Privatization of Healthcare in Canada: Policy, Stakeholders & Factors

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the policy on healthcare privatization in Canada. It examines the policy's objectives, including ensuring universal access, improving healthcare research, and addressing the exodus of medical professionals. The report details the policy's position within the Canadian government's agenda, highlighting its relevance due to increasing population and the desire for quality healthcare services. Key stakeholders, such as insurance companies, pharmaceutical companies, the Canadian government, physicians, and patients, are identified, and their respective roles and positions regarding the policy are discussed. Furthermore, the report critically evaluates situational, structural, cultural, and environmental factors that have led to the government's response to healthcare privatization, including mass migration of physicians, public outcry, increasing healthcare spending, economic climate, cultural diversity, and the vast Canadian landscape. The analysis concludes by emphasizing the complex interplay of these factors in shaping the ongoing debate surrounding healthcare privatization in Canada.

Running head: POLICY ON PRIVATIZATION OF HEALTHCARE IN CANADA 1
Policy on Privatization of Healthcare in Canada
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POLICY ON PRIVATIZATION OF HEALTHCARE IN CANADA 2
Introduction
Many countries around the world with the system of universal health care have
primarily relied on public-owned hospitals when it comes to the offering of essential care
services to the general population. Nevertheless, public-owned hospitals have been facing a
lot of challenges ranging from overcrowding, shortage of healthcare providers, and lack of
medicine as well as medication errors. Health experts around the world have been
championing for establishments of policies towards privatization of healthcare (Whiteside,
2013. According to studies carried out on countries such as California, Massachusetts as well
as Florida where privatization of health care has taken place, there has been a realization of
improved operating margins, high occupancy and reduced waiting time before being attended
to be medics (Chapman, 2014). Therefore, many countries have developed interests in
privatizing health care to ensure efficiency. However, many policy issues hinder privatization
within the health sector (Toebes, Ferguson, Markovic, & Nnamuchi, 2014). Thus, this paper
will examine policy issues, its position on the agenda of Canada government, the role of
various stakeholders and factors which made the government response concerning this issue
An in-depth Account of the Policy Issue
Policy on healthcare privatization is mainly concerning with ensuring that is
universal, comprehensive, equal and fair access as wells as portable healthcare system to all
Canadian citizens (Bambra, Garthwaite, & Hunter, 2014). The policy aims at restoring
rejuvenated research related to healthcare thereby ensuring that there are high levels of health
services to the patients. According to the policy, the Canadian Healthcare act has failed to
secure comprehensive and affordable health care services to all Canadian citizens. Individual
coming from poor background have found it difficult to get better health services whenever
they are sick. Additionally, the policy aims at reducing the exodus movement of medics
abroad due to poor payment. The policy looks at ways in which welfare of physicians can be

POLICY ON PRIVATIZATION OF HEALTHCARE IN CANADA 3
improved and ensure that there are better payments to the healthcare providers. Thus, this will
ensure that the medics stay in the country and ensure that the medic-patient ratio is
appropriate as required by the World Health Organization W.H.O. additionally, the policy
champion for enhancement in the use technology within the healthcare facilities. Use of
technology will help in the reduction of the medical errors that have caused lives of so many
people in the country. According to the policy, privatization of health care will ensure that
there is sustainable and maintenance of equitable health care services (Whiteside, 2013).
Hence, every Canadian citizen irrespective of their ability to pay services will have an
opportunity to access healthcare services.
The policy also champion for competent as well as compassionate healthcare services
that address all types of health needs reported by patients. According to recent research by
WHO, most of the healthcare providers in the public-owned hospital often fail to
comprehensively address problems that the patients report to them hence breaching the code
of conduct that they are supposed to observe. Therefore, through privatization of health care
services, issues such as absenteeism, patient-physician relationship as well as diminishing
funding will be dealt with comprehensively. Finally, the policy on the privatization of health
care in Canada will also help in dealing with the challenges that rural and remote
communities face when it comes to health care access. Privatization will ensure that there is
an effective linkage of people living in the rural and remote to have access to primary health
care.
Description of the Issue’s Position
Currently, the Canadian government is struggling with many issues that are affecting
the well-being of the citizens. Some of the top issues that the country is working on include;
security of the state, high rates of unemployment, economic growth, proper housing as well
as quality education (Zhu, & Lipsmeyer, 2015). Due to the rapid increase in the population

POLICY ON PRIVATIZATION OF HEALTHCARE IN CANADA 4
and great desire by the citizen for quality health care services, policy on the privatization is
one of the top issues that the government is considering to act on effectively. Through
privatization of health services, it is assumed that there will be a reduction in responsibilities
on the side of the government in what is known as Neoliberal or market fundamentalism.
Privatization refers to the policies that aim at reducing the role of the state in offering of
social services, a decline in the state budgets and decrease in the expenditure in the public
healthcare. Health being one of the major contributors to the economy of every country,
Canadian authorities believed that offering quality health services plays a vital in ensuring
that there is the rapid growth of the country economy (Howse, Jeebhay, & Neis, 2012).
Consequently, due to the high death rates associated with poor healthcare services offered in
the public-owned hospital, policy on the privatization of health care survives is one of the top
issues that is being evaluated by the Canadian government. Due to continuous health care that
comes with the privatization of health services, Canadian government has put the policy on
privatization as one of the top issues among the challenges that need to be handled.
According to the policy, private health insurance will enable the Canadian citizens to decide
on a medic who will examine and treat them continuously. Therefore, this can helps to reduce
the numbers of wrong diagnosis witnessed yearly within the country. Additionally, the
Canadian government has put the policy on the privatization on top of their list due to its
portability (Raphael, 2014). Private health insurance that comes with the privatization of
healthcare that is different from another type of healthcare services that entirely depends on
the kind of job that the patients do. In privatized health, the patients do not need to use the
money from the pocket to pay for the services as compared to the public-owned hospitals.
Therefore, this means that it's more flexible and portable as well as freeing the government
from the burden of healthcare services.
Relevant stakeholders and their Roles with Regards to the Policy Issue

POLICY ON PRIVATIZATION OF HEALTHCARE IN CANADA 5
Stakeholders are entities who are fundamentally involved in all aspect of healthcare
systems and are significantly affected by various reforms that are being enforced on the
network. The primary stakeholders in regards to the policy on privatization of health care
services in Canada include insurance companies, pharmaceutical, Canadian government,
physician as well as patients (Burns, Bellows, Eigenseher, & Gallivan, 2014). Physicians play
a vital role in ensuring that there are adequate health services provided to the patients.
According to the Committee of the Canadian Urological Association (CUA), physicians have
a vital role in ensuring that there are reforms in the healthcare such educating both
policymakers and public about the proper levels of care. Additionally, they are also involved
in defining the link that exists between funding as well as attention provided. Patients play a
role in promoting the privatization of the health care services by choosing to embrace the
policies that are affordable and easily affordable to them. Canadian government has got a
central role in ensuring that the policy on the privatization of healthcare. First, they enact
laws that ensure a smooth transition of public-owned hospitals to private healthcare facilities
(Kahane, Loptson, Herriman, & Hardy, 2013). Additionally, government provides necessary
funds by determining the cost of healthcare during the country annual budget hence facilities
the entire process. Moreover, Canadian government also mobilizes for various donors who
help with the provision of funds as well as ideas on how to initiate the whole programme.
Pharmaceutical companies also have a vital role concerning the health care privatization
policy. The companies determine the prices of drugs hence the cost of healthcare. Therefore,
they can decide whether the policy on health care privatization is implemented or fails.
Raising the cost of medications to extravagant prices can make it difficult to achieve the
policy on privatization of healthcare leading to it fails. Additionally, Pharmaceutical
companies play a vital role in ensuring that Canadian citizens can afford their products hence
good marketing and honesty is critical during the implementation of the policy. During

POLICY ON PRIVATIZATION OF HEALTHCARE IN CANADA 6
discussion of the implementation of the policy, the pharmaceutical companies send their
representatives who have depth idea and knowledge to educate physician and government
concerning the risks and benefits associated with brands of medication to ensure that
appropriate measures are taken during policy implementation. Finally, insurance companies
advise the government on regulation that must be taken into consideration when ensuring
citizens before implementing the policy. The companies play a critical role in ensuring that
the insurance services offered through private hospital is cost effective and can be affordable
for all citizens.
Factors that Made the Government to Respond on Healthcare Privatization Policy
Situational Factors
Due to high levels of mass migration of skilled physician to other countries due to
inadequate healthcare system leading to the shortage of healthcare providers made the
Canadian government was forced to respond to the healthcare privatization policy (Bhuyan,
2012). Public outcry on concerning lack as a result of unaffordable healthcare services also
made the governments respond to the policy. Consequently, increases in the speeding on
healthcare after every year which had greats impact on the economy also forced the Canadian
authorities to re-evaluate the strategy on the privatization of healthcare (Barer, & Bryan,
2018). According to the statistics, the speeding on health from the year 200 to 2008 increased
from 8.8% to 10.4%. Situations such as an increase in the ageing population, inflation as well
as enrichment of the cares services also forced the government to consider the policy.
Structural factors
Economic climate like relaying on private, federal and state funding on various
healthcare projects made the government examine the policy championing for the
privatization issue. Therefore, this resulted in poor health services leading to the spread of
diseases and increases in the number of medication errors. Additionally, the need to enhance

POLICY ON PRIVATIZATION OF HEALTHCARE IN CANADA 7
infrastructures such as local workforce, effective transportation system and healthcare
equipment like operation rooms, hospital beds among others also had a significant influence
making the Canadian government think about the privatization issue (Piat, et al., 2015).
Cultural Factors
Since Canada is a profoundly cross-cultural nation, health services provided by the
public-owned hospital were not practical due to the violation of cultural safety and
communication barriers (Andermann, Pang, Newton, Davis, & Panisset, 2016). Studies reveal
that dominant historical beliefs and culture have influenced the health care system in Canada.
Hence, in cultural bias experienced in the public-owned hospital resulted in various health-
related perception and preference. Therefore, government desire to increases cultural
competency in different hospitals made them examine the privatization policy issue. Through
privatization of health care, patients will be able to choose a particular medics who will be
responsible for their health. Therefore this will help to incorporate patient beliefs and culture
into treatment and diagnosis of illness (Dufresne, Jeram, & Pelletier, 2014).
Environmental Factors
The vast Canadian landscape makes it challenging to ensure that every person has
access to quality healthcare services through public-owned hospitals (Martin-Matthews,
Sims-Gould, & Tong, 2012). With the increase in the ageing population, Canadian living in
rural, as well as remote areas, finds it difficult to access public hospital for healthcare
services. Therefore, this has led to an increase in health vulnerabilities in most of the rural
regions resulting in rising mortality rate. However, through privatization of policy issue
citizen will be able to choose on the medics that they want to treat them when they are sick.
Therefore, through privatization the physicians will be able to attend to the patients even in
their homes regardless of the places where they live. Consequently, this made the government
examine the issue on privatization policy.

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Conclusion
Healthcare system experienced in Canada requires serious attention from the
government, various stakeholders as well as its citizens. The problems facing Canadian health
care needs an alternative solution to ensure that they are addressed adequately. The debate
concerning policy on privatization of health care is an indication that there is a problem with
their healthcare system. Therefore, Canadian government must ensure that all citizens stay in
a healthy environment free from diseases and that which encourages innovation as well as
investments.

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