Healthcare Report: Social, Political, and Environmental Sepsis Issues

This report provides a comprehensive overview of sepsis within the context of international healthcare. It begins by defining sepsis, discussing its dimensions, causes, symptoms, and mortality rates, with a focus on the challenges faced in developing countries. The report then delves into the social, political, economic, and environmental factors that influence the prevalence of sepsis, including societal inequalities, political corruption, and economic disparities. It offers a comparison of sepsis prevalence between developing countries and the UK, highlighting the issues and challenges faced by these countries. Furthermore, it explores the strengths and weaknesses of universal prevention, diagnosis, and management strategies for sepsis, concluding with a reflection on the Gibbs model. The report underscores the importance of early detection, effective treatment, and addressing systemic inequalities to mitigate the global burden of sepsis and improve healthcare outcomes. The report also provides a comparison of sepsis prevalence between developing countries and the UK.

Social, Political and
Environmental issues
in International
Healthcare

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
TASK A ..........................................................................................................................................1
Some issues and debate related to dimensions and definitions of health in relation to sepsis
which can cause significant morbidity...................................................................................1
TASK B...........................................................................................................................................3
How international, political, economic and environmental issues impacting on prevalence of
sepsis.......................................................................................................................................3
Prevalence of sepsis in developing country and caparison with the UK ...........................4
Universal prevention , diagnosis and management of the Sepsis and their strength and
weakness.................................................................................................................................6
Reflation Through Gibbs Model of Reflection .....................................................................7
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
International healthcare can be defined as geographic medicines as well as international
medicine which deal with health across national boundaries (Harris and et.al., 2018). This
present study is going to show impacts, issues, causes and prevention of sepsis. It will also show
the rate of mortality to sepsis and reasons of increasing rate of hospitalization due to sepsis.
Further, it will show international, environmental and political issues which impact on
management of sepsis. Lastly, it will discuss universal prevention as well as management of
sepsis along with its strengths and limitations.
TASK A
Some issues and debate related to dimensions and definitions of health in relation to sepsis which
can cause significant morbidity
Definition: There are several definitions of health in relation to sepsis which shows all
about sepsis as what is it and how it affects people. In this context of normal evolving defining of
sepsis it can be said that it is a life threatening illness which happen due to body’s response to an
infection of an individual. Sepsis occurs when immune system releases some chemicals into
bloodstream in order to fight an infection which causes inflammation throughout the body. When
body’s response towards released chemicals by immune system become out of control then it
occurs (Abdinasir, 2018).
On the other hand it is stated that sepsis is body’s extreme response to an infection which
an individual already have in either their skin, lungs or somewhere else. In this context it is also
stated that if it is not treated in a timely manner then it can damage tissues, organs and death as
well.
Dimensions: In the context of prevention and measurement it can be said that life threatening
disease or sepsis can e measured within 3 hours of presentation (Rhee and et.al., 2019. In these 3
hours of presentation, they measure serum lactate and obtain blood cultures to antibiotics for
administering. Vital signs and cardiopulmonary exams are also ways to measuring and
identifying this problem as per the symptoms.
Causes: It is stated that this disease occur when body’s response become out of control towards
chemical released by immune system to fight with infections. Some causes of infections also
1

identified such as: microbes of some types which include: bacteria, fungi and viruses as well.
One of the most common causes of sepsis is bacteria (Angus and et.al., 2016)).
Symptoms: Some symptoms of this disease includes: low body temperature, fever, rapid pulse
and breathing, vomiting, nausea, diarrhea. These all are early signs to know whether person is
affecting sepsis and it can be proved with tests.
Developing issues: Sepsis is a life threatening disease because it can become the reason if death.
In addition, it is stated that the global epidemiological burden of sepsis is difficult to ascertain. In
this context it is known or estimated that around 30 million people worldwide every ear got
affected with sepsis. It leads to around 6 million deaths. So, it can be said that the burden of
sepsis is the most likely highest in low as well as middle income of countries or developing
countries (Guirgis and et.al., 2020). In this context, it is also analysed and estimated that
newborn and children affected the most with this disease. As per the estimation, it is analysed
that around 3 million newborns and around 1.2 million children suffer from sepsis globally each
year. 1 of 10 deaths is also associated with females during pregnancy in which maternal sepsis
become reasons of deaths. In low to middle class countries around 90% deaths of sepsis is
reported due to maternal sepsis (Sepsis and its Key Facts, 2018).
Mortality rate: In the context of people who are at higher risk of sepsis which can cause
morbidity include: those people who are affected by infections and also some vulnerable people
like older, hospitalized patients, pregnant women and people with AIDS/HIV, cancer and kidney
disease? One of the main reasons of it is in such discussed diseases, immune become weakened
so, they cannot fight against infections. In the context of sepsis and recovery rate it can be said
that most of the people recover from mild sepsis but it is stated that the average mortality rate for
septic shock is around 40%. Severe sepsis can also become the reason of higher risk of future
infection in people .
In addition, it is also stated that the rate of hospitalization due to sepsis has been doubled
up from 2000 to 2008 but still mortality is declining. Some main reasons of increasing these
hospitalization rates of sepsis patients include: ageing population, increasing resistance to
antibiotics. Despite all these increasing numbers and rate of hospitalization, mortality rate is
declining because of early detection and making use of effective techniques in treatment of
sepsis (Sepsis Mortality and Morbidity Trends, 2017). Doctors, nurses and communities are
playing effective role in preventing sepsis at early stage and it is also one of the main reasons of
2

declining mortality rate of sepsis.. They have developed some tools for preventing this life
threatening disease which include: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment. With the help of this
tool, they identify patients who are at higher risk and at early stage of sepsis development. It
helps them out in providing treatments accordingly
Prevention: There are 2 ways by which condition of sepsis and severity of this disease can be
reduced and prevented such as:
1. Prevention of microbial transmission and infection.
2. Prevention of evolution of an infection to sepsis condition.
In prevention of infection, hygiene practices are being used in order to decrease negative
effects and severity of infection. Some ways by which prevention of infection through hygiene
practices are being done include: hand washing, preparation of food in a safe manner b washing
vegetables, hand, making availability and access to vaccines, improving sanitation as well as
water quality. Providing nutritional food to vulnerable people and access to healthcare services,
sepsis can be prevented at initial stage (Novosad and et.al., 2016).
In other type of prevention of evolution to sepsis, community and healthcare facilities
play an important role. In this type of prevention they give antibiotic treatment as per the nature
and intensity of infection. It includes: prompt medical care, reassessment for optimization, early
stage of prevention and treatment by identifying early signs.
TASK B
How international, political, economic and environmental issues impacting on prevalence of
sepsis
In the context of management and prevention of sepsis it can be said that there are several
external environmental factors which create barriers in it. Some environmental, economic and
others factors like international issues affecting prevalence of sepsis which discussed below in a
detailed manner.
Societal inequality: One of the main key factor which shows several things about sepsis rate of
sepsis is higher in low-middle income of countries (Rudd and et.al., 2018). It means poverty,
lack of awareness in people of rural areas, health inequality and lack of access to healthcare
3

services are some global burden which creates problems in preventing sepsis. The majority of
sepsis cases are being recorded from lo-middle income of countries which shows low resources
setting. There is heterogeneity among these low-resource areas, including important regional,
political, and economic differences.
Political factor: In the context of political, it can be said that there are different views of authors
in the context of sepsis which affect management of this disease. For example: Some authors
believe that malaria is the main sign of sepsis and it needs to be prevented as like sepsis but
others do not consider malaria as a sign of sepsis. So, it can be said that differences in views of
people and political parties affect prevalence of sepsis (Driessen and et.al., 2018).
It can also be said that political corruption, health inequality due to economic differences
in countries, financial crisis in some countries, poverty, low resource setting as well as acute
health care delivery system are main contributors to global burden of sepsis.
International and environmental factors: Differences between the poor and the rich or
increasing gap between these both groups create several problems. Due to this gap, the poor face
problems in having access to healthcare services, becoming malnutrition, substandard living
conditions like air pollution can create problems in preventing sepsis in these people. Due to lack
of access and lack of awareness in people it becomes difficult to identify early signs of sepsis
which lead to death. In addition, it can also be said that exposure to environmental and animal
vectors are also increasing risk of acute infection (The Global Burden of Sepsis and Potential
Solutions, 2018).
Economic factors: Due to gap in economic condition and financial crisis, doctors do not get
appropriate resources and tools to prevent and providing treatment to people of rural areas and
vulnerable people. Due to this, they find difficulties in analysing health system challenges at
community level. There are some countries who failed to meet WHO standards such as: Africa,
Latin America in the context of minimum healthcare worker to population ration. It also increase
risk and create barriers in management of sepsis.
Prevalence of sepsis in developing country and caparison with the UK
Sepsis Disease is one of the biggest problem in all over the world and there are many
countries who are suffering from this problem. This problem is in the both the developing
countries and developed. This is an major issues which does have any proper treatment.
Treatment of this Disease can possible if they are aware about the Disease. People who are
4

suffering wit6h this problem has to take the proper treatment from the doctors, and they have
to be careful because it can be dangerous for them.
Sepsis in UK
Sepsis is one of the major problem, which affect the health of the people in the United
Kingdom . According to the NHS UK There are many people who are suffering from this
problem and the number of the people developing Sepsis Disease is increasing which is
around the 1,23000 in every year in the England. It has been also estimated that the around
37000 people died of the Sepsis every year which shows that this is any major issue in this
country (Al-Jubouri and Al-Jubouri., 2019). There are many people who were able to survive
from the Sepsis then also they are facing some of the problems which are related to their metal
and physical health problems. They have to suffer from the problems such as the cognitive
problems, Post- traumatic stress , chronic pain type of serious problems. To provide the
treatment in the UK Hospitals to the people who are suffering from the Sepsis their Nurses and
health care support workers who see their patients on a regular basis, and are usually the first
healthcare worker to see them, are well-placed to recognize the signs of sepsis early and raise the
alarm to enable prompt identification and treatment. In hospital settings early sepsis recognition
by ward nurses has been shown to improve survival for patients in hospital with sepsis
Sepsis in China
The Sepsis disease is an global issues and most of the developing countries are also
affected with this disease and the most is the largest scale epidemiological research on the
This Disease have been carries out in the developing countries. Chin country has their
population around the 1.3 billion people and from this number 1/ 5 th of this number are
suffering from this Disease Thus, the knowledge of the incidence and mortality of sepsis in
mainland China is vital before employing measures for its improvement. However, the mainly
data carried by the epidemiological for the Sepsis disease was obtained by the ICU setting ,
and thus the lack of the population based incidence and the mortality of the Sepsis disease
(Kilpatrick and et.al., 2018). Most of the people who are suffering from the Sepsis disease in
the china has been found that they are living the poor quality of the life. This country is
developing very fast but their medical infrastructure is not that developed. UK is more careful,
and they are having better medical health structure in their countries which makes them better
to aware their people about the Sepsis disease
5

Universal prevention , diagnosis and management of the Sepsis and their strength and weakness
World health organization which provide the safety guidelines and prevention for the
health of the people globally and provide shifty prevention also provide guidelines for the
Improving the prevention, Diagnosis and Clinical management of the Sepsis (Martischang and
et.al., 2018). According to the world health organization Sepsis is the life Threatening organ
dysfunction which arises in the human body when it reposes to an infection causes it to attack
in their own tissues and their body organs . In a Sepsis Immune system of the human goes
into the overdrive setting off a series of the reaction which include Widespread Inflammation
and this can also cause in the significant decrease in the blood pressure of the patent to the
vital organs and starving them of oxygen. Although a precise estimate of the global
epidemiological Burden of this of the low income countries.
Guidelines provided by the World health organization
Guidelines has been provided the WHO who I responsible for the sustainable
development and improvement of the heath in the countries people. According to the World
health organization Sepsis disease has the 3 main stages and the first stage of this disease
which is unorganized when this is still potentially reversible- this organization has provided
the preventive measures in which good hygiene practices for the people are most important, so
they can away from the infections and the vaccination both in the community and the health
care settings , is the first hey step to reduce the infections from the Sepsis disease. This can be
treated on the first stage so people should be aware about the symptoms, so they should take the
regular check up from the doctors (Pianpeng and Koraneekij., 2016). The time basis medical
management of the Sepsis disease for example optimal antimicrobial is used and Fluid
resuscitation, are the crucial to the person's survival from the Sepsis, and they live more.
Even though the onset of sepsis can be acute and poses a short-term mortality burden, it can also
be the cause of significant long-term morbidity requiring treatment and support. Thus, the
spectrum of sepsis is very wide and requires a multidisciplinary approach.
Limitation and strength link with sustainable development goals
World health organization is awaking the countries and people in the world about the
Sepsis disease and they are able to aware people about it which it affect the s sustainable goals
of the world heath. Their man motive and goals is to have good health structure and the better
hospital for the people so they can provide treatment to the people and research to the people
6

whoa re not able to effort the treatment. They are ruining many advertisements and aware
people to be careful bout the Sepsis disease which is their strength and their weakness is they
are not able to reach to the many places to provide them sustainable development in their
country. Most f the countries like Africa and other poor countries are not able to provide better
healthcare system and people are still not aware about this disease.
Reflation Through Gibbs Model of Reflection
Gibbs Model Of reflection
STEP 1 – Description
I have learned that there are many people who are suffering from the problems such as
Sepsis and there is no proper treatment of this Disease. Sepsis can be only treated when
people like us will be aware about this type of Disease (Prowle, Du, Wang and Gallagher.,
2019). Most of the people does not know about Sepsis and when they come to known that they
have Sepsis then they already get late and this lead them toward death. In my Opinion it is
important for the WHO and each every countries to promote their guideline and Prevention
to the people, so they can know about this disease.
STEP -2 – Feelings
After the appropriate researches I have experienced that the people are suffering from
this problems and they people they are not getting the proper treatment in the right time which
makes them aware from the Sepsis As a global Citizen we should take steps to aware people
about Disease, so they can take proper prevention and treatment and before they meet with
this kind of situation they can take proper treatment.
STEP 3- Evaluation
we can control the Sepsis with the help of each other, as an global citizen we should
spread the awareness among own people and other countries people also spread awareness in
their people so they can take proper treatment o the times and help each other to control this
disease. Awareness among the people can be spread through the internet because people are
mostly use interest and this ca be the best way to spread the awareness among the people (Zou
and et.al., 2018). In my opinion countries need to develop their health care system because this
is the backbone of the country and they should mainly focus on the health structure.
STEP 4 – Conclusion
7

IN the end I have expedient that Sepsis is the major difficulty among the people and
most of the people does not know about this disease and this disease can be proofed if we will
be aware, and we should aware other about. It is also a fact that weakness in medical and health
care system is a big problem among the countries so countries should look for their
healthcare system more than other things.
Conclusion
From the above study it has been summarized Some issues and debate related to dimensions
and definitions of health in relation to sepsis which can cause significant morbidity. In the Oher
part this report has been discussed how Environmental, economical and political issues may
impact on the management of the Disease. This report has been provided the information of
the Sepsis and compare the two countries china and UK. In the end of this report has been
discussed Universal prevention, diagnosis and management of the Sepsis through the WHO.
8

REFERENCES
Books & Journal
Abdinasir, A.A., 2018. Сlinical and laboratory manifestations of multiple organ dysfunctions
(mods) at sepisis.
Angus, D.C.and et.al., 2016. A framework for the development and interpretation of different
sepsis definitions and clinical criteria. Critical care medicine, 44(3), p.e113.
Driessen, R.G. and et.al., 2018. The influence of a change in septic shock definitions on intensive
care epidemiology and outcome: comparison of sepsis-2 and sepsis-3
definitions. Infectious Diseases. 50(3). pp.207-213.
Guirgis, F.W. and et.al., 2020. Development of a simple sequential organ failure assessment
score for risk assessment of emergency department patients with sepsis. Journal of
intensive care medicine. 35(3). pp.270-278.
Harris, P. and et.al., 2018. A framework for culture transformation in international healthcare
organizations. Nursing management. 49(10). pp.8-10.
Novosad, S.A. and et.al., 2016. Vital signs: epidemiology of sepsis: prevalence of health care
factors and opportunities for prevention. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly
Report. 65(33). pp.864-869.
Rhee, C. and et.al., 2019. Prevalence, underlying causes, and preventability of sepsis-associated
mortality in US acute care hospitals. JAMA network open. 2(2). pp.e187571-e187571.
Rudd, K.E. and et.al., 2018. The global burden of sepsis: barriers and potential solutions. Critical
Care. 22(1). pp.1-11.
Al-Jubouri, A. H. H. and Al-Jubouri, M. H. M., 2019. The Effectiveness of Teaching in the
Gibbs Model in the Decision-Making to Solve the Environmental Problems among
Students of College of Education. Indian Journal of Public Health Research &
Development.10(1). pp.732-736.
Kilpatrick, C. and et.al., 2018. Preventing sepsis in health care–It’s in your hands: A World
Health Organization call to action.
Martischang, R. and et.al., 2018. Promoting and sustaining a historical and global effort to
prevent sepsis: the 2018 World Health Organization SAVE LIVES: Clean Your Hands
campaign.
Pianpeng, T. and Koraneekij, P., 2016. Development of a Model of Reflection Using Video
Based on Gibbs's Cycle in Electronic Portfolio to Enhance Level of Reflective Thinking of
Teacher Students. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity.6(1). p.26.
Prowle, J. R., Du, B., Wang, C. and Gallagher, M., 2019. Pragmatic Studies for Acute Kidney
Injury in China: Renal Replacement Therapy for Acute Kidney Injury and Sepsis
9

Consensus Report of Acute Disease Quality Initiative XIX. Journal of Translational
Critical Care Medicine.1(2). p.48.
Zou, G. and et.al., 2018. Effects of environmental and management-associated factors on
prevalence and diversity of Streptococcus suis in clinically healthy pig herds in China and
the United Kingdom. Appl. Environ. Microbiol..84(8). pp.e02590-17.
ONLINE:
Sepsis and its Key Facts. 2018. [ONLINE] Available through: < https://www.who.int/news-
room/fact-sheets/detail/sepsis>.
Sepsis Mortality and Morbidity Trends. 2017. [ONLINE] Available through: <
https://rgare.com/knowledge-center/media/articles/sepsis-mortality-and-morbidity-trends-an-
insurance-perspective>.
The Global Burden of Sepsis and Potential Solutions. 2018. [ONLINE] Available through: <
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6151187/>.
10