Environmental Risk Analysis: Heavy Metals in Kattedan Industrial Area

This report presents a comprehensive risk analysis of heavy metal contamination in the Kattedan Industrial Development Area (KIDA) in India. The study investigates the sources of heavy metal pollution, primarily from various industries including petrochemical, battery, and metal plating facilities, and assesses their impact on the environment, particularly soil and water bodies. The research addresses the health risks associated with exposure to heavy metals such as chromium, lead, zinc, cadmium, and magnesium, and their potential effects on human health. The study aims to determine the extent of contamination and identify potential remedies. The report also reviews the properties, uses, and health hazards associated with various heavy metals like aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, mercury, nickel, and lead. It highlights the importance of risk assessment in protecting the population from environmental hazards. The report concludes by emphasizing the need for preventive measures to mitigate the adverse effects of industrial pollution on the community.

Introduction
Environmental pollution caused by heavy metals occur in various ways. Contaminated soil with heavy
metals can be hazardous to the environment and cause health problems to the inhabitants. Metal
contamination can also have a diverse negative effect of the soil characteristics that may impede reactions
in the soil (Adeleken & Abegunde, 2011). This can result into a reduction of crop yield leading to food
shortage. As such, soil contamination have possible pathways that can lead to direct effect on humans.
Protecting the numerous pathways is therefore very important. Hence, carrying out the risk analysis can
help protect an entire population. Therefore, risk analysis is crucial in assessing the environment for
hazards caused by metals.
Kattedan Industrial Development Area (KIDA) is an industrial area in the city of Andhra Pradesh State,
India developed in 1983 by Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation (APIIC). The pollution control
board in New Delhi identified this place as one of the ecological disaster in history due to the vast
contamination of heavy metals in the area. KIDA houses around 450 – 500 industries that include both
large and small scale industries. It is reported that the major metal pollution in the area are petrochemical,
battery, oil refining, metal plating, electrode, glass, pharmaceutical, rubber, chemical paints and lead
extraction facilities (Agbaire & Oyibo, 2009). Wastes from these industries pollute the environment and
are visible on the soil surface and near river banks, causing major environmental pollution in the
surroundings and KIDA vicinity. Since heavy metals are insoluble, they are transported to unsaturated
areas, with potential reach to aquifers and drinking water wells.
Importance/Relevance of the theme
Studies done by other researchers explained the pollution status of the environmental segment of
Kattedan Industrial Development Area and the effluent discharges and metal concentration in water
bodies and soil around the area. However, there has been little effort on the health risks associated with
the heavy metals in KIDA. The present study reports some of the metal pollution concentration and
mobility that occur in environmental compartments, assessing the risks associated with the human
exposure pathways, evaluating and identifying the possible remedies.
Study area
Kattedan Industrial Development Area (KIDA) is located on 78◦ 27 31 E longitude and 17◦ 22 21
N latitude with an altitude of 571m above the sea level. KIDA is situated in non-municipal
region of Hyderabad. The site location is indicated in figure 1, along with the other 12 sampling
sites name as K1–K12.

Figure 1: site map showing the sampling sites for the study
The study site has a semi-arid climate. The geological formation are granites formed from
igneous rocks, which are easily weathered to sandy and silty soils. The site area is approximately
1.614km2 of residential land use, 0.133km2 is under plantation, 3.272km 2 is under industrial use,
and 3.963km2 under scrubland. Water body occupies approximately 1.460km2.
Research question
The environment that was pure continue to face pollution due to increased industrialization and
population growth. Likewise, land as a resource is constant yet the population is continuously growing
leading to overcrowded cities and towns. As a result, overcrowding leads to more waste disposal. This
wastes end up contaminating water bodies and soil especially from heavy metals.
In Kattedan, India, lack of proper management of the industrial area has lead into poor disposal of wastes
from industries leading to high contamination of heavy metals in the soil. Residents mainly rely on water
from rivers and wells which no have an accumulative effect of heavy metals. Some of the effects of heavy
metal contamination in KIDA area is the mental retardation and cancer illness among its population. This
effects have swindled the residents of their glory with stricken poverty being the order of the day due to
the high costs of treating some of these diseases. Unless preventive measures are taken to avert such
expense, the community at large will continue suffering at the expense of the industries. This study
therefore propose to determine the environmental risk analysis of heavy metal contamination, a case study
of industrial area of Kattedan in India.
Research objective
General objective
To determine the extent of heavy metal in soil around the industrial area of Kattedan in India

Specific objectives
To determine the level of chromium, lead, zinc, Cd, and magnesium in wells, dams and boreholes of
Kattedan in India.
Literature review
Dense Metals
A metal with a density or relative atomic weight is called a dense or heavy metal. These are
naturally occurring substances and make up about a dozen metalloids and metals, including
manganese and arsenic (Ahuja, 2009). Due to their non-degradability, they accumulate in the
environment, and when inadvertently consumed by humans penetrate their bodies. This might
cause ailments. Some including iron and zinc, also called trace elements, are required in small
amounts by living things and tend to naturally exist in foodstuffs but overexposure is dangerous.
Most are however dangerous even in small amounts.
People, through their pollution-causing activities, redistribute these toxic metals on land, water
and air. They do this after altering these substances such that they have a higher affinity to
biological organisms where they accumulate fast but are not excreted or metabolized as quickly.
Others like cadmium have been found to in specific conditions be useful. Because they are not
destroyable and their accumulation is endless, heavy metals are a serious peril to the
environment.
The Occurrence of Heavy Metals in Nature
They exist as elements or compounds, in solid, liquid or gas state. While moving through the
environment, they may at times interchange between the three states (Atiemo, et al., 2011). They
all originate from on or within the earth or water surface in gaseous, molten and colloidal forms.
Uses of Heavy Metals
They are raw materials in building materials, infrastructure and cars.
The anthropogenic sources of Heavy Metals
Heavy metal presence in soil has been researched in areas with industrial wastes, vehicle
emissions, mineral presence, and farming activities (Awokunmi, et al., 2010). They mostly
concentrate on the top layer of soil which is harmful t pant life, and in extension humans when it
gets into the food chain.
Human Exposure and Health Hazards associated with Heavy Metals

Exposure of people to heavy metals is inevitable and minimal exposure can normally be
controlled by the body. Prolonged exposure occurs due to inhaling suspended particles, contact
with skin, and soil, leads to sickness and possible death.
They accumulate in tissues, bones and nerves, and potentially cross to unborn children in
pregnant women (Beckhoff, et al., 2010). Children are affected most by heavy metals because of
their still maturing bodies, with the effects being more intense with prolonged exposure. The
apparent symptoms may be immediate or delayed.
When these metals make their way into the brain and nervous system, they impair development
and cause significant damage like memory loss.
Aluminium
Is abundant, though not in its elemental form, and has adverse effects on body cells when
consumed in large amounts (Begum, et al., 2009). Its use in cookware has however been found to
be safe. Excessive direct ingestion in forms like antacids has been directly linked to toxicity. It
causes illnesses like Alzheimer’s disease and neurological problems causing speech impairments
and poor memory.
Arsenic
It moves by means like volcanicity and exists naturally in a three states. It leads to environment
pollution due to mining, fossil fuels and inclusion in agricultural sprays.
Arsenic is a known carcinogen, and has been related to cases of lung and skin cancer in several
locations where coal burning and smelting are practiced, and where infected water is consumed.
Other illnesses associated with it include diabetes and hypertension (Delbari & Kulkarni, 2011).
Cadmium
Is a harmful element whose accumulation is due to human activities because it is not individually
mined. Its natural source is weathered rocks. It is gotten as a by-product of zinc smelting.
Its major use is in nickel-cadmium batteries, pigments and stabilizers in plastics, as well as a
nuclear fission controlling barrier.
Pollution by cadmium dust is mainly from metal plating. It is generally very toxic. Though
eventually removable from the body by excretion, it stays a long time in its bio-accumulated
position. It is actively adsorbed by soil, especially acidic ones, and consequently taken up by
plants like mushroom and seaweed and later humans (Hill, 2010).

It has been linked to lung cancer, osteoporosis, diarrhoea, infertility and renal dysfunction.
Smoking moves it to the lungs, and breathing it in can cause death. It also accumulates in the
liver and kidney.
Hazardous areas include metal refining industries and contaminated river waters.
Chromium
It is used in alloy and pigment form for paints, rubber, and other things. Even in small amounts it
is toxic enough to irritate the skin, and it in larger concentrations will damage the nerves, kidney
and lungs and weaken the immunity. Inhaling it will cause irritation and nose bleeding (Jia, et al.,
2010)
It is mainly ingested in foodstuffs as its concentration in water and is low. It accumulates in
aquatic life. Steel can storage may increase concentrations. Some cooking methods will alter its
structure.
Hazardous areas include steel and fabric industries, habits like smoking.
Chromium (III) is essential and shortages may disrupt some body functions.
Cobalt
It is limited in nature and highly insoluble in water. In alloy form it is corrosion resistant, a
catalyst, a drying agent for inks, and used in aircraft engines and magnets.
Humans consume it in food and water. It is taken up by pants when it is not attached to soil.
When 1mg is consumed a day, it is actually beneficial to the body and will cause no harm as it is
contained in the vitamin B12 (Kanmony, 2009).
It is harmful in its radioactive from and will cause hair loss, diarrhoea, vomiting and possible
death, this even when it is being used to treat cancer patients.
Copper
Is a very common soil mineral, and is part of plant enzymes when taken in by plants. It strongly
and actively adsorbs too many solids. Altogether copper is an essential trace element to human
life.
In excess, it accumulates in the liver and causes digestive problems, and damage the kidney and
liver. When inhaled it causes lung cancer (Kaplan, et al., 2011). Exposure causes irritation, and
dizziness. Wilson’s disease which affects the eye is another possible effect.
Hazards include mining, metal and fertilizer production.

Iron
Is a major earth component. Iron is an important mineral in the body and is quite safe if it does
not become too much. There must be enough iron for intake by plants.
When managed poorly in water, however, it may block pipes and generate a bad taste and odour
to the water. Limits have been set by WHO. Continued excessive intake causes
hemochromatosis.
Manganese
This is an essential mineral that forms a small percentage of the earth’s crust. Dust and smoke
mining and ore-smelting produces manganese dust which settles on soil. Toxicity only occurs in
strongly acidic soils (Khan & Ghouri, 2011).
Negative effects are poor eye-hand coordination, and it affects the central nervous system.
Mercury
Mercury causes brain damage, digestive issues and other problems.
They accumulate in fish which when consumed results in the aforementioned problems.
Nickel
Is an abundant element on the earth’s surface. It is known to be toxic. Nickel gets into the
environment through weathering, anthropogenic and industrial processes (Magdaleno, et al.,
2011).
It causes skin irritation and lung damage.
Lead
Hazards are smelting factories, pulp and paper mills, battery factories, photographic materials,
and fuel and ammunition industries. Waste sites are a risk too.
Lead enters food through leaded glassware and glazed ceramics. It caused anaemia in small
amounts and organ dysfunctions, genera weakness, hypertension and neural problems in large
amounts (Monudu & Anyakora, 2010).

Children are more sensitive to this than adults so toys and some products containing lead have
been banned.
Tin
Is relatively abundant, though not in its free state, and is in small amounts in plants.
Organotin compounds are toxic and have been applied where attack by living organisms is not
desired. Their toxicity t untargeted organisms like marine ones led to the decline of its use. Acute
effects as well as long-term effects. Acute effects are eye and skin irritations, headaches,
Stomach-aches, sickness and dizziness, severe sweating, breathlessness and urination problems.
Long-term effects are depressions, liver damage, malfunctioning of immune systems,
Chromosomal damage, and shortage of red blood cells, brain damage (causing anger, sleeping
Disorders, forgetfulness and headaches).
2.7 Bioavailability of Heavy Metals and chemical speciation
Refers to the absorbable fraction of a heavy metal from soil, food and water, which is influenced
by the form in which the metal exists. It is supposed to paint a picture of the danger of these
metals to soil and life. When done from contaminated sites, it estimates the risk to health.
It includes identifying each of the species in a sample as soils are not expected to have a single
species. It is possible to over time know the mobility these components and understand their
behaviour.
Chemical Speciation
This takes the chemical forms in which these metals occur within the environment in which
samples are drawn from. It should help to explain the environmental behaviour of these elements
because this depends on their forms (Kumar, 2009). The sample is tested for various properties
like acidity, reactivity and redox. They behave differently depending on whether they are liquid
or solid.
The BCR scheme
This was made so that a schemes used to define amounts of minerals in the soil were identical. It
involves dividing these extractible metals into soluble, reducible and oxidisable.
It was successful in dividing some similarly behaving metals into sediments.
Tessier’s scheme vs the BCR scheme

Though they use the same procedures and solutions to find these elements, they used different
conditions and concentrations find varying metal fractions. They have been modified over time
to improve the accuracy of the output and the time.
Research methodology
The study relied on analytical reagent chemical and deionized water was used to prepare solutions. Analysis of
metals were done in accordance to J.T. Baker/E. Merck standards.
Analysis of Metal Contents.
The study utilized blood, urine, plants, soil and water to check the levels of different types of metals. The metals
were Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr, Zn, Hg, Cd and As. For accuracy of the analysis mathematical equation were utilized.
Additionally, CANMET and NIST reference samples were used.
To stick with the required standards a 10% concentration of rhodium solution was placed in the clinical, water and soil
samples. Laboratory tests were later conducted by ICP-OES to check QC/QA. AAS was utilized to analyze the levels of
metal concentration in the samples. For accuracy purposes the analysis was conducted on three similar samples using three
selected techniques and thus an average value of the samples obtained.
Sampling.
The research utilized samples obtained from a controlled area of 20 km2. Forage grass, soil and water samples were
collected from this area that is away from traffic and has minimal industrial pollution. The samples were obtained thrice in
10 different sections of the selected area.
Study area.
In accordance to standard sampling procedures, samples of ground, surface and soil water were collected in different times
of the year covering three seasons. The samples were collected in January, May and October.
An 8 cm diameter hand auger was utilized to collect surface samples. The soil samples were then subjects to standard
techniques to obtain the physio-chemical status. Water samples were collected using bottles that were well washed with
water and nitric acid. The samples were collected from surfaces and wells. Lastly, samples of forage grass were obtained
from then selected areas of the site.
Metal Content Exposure to Human Beings.
The study relied on clinical samples of Urine and blood to ascertain the level of metal exposure. Samples were collected
from residents of five years and above. The study also gathered information about an individual period of stay and what
are the contents of their preferred meals. More so, the research obtained data from people of different ages. Collected urine
samples were stored in fridges in the laboratory before analysis.
Interpretation of results
Soil.
The results of the analysis showed that the pH levels of the soil were neutral and averagely acidic.
Additionally, Cation Capacity levels were in between 21.5 and 31.5 C mol Kg-1. The research indicated
that that soil had high levels of metals. High levels of metals were evidently present in areas with more
organic matter such as K5, K6, K7 and K9. The result are as depicted in table 1

Table 1. Comparison of KIDA soils to the required soil quality.
KIDA soil values
Residential Industrial Normal Control Background Concentrations
Metal purpose$ purpose$ ranges#∗ values values@ from KIDA
Zn 250 70–400 1–100 14–32.3 85–110 130.5–3191.3
Cu 100 60–125 5–20 13.1–17.1 12–30 72.5–1450
Cr 8 75–100 0.03–14 15.6–20.2 8.6–15.6 77.6–586.7
Ni 80 80–100 0.02–5.2 21–30 7.5–16.5 63.4–494.9
Pb 300 100–400 5–15 35–60 42–65 195.6–6241.1
Co 40 30–50 5–20 6.5–11.1 7–10 12.8–36.9
Division of Metal contents in soil.
The research utilized Tessier scheme in dividing the various metal contents in soil. The metals obtained
ere Cu, Zn, Cr, Ni, Pb and Co. The analysis showed that metal presence in soil related to either residual or
oxidizable fraction. The results provide a means by which the uptake and movement of metals in plants
could be predicted. The results further show that Ni, Pb, and Co contents are less due their association
with static fraction.
Table 2. The level of metal concentration in water and soils of KIDA
Earlier studies∗ Present study
Ground Surface Ground Surface
Soil Water water Soil Water water
Metal (μg/g) (μg/ml) (μg/ml) (μg/g) (μg/ml) (μg/ml)
Zn 26–110 1.6–10.3 0.8–3.6 130–3191 8.2–26.7 2.6–13.7
Cu 11–30 1.2–3.8 0.9–2.2 72–1450 2.2–16 2.1–10.7
Cr 26–60 1.3–6.5 01.1–4.1 77–586 3.6–18.7 2.0–4.4
Ni 15–38 0.8–2.1 0.2–1.6 63–494 2.8–9.2 0.9–4.3
Pb 52–166 2.1–11.6 1.9–9.3 195–6241 5.1–33.2 2.7–20.3
Co 3.7–6.3 0.6–1.2 0.8–1.1 12–36 2.7–8.7 1.2–3.8
Table 3. Coefficient values of Metal concentration in forage grass (μg/g) and plant soil transfer.
General Critical $ KIDA Soil–plantconcentrations
soil–plant Typical forage transfer
Transfer concentration Animal Control grass coefficient
Metal coefficient# in plants# Plants food Values values of KIDA
Zn <1–>10 25–150 150–500 300–1000 6.8–10.3 21.4–434.9 0.01–0.2
Cu <0.1–>1 3–20 15–40 10–300 4.7–8.3 11.4–161.5 0.02–0.22
Cr 0.01–>0.01 <0.1–1 2–20 50–3000 1.6–4.2 6.9–23.9 0.03–0.11
Ni <0.1–>1 <0.1–5 20–100 50–250 10.1–22.3 5.5–17.2 0.007–0.10
Pb 0.01–>0.1 <0.1–5 10–20 10–30 7.9–12.3 30.1–666.9 0.01–0.25
Co 0.01–0.1 <0.1–2 10–20 10–20 0.26–0.95 1.2–7.3 0.01–0.11
Forage Grass
According to analysis the surface soil was found to have Zn, Cu, Cr and Pb metals. The metals therefore find their
way to plants through the roots (Gough et al. 1979; Peterson and Nielson 1978; Johnson and Bradshaw 1977). The
study therefore sought to understand the levels of metal intake by plants in the contaminated areas. The results of the
study are shown on table 3. According to the results metal concentrations were present in all the selected areas.
However, Zn was found to be highest in K1, K3 and K5

Table 4. Concentration of metals in blood and urine (μg/g).
Blood Urine
Permissible Control Samples Permissible Control Samples
Metals limit‡ values of KIDA limit£ values of KIDA
Zn 80–400 2.2–8.5 225–1654 20–100 1.1–2.1 100–660
Cu 60–240 1.2–5.4 177–350 30–120 1.2–3.0 27.1–115
Cr 40–100 8.2–12.2 60–110 20–100 2.1–6.3 40–100
Ni 40–110 3.9–10.5 87–110 50–80 NF 20–36
Pb 50–200 10.3–16.2 266–1098 30–100 20–44 60–180
Co 30–80 1.2–2.0 20–60 25–90 NF 10–25
Human Exposure Pathways
Metal particles can find their way to human bodies through different sets of ways. The particles can be
consumed in food and water. More so, the particles could be inhaled while working in environment that is
high polluted. Food is a major means by which human take in metals especially if the food is locally
grown.
To help understand the effects of metals in humans, the study resulted to collecting clinical samples of
blood and urine among resident. The results of the analysis indicate the presence of metals in the human
body. Men were highly affected compared to men. Additionally, the elderly was also highly affected
compared to the young ones.
According to the study the presence metal contamination has led to health problem. Notable of the mentioned cases
are intestine infections, irritations and convolutions. The conditions could be as a result of exposure to Zn and Cr.
From the information obtained from the resident those in between 35-50 are the most affected. Additionally, men are
affected more compares to women and this could due to exposure to metals while at different work stations.
Table 5. Concentration of metals of Eco toxicological importance.
Sample As Cd Hg
Soil (μg/kg) 100–210 80–160 20–55
Ground Water (μg/L) 55–80 60–100 40–180

Surface Water (μg/L) 40–90 70–120 25–90
Forage Grass (μg/kg) 20–66 40–66 15–40
Blood (μg/L) 8–35 20–40 10–40
Urine (μg/L) 11–38 10–40 8–18
∗ All the values are in ppb.
Discussion and conclusion
Carrying out environmental assessment requires an interdisciplinary approach. Different expert come
together to apply their knowledge and experience in addressing the environmental health problems. In
such a case where metal contaminants is discussed, it is essential to determine the characteristic and size
of the exposed population, exposure pathway, environmental distribution, and the metal bioavailability
and metal species.
Cases reported from Bengal India, had evidence of diseases that resulted into the causes and exposure
pathways. In other places, there was evidence of contamination that lead to identification of potential
risks and pathways for the population. Generally, the assessment takes account of the metals forms and
their chemical components that influence the data needed for compounding the exposure. Thus, from the
summary done in the case studies, it is clear that metal contamination have adverse effects on the
organism and the ecosystems through the use of risk assessment paradigm. This risk assessment approach
include the source identification, hazard assessment, exposure analysis, and risk management.
The Pradesh Pollution Control Board took the initiative of closing all the industries that were operating in
Kattedan area without permission from pollution control board. Prasad reported the heavy metal
contamination in Kattedan area, establishing that the surface water were of poor quality from the samples
obtained and unfit for human consumption. Studies conducted estimated that liquid and solid waste in
Kattedan region was as a result of industrial effluents as a major source of contamination damaging crops
such as maize, paddy, green gram and many others.
The results obtained from this study showed that KIDA area degraded in quality due to the toxic metals.
There are high pollutions in areas k1 – k6. Within the industrial region, there is a small lake located in k7,
which is highly accumulated with sewage. As we move from location k9, k10 and k11 downstream. The
level pollution is reduced. Water contamination with heavy metal in location k1 – k6 is high since the
topography in the area is elevated. However, during monsoons, the water runoff from this high areas
transport these metal downstream in k9 – k12 locations. Luckily, there is availability of sufficient of
water in these areas that dilutes the metals significantly making the situation less alarming.
The assessment revealed that the concentration of Zn, Pb, and Cr are much higher than the
permissible limit for people living in this areas. The toxic metals in the body are associated with
the environmental inputs. It difficult to separate and draw conclusions between metal content in
the human body system with age and the number of patients since many factors like quantity of
water, the period taken to consume the contaminated water, quantity of contaminated food, and
health play a very important role. However, it is clearly reported from this case study that human
health risks for the residents in KIDA is accruing drastically due to exposure of metal pollution.
References

Adeleken, B. and Abegunde, K. 2011. Heavy metal contamination of soil and ground water at automobile
mechanic village in Ibadan, Nigeria. International Journal of the Physical Sciences; 6: 1045-1058.
Agbaire, P. and Oyibo, P. 2009. Seasonal variation of some physic-chemical properties of bore hole water
in Abraka. Nigeria. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry; 3: 116-118.
Ahuja, S. 2009. Handbook of water purity and quality. New York, USA: Academic press. Pp 1-3.
Atiemo, S.; Ofuso, F.; Mensah, K.; Tutu, O.; Palm, L. and Blackson, A. 2011. Contamination assessment
of heavy metals in road dust from selected roads in Accra Ghana. Research Journal of Environmental and
Earth sciences; 3: 473-480.
Awokunmi, E.; Asaolu, S. and Ipinmoroti, K. 2010. Effect of leaching on heavy metals
concentration of soil in some dumpsites. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology;
4: 495-499.
Beckhoff, B.; Kanngieber, B.; Langhoff, N.; Wedell, R. and Woiff, H. 2010. Handbook of practical X-
ray Fluorescence analysis. New York, USA: Springer. Pp 20-200.
Begum, A.; Ramaiah, M.; Harikrishna, Khan, I. and Veena, K. 2009. Heavy metal pollution and
chemical profile of Cauvery River water. E-Journal of Chemistry; 6: 47-52.
Delbari, S. and Kulkarni, D. 2011. Seasonal variations in heavy metal concentration in agricultural soils
in Tehran, Iran. Bioscience Discovery Journal; 2: 333-340.
Hill, M. 2010. Understanding environmental pollution. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Pp
9-22.
Jia, L.; Yonghua, L. and Yang, L. 2010. Heavy metals in soil and crops of an intensively farmed area:
Case study in Yucheng City, Shandong province, China. International Journal of Environmental Research
and Public Health; 7: 395-412
Kanmony, C. 2009. Human rights and health care. New Delhi, India: Mittal Publication. Pp 73-76.
Kaplan, O.; Yildirim, N. and Tayhan, N. 2011. Assesment of some heavy metals in drinking water of
Tunceli. Turkey. E Journal of Chemistry; 8: 276-280.
Khan, A. and Ghouri, A. 2011. Environmental pollution: its effects on life and its remedies. Journal of
Arts, Science and Commerce; 2: 276-285.
Kumar, R. 2009. Nanostructured oxides. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley VCH. Pp166.
Magdaleno, F.; Villa, O, Saenz, E; Bolanos, O. and Olivas, A. 2011. Heavy metals in agricultural soils
and irrigation wastewater of Mixquiahuala, Hidalgo, Mexico. African Journal of Agricultural Research; 6:
5505-5511
Monudu, M. and Anyakora, C. 2010. Heavy metal contamination of ground water. The Secular Case
Study Journal; 2:39-40.