FND3003 - Research: Impact of Heart Disease and Stroke in UK Elderly

This research proposal abstract investigates the impact of heart disease and stroke on the elderly population in the UK. It outlines the background, research aim, objectives, and questions related to understanding the prevalence, causes, and effects of these conditions among older adults. The literature review examines existing research on the concept of heart disease and stroke, their causes and effects, and strategies for minimizing their impact. The proposal details the methodology, including search strategies, databases, sampling methods, and ethical considerations. The anticipated findings aim to provide validated information on heart disease and stroke as chronic diseases with significant risk factors for the elderly, emphasizing the importance of intervention strategies to minimize their impact. The study uses a mixed-methods approach to gather comprehensive data for the selected topics.

RESEARCH
PROPOSAL

ABSTRACT
Heart disease is usually described as a range of situations or conditions that affect the functions
of the heart and reduced the capability and abilities of the heart to perform its usual functions.
Moreover, heart disease is a wide concept that includes various factors such as blood vessels
disease which majorly include coronary artery disease, heart defect problems, or the issues which
are known as arrhythmias and also it is associated with child born diseases that should affect the
heart is also called as congenital heart defects. Moreover, it is very essential to understand the
sequence and complications of heart disease which made usually associated with older age
people due to various causes and create a wide range of complications and risk factors for the
individual. In addition to this, stroke also works as the factor of heart disease where the supply of
blood is usually reduced or restricted for the brain. In this, the occurrence raised the issue with
the brain tissue from getting enough oxygen and nutrient in order to perform their functions. The
brain cells usually start to die due to insufficient amount of oxygen as per this the situation of
stroke arises.

Table of Contents
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................................................2
TITLE..............................................................................................................................................4
BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................5
RESEARCH AIM............................................................................................................................5
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE..............................................................................................................5
RESEARCH QUESTIONS.............................................................................................................5
RATIONALE OF THE RESEARCH..............................................................................................5
LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................................7
Concept of heart disease and stroke among the old age people in the UK............................7
Causes and effect of heart disease and stroke among old age people in the UK...................7
Ways or strategies used to minimize heart disease and stroke among old age people in the UK
................................................................................................................................................8
METHOD AND METHODOLOGIES............................................................................................9
Search strategy........................................................................................................................9
Database used.........................................................................................................................9
Sampling method....................................................................................................................9
Research method....................................................................................................................9
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION.......................................................................................................9
FINDING.......................................................................................................................................11
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................12
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................13

TITLE
“Impact of heart disease and stroke among the old age people in the UK”

BACKGROUND
Heart disease elaborates a wide range of situations that usually restrict and affect heart disease
usually including coronary artery disease, arrhythmia, heart valve disease of the heart muscles,
and heart infections. Moreover, several heart diseases are usually prevented and treated with the
choices of healthy lifestyles. Whereas, stroke is also a component of heart disease that usually
occurs due to an insufficient amount of oxygen that is transported to the brain which causes the
damage of brain cells and arise the situation of stroke. Moreover, it is complicated and term as a
medical emergency for those who are facing such kind of situation the issues of heart disease and
stroke are usually analyzed within the older age people among the UK. In addition to this, there
are facing such type of situation due to complications of various diseases such as diabetes,
hypertension, and many more which works as a catalyst to enhance the condition or situation of
heart disease and stroke among older is people (Al-Mallah and et. al., 2018).
RESEARCH AIM
“To understand the impact of heart disease and stroke among the old age people in the UK”
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
 To analyze the concept of heart disease and stroke among old age people in the UK.
 To examine the causes and effects of heart disease and stroke among old age people in
the UK.
 To evaluate the ways or strategies used to minimize heart disease and stroke among old-
age people in the UK.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
 What is the concept of heart disease and stroke among old age people in the UK?
 What are the causes and effects of heart disease and stroke among old age people in the
UK?
 What are the ways or strategies used to minimize heart disease and stroke among old-age
people in the UK?
RATIONALE OF THE RESEARCH
The rationale of the research is usually helpful to play a vital role in the development of
knowledge and skills which is required for professional and personal development. In addition to

this, the knowledge regards with heart disease and stroke is beneficial for the courses in order to
enhance the professional aspect within the healthcare setting. The concept, causes, and
intervention are essential approaches with the reference of knowledge to acquire professional
development. Therefore, this knowledge is useful for personal development when such a
situation arises on a personal level. Moreover, the research is beneficial to gain some of the
knowledge regards with heart disease and stroke with support and create learning for
professional and personal development.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Concept of heart disease and stroke among the old age people in the UK
The concept of heart disease and stroke among older is people are associated with the
various causes and risks that they are facing from the previous years. In addition, adults age 65
and older are more likely than younger people to suffer from cardiovascular disease. This is a
problem that they are facing in that related to the heart blood vessels. Aging is usually a cause
that changes the functions of the heart and blood vessels which may enhance the individual risk
for the developing of heart disease and stroke. They are some of the causes which are responsible
for heart disease in older age people. In this, statistic shows that 80% of the people are usually
facing the type of heart disease at the age of 65 or older. Enhancing age is one of the strongest
predictors of heart disease, there are some of the factors that usually contribute to the risk factor
of heart disease that is mainly include high blood pressure which is also called hypertension,
diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, smoking, obesity, alcoholism, and lack of exercises (Bai and et.
al., 2018).
Stroke is also a factor that contributed among the older is people in answering the rate of
mortality. In addition, stroke is prevalent in elderly individuals. Therefore, 66% of the
hospitalized cases are people over the age of 65, and more than many are stroke survivors who
can recover functional independence. The statistic shows that 25% are usually left with a minor
disability and the rest 40% are usually experience moderate to high-risk disability (Bangalore
and et. al., 2020).
Causes and effect of heart disease and stroke among old age people in the UK
High blood pressure and high cholesterol: High blood pressure or hypertension is the major risk
factor for heart disease and stroke because it is usually damaging the arteries and making them
more acceptable for the development of plaque which narrows down the arteries that lead to the
heart and brain. In addition, high cholesterol is also responsible for heart disease and stroke and
it also affects the person for the risk of heart disease because the excess cholesterol is usually
building the wall within the arteries and restrict the flow of blood to a person's heart, brain,
kidney, and another associated organ.
Diabetes: In old age people, diabetes is usually enhancing the risk of two to three times are more
likely to die with the factor of heart disease or have a stroke. Moreover, the high blood sugar

from diabetes can damage the blood vessels and the heart and also have an ability to block the
blood vessels which leads to creating issues with the brain and raise the causes of stroke
(Chokshi and et. al., 2018).
Smoking: Smoking is the major cause of heart disease and stroke that can damage the body in
several ways. It includes raising triglyceride and lowering the high-density lipoprotein making
the blood sticky and creating the tendency of clotting which can block the blood flow. Moreover,
they also damage the cell associated with the blood vessels and cause the narrowing of blood
vessels that create issues with the function of the heart and brain.
Obesity, unhealthy diet, and physical inactivity: People with the overweight are more acceptable
for the increased risk of heart disease and stroke and their usual risk factors include high blood
pressure, high cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high triglyceride, and many
more. In addition to this, a healthy diet is also responsible for the older age people to chance of
getting heart disease and poor physical activity may also create complications with the people
that are most affected with the heart disease (Jae and et. al., 2021).
Ways or strategies used to minimize heart disease and stroke among old age people in the UK
To reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke, it is essential to know the risk when the
person is 40–75-year-old then they must check their regular exercise and intake of food to reduce
the risk factor by improving the proper lifestyle changes. In addition to this, eat a healthy diet
and try to be physically active. Moreover, the best way to stay healthy prevents disease and age
well at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous
activity are conducted for the self-fitness that reduce the complications of heart disease and
stroke. Therefore, trying to do not smoke and do not use any tobacco product is also an aspect
that reduces the complications and way to enhance the quality of health. Moreover, take
medicines as per the prescription of the doctor which helps to control cholesterol, blood sugar,
and blood pressure. These all are some of the ways which are helpful in the old age people to
reduce to minimize the risk factor which is associated with heart disease and stroke (Key and et.
al., 2019).

METHOD AND METHODOLOGIES
Search strategy
In this research, the major search strategies are used to follow in order to collect the data from
PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and many more. It is helpful to gather and extract more
information and data for the chosen topic which is heart disease and stroke.
Database used
The major database which is used for the collection and selection of data is associated with
PubMed Central, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and many CINHAL. They play a helpful role to
collect a wide range of information that is reliable and validated for the research construction. In
this, all databases will be used for the further continuation of research (Oesterle and Liao, 2019)
(Paynter and et. al., 2018).
Sampling method.
Simple random sampling: Simple random sampling is an appropriate sampling method for the
research process because the participants are usually selected from the different demographics
which include ages, race, religion, lifestyles that provide the effective unpredicted outcome of
the finding for the research.
Research method
Mixed method: To process the research, it is very essential to choose some of the methods that
are helpful to collect and extract the data. There are two types of research methods which include
qualitative and quantitative that are configured during the research process. The qualitative is
helpful to provide concept, description, and many more. Whereas, the quantitative research
method is usually focused on statistics, numbers, and data with the help of graphs. Within this
research, the mixed method will be taken for the continuation of the project because it acquires
qualitative and quantitative methods for the gathering of data information for the selected topics
(Talaei and et. al., 2019).
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
While conducting the research, the ethical consideration will be followed for maintaining the
research ethics and values. In addition, the ethical consideration in research is a set of principles
that help to guide the design and practices of research. Moreover, the principles are usually

associated with voluntary participation, informed consent, confidentiality and privacy, and many
more which create ethical consideration while conducting the research.

FINDING
The outcome or finding is reliable and validated with the study with the various information that
provides an aspect that heart disease and stroke are usually defined as chronic diseases. In
addition, they have various causes and complications which may arise as risk factors for old age
people. There are various complications and risk factor which is also associated with the person
that creates a life-threatening situation when the complication is constantly increasing as per
their rate. In this, the proper intervention or the strategies are used to take in in order to minimize
the situation or condition among the old age people for the heart disease and stroke.
Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions are usually approached by a doctor or
physician in order to manage the condition of heart disease and stroke among older people. The
choice of a healthy lifestyle is also an approach that is suggested by some doctors to improve the
quality of life and provide a standard of living (Yu and et. al., 2020).

CONCLUSION
As per the above discussion, it is well analyzed that heart disease and stroke is usually
referred to as chronic disease for the older age people moreover they create various complication
this factor with the older age people due to the various causes which include hypertension
diabetes, and healthy diet inappropriate physical activity which work as the main reason to
enhance the risk of heart disease and stroke among the old age people the poor lifestyle is also a
factor which included for the rising risk of heart disease and stroke among the old age people in
the UK the intervention and strategies which focus on the pharmacological action that includes
intake of medication with the proper prescription with the doctor and takes proper healthy diet
that includes sufficient amount of sodium and potassium nutrition vitamins and much more play
a functional role for the brain and heart.