Essay: Evaluating Healthcare Interventions for Smoking Cessation

This essay delves into the effectiveness of healthcare interventions, particularly the NHS Stop Smoking Services (SSS), in mitigating smoking prevalence in England. The introduction highlights the importance of interventions in public health, followed by background information on information literacy, evidence-based public health, and literature review. The essay then presents a literature review question focused on the impact of interventions on smoking rates. It details the search strategy, utilizing the PICO framework to develop a focused research question, and provides a simple appraisal of a selected article, including its aim, methodology, strengths, and weaknesses. The study utilizes a qualitative approach with community participatory methods, focusing on individuals aged 25-60. The essay concludes by emphasizing the significance of tailored interventions in reducing smoking-related deaths, highlighting the positive impact of SSS support in declining smoking prevalence, and references key sources like books and journals. The analysis indicates that the SSS has played a crucial role in reducing smoking rates and improving public health outcomes.

Essay

Table of Contents
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................1
Introduction......................................................................................................................................1
Background......................................................................................................................................1
Importance of the topic...........................................................................................................2
Search Strategy................................................................................................................................2
PICO framework....................................................................................................................3
Framework of the developed question...................................................................................3
Simple appraisal of one article.........................................................................................................4
The aim (and objectives) of the research study......................................................................4
The research methodology used.............................................................................................4
Strengths and Weakness of the article....................................................................................4
Conclusion.......................................................................................................................................4
References........................................................................................................................................5

TASK 2
Introduction
It has become vital for health department to come up with various interventions in order
to reduce the different diseases or to control them in much effective and efficient manner (Zhao,
White and McD Young, 2019). This essay is specifically based on a particular article “Impact of
the NHS Stop Smoking Services on smoking prevalence in England: a simulation modelling
evaluation”, where a particular model along with the intervention strategy has been taken into
consideration to perform the analysis over smokers in all over England. Also, the question i.e. “Is
attitudes of United Kingdom’s citizens (Male and Female in the age between (25 to 60)), who
smokes is relevant towards the healthcare interventions which is. NHS Stop Smoking
Services?”.
Background
Information literacy:
This is being considered or defined as number of integrated abilities which encompasses
the overall reflective investigation of a particular data or information which helps in
understanding that how the data is valued, produced and how it can be utilised in order to
enhance or create the knowledge of participants in much ethical way for the communities so that
they can learn effectively. On the other hand, it is important because it helps an individual in
recognising the overall invent information and helps in enhancing the ability to evaluate, locate
or use the necessary information in a much more effective and efficient manner.
Evidence based public health:
This is being considered or defined as an effective program where development,
evaluation, implementation and monitoring of an effective program along with the policies
within public health is being applied considering a range of principles which belongs to scientific
reasoning. Along with this, if it is talk about the importance of evidence based public health
planning then it specifically lead an individual to potentially develop number or indirect along
with direct benefits where the focus stays over high quality information as this can be accessed
by the person for best practice and also show add the person in successfully implementing a
prevention program towards greater workforce productivity (Reid and et. al., 2018).
Literature review:
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This element can be defined as an effective comprehensive summary e of a particular
topic which has already been investigated before by scholar, investigator, researcher and many
more other individuals. Some of these literature review service can be from books, articles,
online resources, other relevant resources in relation to a particular area of investigation and
many more. Also if it is talked about the importance of literature review then it has been
analysed that, literature review helps and individual in describing how the proposed research is
specifically considered to a prior investigating topic based on the statistics along with the
different research methodology that has already been utilised and it also shows how relevance
originality that has been taken into consideration of a particular investigating topic. Also, another
important that came in front is that a literature review helps in justifying a particular proposed
methodology that has been utilised by the investigator for conducting the investigation on a
particular topic. It majorly used in summative reports that are being prepared by various scholars,
investigators over a particular topic (An and et .al., 2019).
Importance of the topic
The question has been built and it is important because smoking has been a leading cause
of avoidable death worldwide. Based on different observational evidence indication it has been
analysed that considering implementing an effective key tobacco control measure has led to
enhancement among number of cessation and other rates in reducing smokes prevalence’s within
the population level of England.
Search Strategy
Considering the CINAHL, qualitative study using community participatory method has
been utilised in order to focus on investigating a particular topic and developed an effective
question so that particular intervention that has been taken into consideration over a particular
topic that is smoking may lead to reduce the chances of caused deaths due to smoking cigarettes,
marijuana and other supplements. The database that has been utilised has helped in considering
of focusing up on various articles on the chosen topic and it has helped me in enhancing the
knowledge and enhanced the decision-making over the particular subject which has been taken
into consideration.
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PICO framework
The PICO process (or framework) is a mnemonic used in evidence based practice (and
specifically Evidence Based Medicine) to frame and answer a clinical or health care related
question. The PICO framework is also used to develop literature search strategies, for instance in
systematic reviews (Al Onezi and et al., 2018).
Framework of the developed question
P – Male and Female in the age between (25 to 60), where the population of England who
smokes has been constant and over the years it has reduced as well due to various strategies
developed by government and other agencies who thought of bringing awareness among
individuals life of how this will lead them to death or any other accumulation of diseases in
relation to lungs.
I – NHS Stop Smoking Services can be considered as the intervention which is spreading
awareness among individuals and brought a model to analyse how effectively the number of
smokers in England declined over the years from 2001 to 2016.
C – State-transition model has show the proportion of SSS supported Twitter terms and has
to from 5.5% which was in the year of 2001 to high number of 18.9 person which was
considered in 2011 and introduced in the year of 2016 which was 8.2%.
O – The percentage point reduction in smoking prevalence each year from 2011 to 2013 but
Kuwait items also reduced to 8.2% which was considered in the year of 2016. Therefore, it
can easily be said that approximately 15% of the percentage. Which was reduced after the
RSS was so much reduced from 2013 onwards.
Search Results:
Basically, there were around 70 to 120 study articles that has been evaluated and based
on the increasing number of deaths a particular investigating article that has been utilised is
“impact of the NHS stop smoking services on smoking prevalence in England: simulation
modelling evaluation”, that has given the information in a statistic manner which was pretty
much important not only for the reduction of smokers but it has also helped in focusing upon the
future aspects that may lead to develop an effective strategy for right amount of modification that
may take place among the existing ones (Whitehouse and et. al., 2018).
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Simple appraisal of one article
The aim (and objectives) of the research study
Aim of this particular article was “To analyse the impact of the NHS stop smoking
services on smoking prevalence in England: simulation modelling evaluation”
The research methodology used
Qualitative study using community participatory methods, purposeful sampling,
interviews and focus groups, and a grounded approach to data generation and analysis.
When and where (Setting- England) - The 2001 mid-year populace and passing rates by
age and sex in England were acquired from the Office for National Statistics.14 To evaluate the
size of the populace toward the beginning of the year 2001, we subtracted half of the contrast
between populace gauges for 2000 and 2001 from the mid-year populace in 2001. The
predominance rates for never, current and previous smokers depended on information from
General Lifestyle Surveys in the UK.
Participants - Male and Female in the age between (25 to 60), including smokers,
former smokers, and smokers' relatives, from the England communities has been taken into
consideration.
Key Findings- A discrete time state-change model13 was created to reenact smoking
commonness among the grown-up populace (≥16 years old) in England somewhere in the range
of 2001 and 2016. The populace was isolated into subgroups by age, sex and smoking status.
Smoking status was named never smokers, current smokers and previous smokers. As the cycle
time span was 1 year in reenactment demonstrating, current smokers right now the individuals
who quit smoking under a year back. Previous smokers were characterized as the individuals
who quit smoking for in any event a year and were additionally arranged by time since
discontinuance. The reenactment was begun utilizing the grown-up populace structure of 2001.
Populace subgroups by age and sexual orientation were refreshed every year as indicated by the
likelihood of death and smoking status change (Bovill and et. al., 2018).
Strengths and Weakness of the article
Strengths - Stopping smokers with SSS support had a higher achievement rate than those
without SSS support (15.1% versus 11.3%). Smoking predominance in England kept on
declining after the SSS was quite decreased from 2013 onwards.
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Weakness - These numbers usually arise due to mislead and rise among addictive
elements in relation to Tar in cigarettes and so on (Duncan, Pearson and Maddison, 2018).
Conclusion
With the help of above mentioned as a, it can easily be said that modifying the
interventions based on the requirements of the public may help in leading to reduce the chances
of increasing deaths numbers due to smoke or any other particular aspects in relation to the same.
Also SSS support has helped in attaining the rate where 15.1 percent smokers in England kept on
declining after 2013 and from the middle of that period.
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References
Books and Journals
Zhao, X., White, K. M. and McD Young, R., 2019. A TPB-based smoking intervention among
Chinese high school students. Substance use & misuse. 54(3). pp.459-472.
Reid, R. D. and et. al., 2018. Prospective, cluster-randomized trial to implement the ottawa
model for smoking cessation in diabetes education programs in Ontario, Canada.
Diabetes care. 41(3). pp.406-412.
An, D. and et .al., 2019. Preoperative smoking cessation as part of surgical prehabilitation.
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie. 66(4). pp.476-479.
Al Onezi, H. and et al., 2018. The impact of social media-based support groups on smoking
relapse prevention in Saudi Arabia. Computer methods and programs in biomedicine.
159. pp.135-143.
Whitehouse, E. and et. al., 2018. A systematic review of the effectiveness of smoking cessation
interventions among patients with tuberculosis. Public health action. 8(2). pp.37-49.
Bovill, M. and et. al., 2018. Collective and negotiated design for a clinical trial addressing
smoking cessation supports for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mothers in NSW,
SA and Qld–developing a pilot study. Australian Journal of Primary Health. 23(6).
pp.497-503.
Duncan, L. R., Pearson, E. S. and Maddison, R., 2018. Smoking prevention in children and
adolescents: A systematic review of individualized interventions. Patient education and
counselling. 101(3). pp.375-388.
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