioners.
Stubbe Østergaard, Liv, Marie Norredam, Claire Mock-Munoz de Luna, Mitch Blair, Sharon
Goldfeld, and Anders Hjern. (2017) examined the fact that, increase in the high degree of
medical knowledge helps in increasing training large number of the practitioners within
Australia. Health system of Australia complying with recent trends and technologies within the
care system helps in delivering best possible equity and efficiency services. Moreover ensuring
hygiene and welfare across the various care department of the Australia helps in delivering the
best possible services to the patient. The equity and efficiency trade off within the health care
company and hospital of the Australia in turn can be effectively achieved by maximizing the
range of services which in turn are provided by the health care practitioners. The various
foundations of the Australia will in turn eventually focus on equally distributing the wealth
which helps in the attainment of the higher operational goals and objectives within the health
care department. There seems to be high degree of continuous struggle within various care
practitioners. The health care policy makers within the Australia will in turn focuses on enabling
the significant degree of progress within the public health system. They focus on improving the
affordability and quality which helps in effectively dealing with the increase in the number of
diseases.
Mengesha, Zelalem Birhanu, Tinashe Dune, and Janette Perz. (2016) examined the fact that,
policymakers focuses on taking complex range of decisions. In order to provide trade- off
between the equity and efficiency within the health care system of the Australia, the policy
makers must also focus on taking the rational policy making decision. Providing all the care
services at the cost effective price in turn is considered to be very useful because it helps large
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number of people to easily get access to the health care services within Australia. Moreover,
multi- criteria decision analysis is considered to be as one of the most explicit approach which
helps in providing efficient trade- off between the equity and efficiency within the health care
system of the Australia. The health care professionals must be completely transparent who in
turn focuses on effectively dealing with the various set of health services which helps in the
attainment of the better trade off between equity and efficiency within the health care system of
the Australia. The government must also focus on developing the various set of appropriate
health policies and making proper availability of the public health medicine which eventually
helps in better treatment and efficiency of the health services within Australia. Providing the best
possible intervention and also giving proper training to the various health care practitioners in
turn largely helps in delivering the best possible care services to the patient who has been
seeking care. Hence, it has been demonstrated that, The health system of the Australia is
considered to be one of the best across the globe which helps in providing affordable and safe
health services to all the individuals who has been seeking care.
CONCLUSION
From the above conducted study it has been summarized that, Health care industry is
considered to very unique because of the three major factors which tends to largely underpin the
sovereignty of the physician are autonomy, maintenance and authority. The healthcare system of
the Australia in turn tends to have one of the best possible world best services. Medicare is
considered to be the foundation of the health system within Australia. One of the key challenge
associated with the health system of Australia is that, ageing population, chronic diseases,
advancement in technology, lack of expert care professionals, etc. has been increasing which
tends to demand higher degree of healthcare services. It also helps in improving variability
within the health outcomes and also provide range of interventions for the specific illness.
Moreover, it has been concluded that, Western Sydney in turn is considered to be one of the most
recognise hotspot for the diabetes. The equity trade-off within the health care system in turn
tends to state that, all the individuals within the Australia in turn has equal set of right to
effectively evaluate the various needs and demand of the person seeking care.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Bastos, João L., Catherine E. Harnois, and Yin C. Paradies. "Health care barriers, racism, and
intersectionality in Australia." Social Science & Medicine 199 (2018): 209-218.
Baum, Fran, Toby Freeman, David Sanders, Ronald Labonté, Angela Lawless, and Sara
Javanparast. "Comprehensive primary health care under neo-liberalism in Australia." Social
Science & Medicine 168 (2016): 43-52.
Buchmueller, Thomas C., and Meliyanni Johar. "Obesity and health expenditures: evidence from
Australia." Economics & Human Biology 17 (2015): 42-58.
Duckett, Stephen, and Sharon Willcox. The Australian health care system. No. Ed. 5. Oxford
University Press, 2015.
Malik, Arunima, Manfred Lenzen, Scott McAlister, and Forbes McGain. "The carbon footprint
of Australian health care." The Lancet Planetary Health 2, no. 1 (2018): e27-e35.
Mengesha, Zelalem Birhanu, Tinashe Dune, and Janette Perz. "Culturally and linguistically
diverse women’s views and experiences of accessing sexual and reproductive health care in
Australia: a systematic review." Sexual health 13, no. 4 (2016): 299-310.
Mossialos, Elias, Martin Wenzl, Robin Osborn, and Dana Sarnak. 2015 international profiles of
health care systems. Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health, 2016.
Paolucci, Francesco, and Manuel García-Goñi. "The Case for Change Towards Universal and
Sustainable National Health Insurance & Financing for Australia: Enabling the Transition to a
Chronic Condition Focussed Health Care System." (2015).
Schneider, Eric C., Dana O. Sarnak, David Squires, and Arnav Shah. "Mirror, Mirror 2017:
nternationa Comparison Ref ects F aws and Opportunities for Better US Hea th Care." (2017).
Stubbe Østergaard, Liv, Marie Norredam, Claire Mock-Munoz de Luna, Mitch Blair, Sharon
Goldfeld, and Anders Hjern. "Restricted health care entitlements for child migrants in Europe
and Australia." The European Journal of Public Health 27, no. 5 (2017): 869-873.
Vivanti, Angela, Therese A. O'Sullivan, Jane Porter, and Marion Hogg. "Successful long‐term
maintenance following Nutrition Care Process Terminology implementation across a state‐wide
health‐care system." Nutrition & dietetics 74, no. 4 (2017): 372-380.
Online
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What’s the future of Australia’s healthcare sector?. 2020. [ONLINE]. Available through<
https://www.themandarin.com.au/105460-the-future-of-health-2/>
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