Dissertation: A Theoretical Analysis of Heathrow Expansion Impacts
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Thesis and Dissertation
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This dissertation provides a theoretical analysis of the impacts of Heathrow expansion, focusing on the social, environmental, and economic implications. It examines the problem statement concerning the indifference of project agents towards potential issues for people near the airport. The expansion of Heathrow, already Europe's busiest airport, is expected to increase air traffic and boost the local and national economy, but it also raises concerns about non-compliance with EU aviation emission policies and increased greenhouse gas emissions. The research delves into the economic benefits, such as job creation and revenue generation, while also addressing the social and environmental costs, including displacement, pollution, and global warming. The study considers the National Policy Statement and scholarly perspectives to evaluate the pros and cons of the expansion, aiming to understand the impediments faced by commuters and aviation officers and providing recommendations for mitigating negative impacts.

Running head: IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Impact of Heathrow Expansion: A Theoretical Analysis
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Impact of Heathrow Expansion: A Theoretical Analysis
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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
ABSTRACT
Developmental and Modernization activities have always been at the cost of the freedom and
rights of the citizens, and humanity at large. The enigmatic promises of some bright and brand
new innovation in form of a precious gift to eased up the lifestyle with an added touch of
glamour and pomp to it is so alluring that the underlying problems associated with it are more
often than not ignored, rather deliberately overlooked. The economic factor attached to the entire
process is something, which governs the entire process. Due to the execution of the machinations
of the nexus between the private enterprises and the government, the simple concerns of the
people of the country are jeopardized. This dissertation is thus based on how such quantitatively
measureable expressions of development is proving to be detrimental to the lives of people. For
the purpose of analysis and reviewing, the project on expansion of the Heathrow Airport at
London shall be taken up and discussed at length. In the list of one of the major, and one of the
busiest airports in the world, the Heathrow Airport of London finds a place in the top ranks. With
each passing year, the rate of traffic is also increasing rapidly, and so is the case for the inflow
and outflow of people from the country. This has necessitated the need for expanding the
infrastructural facilities of the airport in order to broaden the accommodative capacities for both
the aircrafts as well as for the people. This comes at the cost of displacing and dispossessing
people of their liberties. How has this taken place, in what proportion, and in what ways it is
affecting the people of the region surrounding the airport shall be scrutinized and based on it
some recommendations shall be provided.
IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
ABSTRACT
Developmental and Modernization activities have always been at the cost of the freedom and
rights of the citizens, and humanity at large. The enigmatic promises of some bright and brand
new innovation in form of a precious gift to eased up the lifestyle with an added touch of
glamour and pomp to it is so alluring that the underlying problems associated with it are more
often than not ignored, rather deliberately overlooked. The economic factor attached to the entire
process is something, which governs the entire process. Due to the execution of the machinations
of the nexus between the private enterprises and the government, the simple concerns of the
people of the country are jeopardized. This dissertation is thus based on how such quantitatively
measureable expressions of development is proving to be detrimental to the lives of people. For
the purpose of analysis and reviewing, the project on expansion of the Heathrow Airport at
London shall be taken up and discussed at length. In the list of one of the major, and one of the
busiest airports in the world, the Heathrow Airport of London finds a place in the top ranks. With
each passing year, the rate of traffic is also increasing rapidly, and so is the case for the inflow
and outflow of people from the country. This has necessitated the need for expanding the
infrastructural facilities of the airport in order to broaden the accommodative capacities for both
the aircrafts as well as for the people. This comes at the cost of displacing and dispossessing
people of their liberties. How has this taken place, in what proportion, and in what ways it is
affecting the people of the region surrounding the airport shall be scrutinized and based on it
some recommendations shall be provided.

2
IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................5
1.1 Problem Statement.................................................................................................................8
1.2 Research Aims and Objectives............................................................................................10
1.3 Research Questions..............................................................................................................11
1.4 Structure of the Research.....................................................................................................11
Chapter 2: Literature Review.........................................................................................................12
2.1 Introduction to Literature Review.......................................................................................12
2.2 Environmental aspects of the harmful impacts of the airport expansion.............................15
2.3 Impact of the extension on nature, wildlife and humans....................................................16
2.4 Analysis of the extension according to Accumulation by dispossession theory................18
2.5 Planning process of the National Policy Statement 2018....................................................19
2.6 Positive economic impacts of the expansion planning........................................................20
2.7 Outcome of the establishment of new runway at Heathrow Airport...................................22
2.8 Runway development and its impact on global phenomenon.............................................22
2.9 Socio-Cultural Impacts of the Runway extension project...................................................25
2.10 Increase in emission and its consequences.......................................................................29
2.11 Airport Expansion as Capitalist form of Urbanization......................................................32
Chapter 3: Research Methodology................................................................................................33
3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................33
IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction....................................................................................................................5
1.1 Problem Statement.................................................................................................................8
1.2 Research Aims and Objectives............................................................................................10
1.3 Research Questions..............................................................................................................11
1.4 Structure of the Research.....................................................................................................11
Chapter 2: Literature Review.........................................................................................................12
2.1 Introduction to Literature Review.......................................................................................12
2.2 Environmental aspects of the harmful impacts of the airport expansion.............................15
2.3 Impact of the extension on nature, wildlife and humans....................................................16
2.4 Analysis of the extension according to Accumulation by dispossession theory................18
2.5 Planning process of the National Policy Statement 2018....................................................19
2.6 Positive economic impacts of the expansion planning........................................................20
2.7 Outcome of the establishment of new runway at Heathrow Airport...................................22
2.8 Runway development and its impact on global phenomenon.............................................22
2.9 Socio-Cultural Impacts of the Runway extension project...................................................25
2.10 Increase in emission and its consequences.......................................................................29
2.11 Airport Expansion as Capitalist form of Urbanization......................................................32
Chapter 3: Research Methodology................................................................................................33
3.1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................33
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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
3.2 Research philosophy............................................................................................................34
3.3 Research approach...............................................................................................................34
3.4 Research Design..................................................................................................................34
3.5 Data collection process........................................................................................................35
3.6 Data Analysis.......................................................................................................................35
3.7 Ethical Consideration...........................................................................................................36
3.8 Accessibility issues..............................................................................................................36
Chapter Four: Data Analysis and Findings....................................................................................36
4.1 Theme 1: Social Implications..............................................................................................36
4.2 Theme 2: Environmental Implications................................................................................37
4.3 Theme 3: Economic Implication.........................................................................................38
4.4 Theme 4: Implementation of government policies..............................................................39
4.5 Findings...............................................................................................................................39
Chapter Five: Conclusion..............................................................................................................41
5.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................41
5.2 Recommendations................................................................................................................43
5.3 Contribution to Literature....................................................................................................44
5.4 Scope for Future Research...................................................................................................44
References......................................................................................................................................46
Appendix........................................................................................................................................51
IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
3.2 Research philosophy............................................................................................................34
3.3 Research approach...............................................................................................................34
3.4 Research Design..................................................................................................................34
3.5 Data collection process........................................................................................................35
3.6 Data Analysis.......................................................................................................................35
3.7 Ethical Consideration...........................................................................................................36
3.8 Accessibility issues..............................................................................................................36
Chapter Four: Data Analysis and Findings....................................................................................36
4.1 Theme 1: Social Implications..............................................................................................36
4.2 Theme 2: Environmental Implications................................................................................37
4.3 Theme 3: Economic Implication.........................................................................................38
4.4 Theme 4: Implementation of government policies..............................................................39
4.5 Findings...............................................................................................................................39
Chapter Five: Conclusion..............................................................................................................41
5.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................41
5.2 Recommendations................................................................................................................43
5.3 Contribution to Literature....................................................................................................44
5.4 Scope for Future Research...................................................................................................44
References......................................................................................................................................46
Appendix........................................................................................................................................51
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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS

5
IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Chapter 1: Introduction
The extremely busy airports in the United Kingdom had to handle the issues of serving
the commuters as well as the consumers who fell within the framework of list of passenger. The
airports in the United Kingdom have helped in maintaining a strong competition and also
offering lower pricing that are advantageous for all the passengers (Osborne 2015). The issue in
question is regarding the Heathrow airport and the issues pertaining to its social, cultural and
economic implications. The Heathrow airport has been the connecting airport and also the hub
airport that helps in bringing people from across the globe, along with helping them in their
trading endeavors. The airport has both economic as well as cultural importance as this airport
initiates connectivity as well as helps in connecting people. The airport helps in being a
stop/short-haul airport, which is treated as a route of commute for the people of United Kingdom
(Griggs and Howarth 2018).
Expansion of trade dimension depends largely on the expansion of the air transport and
for that new and improved air traffic needs to be maintain. More and more flights are essential to
be used as carriers of passengers and logistics, thus increasing connectivity automatically. The
growing economies will shot up due to the rapid expansion of new routes shall be added (Smith
2017). The Government has a big role to play and it shall make plans to regulate policies that
will help in expansion. The other countries will benefit highly from the growing expansion as
there will be more connectivity and also there shall be more improved air links that shall be
established with the help of the Government’s initiative. As per the directives of The Airports
Commission’s interim report, it is essential to expand the airports as there is congestion and
keeping in mind the growing congestion, it is essential to expand and also device better policies
to take into account the market implications (Griggs and Howarth 2018).
IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Chapter 1: Introduction
The extremely busy airports in the United Kingdom had to handle the issues of serving
the commuters as well as the consumers who fell within the framework of list of passenger. The
airports in the United Kingdom have helped in maintaining a strong competition and also
offering lower pricing that are advantageous for all the passengers (Osborne 2015). The issue in
question is regarding the Heathrow airport and the issues pertaining to its social, cultural and
economic implications. The Heathrow airport has been the connecting airport and also the hub
airport that helps in bringing people from across the globe, along with helping them in their
trading endeavors. The airport has both economic as well as cultural importance as this airport
initiates connectivity as well as helps in connecting people. The airport helps in being a
stop/short-haul airport, which is treated as a route of commute for the people of United Kingdom
(Griggs and Howarth 2018).
Expansion of trade dimension depends largely on the expansion of the air transport and
for that new and improved air traffic needs to be maintain. More and more flights are essential to
be used as carriers of passengers and logistics, thus increasing connectivity automatically. The
growing economies will shot up due to the rapid expansion of new routes shall be added (Smith
2017). The Government has a big role to play and it shall make plans to regulate policies that
will help in expansion. The other countries will benefit highly from the growing expansion as
there will be more connectivity and also there shall be more improved air links that shall be
established with the help of the Government’s initiative. As per the directives of The Airports
Commission’s interim report, it is essential to expand the airports as there is congestion and
keeping in mind the growing congestion, it is essential to expand and also device better policies
to take into account the market implications (Griggs and Howarth 2018).
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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Certain factors should be undertaken for handling the matter airport expansions. The
expansion also affects the ticket prices and the impact is significantly higher in cases on the
customers who are flying into the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom. The airport expansion will
also impact air connectivity and there arises issues relating to the direct connections that the
airports aim to establish in case of people flying to and fro United Kingdom. If there is a
connectivity issue that should be also part of the analysis, the choices that arises out of flying, is
better suited to meet the demands of the Heathrow than Gatwick. There are main two economic
implications of the airport expansion- one way is the method to manage cargo as well as
passengers and the implication is a business purpose. The business effects of the expansion are
very positive as they open many arenas for commerce. There are many environmental issues to
be dealt with like noise and air pollution (Parker 1971.). The airport expansion will have an
adverse impact on the environment and might also be one of the reasons in aiding global
warming. Protecting the environment is one of the key challenges that should be faced by every
Government and therefore along with improvising the aviation conditions, it is also important to
ensure that environment along with the societal implications of the expansion are addressed
(Griggs and Howarth 2016).
Initiation of employment and boosting economic activity requires improved air transport
and airports in a modern state. The expansion will help in increasing employment as more people
find ways to find employment options in the aviation industry. This is a direct impact of airport
expansion. On the other hand, there are some indirect impacts of the expansion as the airports are
placed at the top of the supply chain along with retail, employment that are related to the aviation
industry. The supply chain helps in advancing the interests of the consumers who take part in the
consumer chain and therefore it has an indirect economic impact. There are also multiplier
IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
Certain factors should be undertaken for handling the matter airport expansions. The
expansion also affects the ticket prices and the impact is significantly higher in cases on the
customers who are flying into the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom. The airport expansion will
also impact air connectivity and there arises issues relating to the direct connections that the
airports aim to establish in case of people flying to and fro United Kingdom. If there is a
connectivity issue that should be also part of the analysis, the choices that arises out of flying, is
better suited to meet the demands of the Heathrow than Gatwick. There are main two economic
implications of the airport expansion- one way is the method to manage cargo as well as
passengers and the implication is a business purpose. The business effects of the expansion are
very positive as they open many arenas for commerce. There are many environmental issues to
be dealt with like noise and air pollution (Parker 1971.). The airport expansion will have an
adverse impact on the environment and might also be one of the reasons in aiding global
warming. Protecting the environment is one of the key challenges that should be faced by every
Government and therefore along with improvising the aviation conditions, it is also important to
ensure that environment along with the societal implications of the expansion are addressed
(Griggs and Howarth 2016).
Initiation of employment and boosting economic activity requires improved air transport
and airports in a modern state. The expansion will help in increasing employment as more people
find ways to find employment options in the aviation industry. This is a direct impact of airport
expansion. On the other hand, there are some indirect impacts of the expansion as the airports are
placed at the top of the supply chain along with retail, employment that are related to the aviation
industry. The supply chain helps in advancing the interests of the consumers who take part in the
consumer chain and therefore it has an indirect economic impact. There are also multiplier
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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
effects of the supply chain that further advances the economic interests as the disposable income
that is earned through the above-mentioned effect helps in further financing. Along with the
environmental downsides, there are some economic impediments to the entire Heathrow
expansion plan and therefore, the aim of the research shall be to understand the economic, social
and the environmental impediments that are faced by the commuters and the aviation officers.
The western wedge along the Heathrow is famous for the bustling economy and they have a
strong and robust economy, which contribute to a wide range of economic benefits along with
giving employment options. There is more to the airport expansion other than the concept of
economics and therefore, it is essential to point out that the expansions will have a direct effect
on the passengers along with the freight members that are widely affected by the aviation
industry and its principles.
The expansion of the airport would deliver many economic benefits, however, from the
perspective of social and environmental issues, there will be wider implications in the future. The
research will study the various implications of the expansion and study the policy regime that has
to be taken into consideration to study the impacts on the private individuals. By studying the
National Policy Statement that was the basis for studying the consultation that have helped in
devising the plan as well as the draft, which forms the basis for analysis and examination.. The
perspective of scholars and academicians should be taken into consideration for evaluating the
pros and cons of expanding the Heathrow airport.
The expansion of the airport would undoubtedly affect the environment while giving a
boost to the social and economic aspect of the nation; both of which must be taken into
consideration. The complexities that arise out of the project should be studied and read in the
light of the operational issues that arises out of the runway plan and the key management issues
IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
effects of the supply chain that further advances the economic interests as the disposable income
that is earned through the above-mentioned effect helps in further financing. Along with the
environmental downsides, there are some economic impediments to the entire Heathrow
expansion plan and therefore, the aim of the research shall be to understand the economic, social
and the environmental impediments that are faced by the commuters and the aviation officers.
The western wedge along the Heathrow is famous for the bustling economy and they have a
strong and robust economy, which contribute to a wide range of economic benefits along with
giving employment options. There is more to the airport expansion other than the concept of
economics and therefore, it is essential to point out that the expansions will have a direct effect
on the passengers along with the freight members that are widely affected by the aviation
industry and its principles.
The expansion of the airport would deliver many economic benefits, however, from the
perspective of social and environmental issues, there will be wider implications in the future. The
research will study the various implications of the expansion and study the policy regime that has
to be taken into consideration to study the impacts on the private individuals. By studying the
National Policy Statement that was the basis for studying the consultation that have helped in
devising the plan as well as the draft, which forms the basis for analysis and examination.. The
perspective of scholars and academicians should be taken into consideration for evaluating the
pros and cons of expanding the Heathrow airport.
The expansion of the airport would undoubtedly affect the environment while giving a
boost to the social and economic aspect of the nation; both of which must be taken into
consideration. The complexities that arise out of the project should be studied and read in the
light of the operational issues that arises out of the runway plan and the key management issues

8
IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
that should have been undertaken to avoid the issues that accrued because of the plan of the
Government.
1.1 Problem Statement
The central question or the problem statement, which has motivated the research work is
that it has a factor of morality and social concern. The aim therefore has been to provide an
account of the indifference of the agents involved in the project towards the problems that could
pose for the people at safe proximity to the airport complex. As it is that there is no dearth of
issues centering the Heathrow Airport, on top of that the expansion is expected to add more fuel
to the fire. The Heathrow Airport is the busiest airport of the entire continent of Europe (Morrell
2016) . The air traffic that arrives at and departs from there is way more than that of two other
major cities of Continental Europe, Frankfurt and Paris combined and calculated. The Heathrow
handles that excruciatingly high level of air traffic with just two functional runways, hence the
need to accommodate the increasing level of air traffic has to be met by building a third runway
(Forsyth 2016). By that, it is expected that the local economy shall be flourishing as the project
shall be creating more opportunities for seeking employment. Not only that, the national
economy is also expected to earn more revenues in form of custom duties, sourced from the
departure and arrival of carriers from various countries of the world. All the leading global
airlines have London in their itinerary, and the paving of the third runway shall be attracting
more flights to the city (Griggs and Howarth 2016). From the economic perspective, it is indeed
quite lucrative and at the same time, it has also made the common people pay a hefty price for it.
The London Heathrow Airport is already guilty of non-compliance with the European
Union Policy on Aviation Emissions (Heyes, 2016). On top of that, the doubling of the number
of flights to the city shall be increasing the level of harmful emissions, mainly owing to the
IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
that should have been undertaken to avoid the issues that accrued because of the plan of the
Government.
1.1 Problem Statement
The central question or the problem statement, which has motivated the research work is
that it has a factor of morality and social concern. The aim therefore has been to provide an
account of the indifference of the agents involved in the project towards the problems that could
pose for the people at safe proximity to the airport complex. As it is that there is no dearth of
issues centering the Heathrow Airport, on top of that the expansion is expected to add more fuel
to the fire. The Heathrow Airport is the busiest airport of the entire continent of Europe (Morrell
2016) . The air traffic that arrives at and departs from there is way more than that of two other
major cities of Continental Europe, Frankfurt and Paris combined and calculated. The Heathrow
handles that excruciatingly high level of air traffic with just two functional runways, hence the
need to accommodate the increasing level of air traffic has to be met by building a third runway
(Forsyth 2016). By that, it is expected that the local economy shall be flourishing as the project
shall be creating more opportunities for seeking employment. Not only that, the national
economy is also expected to earn more revenues in form of custom duties, sourced from the
departure and arrival of carriers from various countries of the world. All the leading global
airlines have London in their itinerary, and the paving of the third runway shall be attracting
more flights to the city (Griggs and Howarth 2016). From the economic perspective, it is indeed
quite lucrative and at the same time, it has also made the common people pay a hefty price for it.
The London Heathrow Airport is already guilty of non-compliance with the European
Union Policy on Aviation Emissions (Heyes, 2016). On top of that, the doubling of the number
of flights to the city shall be increasing the level of harmful emissions, mainly owing to the
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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
release of carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. These are quite harmful greenhouse gases, which
contribute immensely to the phenomenon of global warming. The level of emissions is expected
to rise up to 50 percentage if the construction of the new runway is accomplished (Hayde 2014).
The government is however not very keen on implementing any limit to the level of emissions.
The justification provided by the government very clearly states that the level of emissions is
unlikely to be reduced and that is inevitable given the rate of air traffic the accomplishment of
the project is expected to incur. However, alternatives can be thought about which shall be safe
and eco-friendly usage of fuels in the air carriers. Several environment friendly lobbies and
specifically the Green Party of the United Kingdom, along with some NGOs and Nature Lovers
have launched protests against the developmental project of the government showing concerns
about the environmental issues citing the global nature of climatic changes (Griggs and Howarth
2017).
Undoubtedly, this particular developmental project shall be causing displacement at a
massive rate. From the collected verbal accounts of the local residents as mentioned in the
previously conducted researches, they are likely to be made to unduly compromise with their
living spaces; it becomes very clear that they are definitely not at all satisfied with the expansion
of the airport. They hold it to be a cause of massive loss to the localized vibrant culture having its
own history and most importantly a community bonding with the neighbours. Some residents
who have been living over for years now have developed a sense of emotional attachment to the
place.
The aspect of air pollution has already been discussed in the previous section. Noise
pollution is another form of environmental menace that is inextricable attached to airports and a
part of the daily lives of people living in vicinity to airports. The residents however seemed quite
IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
release of carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. These are quite harmful greenhouse gases, which
contribute immensely to the phenomenon of global warming. The level of emissions is expected
to rise up to 50 percentage if the construction of the new runway is accomplished (Hayde 2014).
The government is however not very keen on implementing any limit to the level of emissions.
The justification provided by the government very clearly states that the level of emissions is
unlikely to be reduced and that is inevitable given the rate of air traffic the accomplishment of
the project is expected to incur. However, alternatives can be thought about which shall be safe
and eco-friendly usage of fuels in the air carriers. Several environment friendly lobbies and
specifically the Green Party of the United Kingdom, along with some NGOs and Nature Lovers
have launched protests against the developmental project of the government showing concerns
about the environmental issues citing the global nature of climatic changes (Griggs and Howarth
2017).
Undoubtedly, this particular developmental project shall be causing displacement at a
massive rate. From the collected verbal accounts of the local residents as mentioned in the
previously conducted researches, they are likely to be made to unduly compromise with their
living spaces; it becomes very clear that they are definitely not at all satisfied with the expansion
of the airport. They hold it to be a cause of massive loss to the localized vibrant culture having its
own history and most importantly a community bonding with the neighbours. Some residents
who have been living over for years now have developed a sense of emotional attachment to the
place.
The aspect of air pollution has already been discussed in the previous section. Noise
pollution is another form of environmental menace that is inextricable attached to airports and a
part of the daily lives of people living in vicinity to airports. The residents however seemed quite
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IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
convinced of the fact that since they have chosen to live nearby to an airport, noise is something
which they cannot avoid. They said that their children and they themselves could not imagine life
without the sound of the airplanes, but what bothered them most was the displacement which the
developmental project entailed for each of them (Wolfe, Kramer and Barrett 2017). They were
definitely getting a good compensation in monetary terms, which shall enable them to purchase a
new house and live well, but the emotions were something which none could equate with
anything, not even with money (Gudmundsson, Paleari and Redondi 2014).
The Government of the United Kingdom definitely has an alternative method of
augmenting the accessibility related facilities but it is however reluctant to do so. Opting for
other choices are likely to debar the prospects of the airport holding the rank of being the busiest
airport of Europe. The major air carriers that arrive and depart from the city are from destinations
which are not in Europe. Only a meagre 20 percentage of the total flights from all over Europe
function from the Heathrow Airport, naturally the need for building a third runway is not at all
necessary (Irvine et al. 2016). The government could have rather invested in railways connecting
Heathrow to the rest of Europe, but it chose to do instead. Railways too would have generated
employment opportunities and that would have not been detrimental to the environment, and the
rate of displacement too would not been as grave as the paving of the third runway is (Hayden
2014).
These are the pressing issues attached to the expansion project. Based on these problems,
an evaluative judgment of the project is being presented through the dissertation.
1.2 Research Aims and Objectives
The aims and objectives for this research are as follows:
IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
convinced of the fact that since they have chosen to live nearby to an airport, noise is something
which they cannot avoid. They said that their children and they themselves could not imagine life
without the sound of the airplanes, but what bothered them most was the displacement which the
developmental project entailed for each of them (Wolfe, Kramer and Barrett 2017). They were
definitely getting a good compensation in monetary terms, which shall enable them to purchase a
new house and live well, but the emotions were something which none could equate with
anything, not even with money (Gudmundsson, Paleari and Redondi 2014).
The Government of the United Kingdom definitely has an alternative method of
augmenting the accessibility related facilities but it is however reluctant to do so. Opting for
other choices are likely to debar the prospects of the airport holding the rank of being the busiest
airport of Europe. The major air carriers that arrive and depart from the city are from destinations
which are not in Europe. Only a meagre 20 percentage of the total flights from all over Europe
function from the Heathrow Airport, naturally the need for building a third runway is not at all
necessary (Irvine et al. 2016). The government could have rather invested in railways connecting
Heathrow to the rest of Europe, but it chose to do instead. Railways too would have generated
employment opportunities and that would have not been detrimental to the environment, and the
rate of displacement too would not been as grave as the paving of the third runway is (Hayden
2014).
These are the pressing issues attached to the expansion project. Based on these problems,
an evaluative judgment of the project is being presented through the dissertation.
1.2 Research Aims and Objectives
The aims and objectives for this research are as follows:

11
IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
To understand the economic, environmental and societal implications of the
Heathrow airport expansion
To assess the factors that led to the Governmental policy implementation and its
impact related to the airport expansion.
1.3 Research Questions
What are the economic, environmental and societal implications that arises out of
the airport expansion?
What are the factors that led to the implementation of the government policies and
their impacts in relation to the airport expansion?
1.4 Structure of the Research
The presentation of the entire dissertation paper has been divided into total five sections.
The introductory sections in a very brief manner intimates the issue and its fundamentals, which
makes the reader aware of what the dissertation intends to convey.
Following that is the section dedicated to the literature review. In the second section, an
account of the issues, which had already been addressed by scholars in previously conducted,
works shall be provided on the basis of the readings referred to pertaining to the broad topic. An
analysis and statement of the perspectives addressed by them have been provided for readers to
get a hint of the areas harped upon already. That step is important in the sense that it had
contributed massively in shaping the research question of this particular dissertation. Based on
the literature review, it has been deduced that none of the scholars have tried to look at it from a
Neo- Marxist perspective. Nor have any of them tried to investigate into the social and the
emotional aspect of the problems entailed in the research project. They have however provided
extensive details about the economic affairs attached to the research project. Hence, this
IMPACT OF HEATHROW EXPANSION: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS
To understand the economic, environmental and societal implications of the
Heathrow airport expansion
To assess the factors that led to the Governmental policy implementation and its
impact related to the airport expansion.
1.3 Research Questions
What are the economic, environmental and societal implications that arises out of
the airport expansion?
What are the factors that led to the implementation of the government policies and
their impacts in relation to the airport expansion?
1.4 Structure of the Research
The presentation of the entire dissertation paper has been divided into total five sections.
The introductory sections in a very brief manner intimates the issue and its fundamentals, which
makes the reader aware of what the dissertation intends to convey.
Following that is the section dedicated to the literature review. In the second section, an
account of the issues, which had already been addressed by scholars in previously conducted,
works shall be provided on the basis of the readings referred to pertaining to the broad topic. An
analysis and statement of the perspectives addressed by them have been provided for readers to
get a hint of the areas harped upon already. That step is important in the sense that it had
contributed massively in shaping the research question of this particular dissertation. Based on
the literature review, it has been deduced that none of the scholars have tried to look at it from a
Neo- Marxist perspective. Nor have any of them tried to investigate into the social and the
emotional aspect of the problems entailed in the research project. They have however provided
extensive details about the economic affairs attached to the research project. Hence, this
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