Media and Conflict: Discussing Hegemonic Crisis and Fake News

This assignment analyzes the role of media during hegemonic crises, examining both traditional and contemporary functions. It delves into how media shapes perceptions, influences public opinion, and can either calm or incite panic during crises, using examples such as political situations in Malaysia. Furthermore, the assignment discusses the impact of media on the spread of fake news, particularly concerning climate change, and contrasts the views of world leaders like Barack Obama and Donald Trump on this topic. The essay highlights the influence of media in shaping narratives and potentially manipulating public understanding of critical issues. The assignment provides an overview of the media's impact on global politics and the importance of critical evaluation of information in the modern era.

MEDIA AND CONFLICT

TABLE OF CONTENTS
INDIVIDUAL PROJECT................................................................................................................1
Considering and discussing upon both old and new roles played by media at the time of
hegemonic crisis..........................................................................................................................1
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................4
INDIVIDUAL ESSAY....................................................................................................................5
Climate change is fake news. Discuss this assertion based on statements being made by world
leaders, such as Barack Obama and, more recently, Donald Trump...........................................5
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................8

INDIVIDUAL PROJECT
Considering and discussing upon both old and new roles played by media at the time of
hegemonic crisis
A hegemonic crisis refers to such type of calamity that exists from any dominant
ruling in social or political context. Hegemony is itself referred to be a concept developed in
the year 1971 when it was proposed by a famous theorist as well as a politician named
Antonio Gramsci (Chadwick, 2017). He stated it to be a notion of political, moral as well as
philosophical leadership by a social group where their supremacy is not legally enforceable
but with an active consensus of other similar social groups. Although, a leading motive
behind such type of dominancy is to take charge of once own set of philosophy as well as
their own cultural aspects.
It is therefore referred to be a procedural approach of creating a sense of domination
in the globe where there together existed a well-known notion of media hegemony. Media
hegemony with a similar composition of ideas is referred to control certain thoughts and
aspects of life though pungently controlling the ideological beliefs and viewpoints of the
public (Hall and et. al., 2013). It is however on considering the said definition of the term
hegemony where media hegemony is together believed to serve as a crucial shaper of ethos,
philosophy and ethics of the society. This is for instance to refer to the television news
departments that are measured as extensions of a capitalistic monetary order.
The present essay is based on the role of media hegemony where it is mainly related
to the news reporting done by media and results into both direct and indirect outcomes. Mass
media is referred to play a very important role in today’s contemporary era of information
age. Nowadays, it is referred to be amongst some very essential means of communication
(Iwilade, 2013). Some positive role of mass media is its contribution in generating nation-
wide unity by modifying people’s views with its extensive access. However, crisis with its
various forms is referred to be an attached part of human’s life whose diversity is constantly
rising at a greater pace. As a result, to which, the mass media is known to play a significant
role of informing people and spreading awareness in them at the time of any crisis.
Though, on segregating two distinctive roles of media consisting of both positive and
negative roles, a positive contribution takes place when the media tends to calm the
population by encouraging them to undertake positive actions. This shows a specific concern
of the media in benefitting the society by spreading optimistic reporting at the time of crisis
and hence referred to be a positive contribution (Molden, 2016). Although, there together
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exists a conflicting role of media in creating a sense of chaos in people by spreading wrongful
information to the public at the time of crisis. This indicates a negative character of media in
terrorizing the population and spreading a sense of fear in them.
Hence, the role of media at the time of crisis depends upon the role it allocates itself
even at normal circumstances. It is thereby required to ensure the way media tends to look
upon itself by reflecting as the society’s leader, or a campaigner for bringing improvement in
the society, a catalyst of change or a mere envoy for the purpose of broadcasting news or
opinions at any crisis situation (Cleland, 2014). Also, the crisis situation is not only limited to
political crisis but also involves crisis related to religion, gender, culture, geographic or
ethnic, etc., at not only global, but also at local and regional levels. One such example of
crisis in Malaysia is its political situation that often becomes a reason behind bringing varied
catastrophic condition in Malaysia. However, on referring to the role played by the Malaysian
media, it has been found that they are playing a very contributory role in assisting people to
calm down. It is because the role of media in any nation depends upon their political, legal,
social and economic situations that are prevailing over there.
Also, it depends upon the historic and traditional background of the nation depicting a
specific culture of their own that in turn influences the media to act accordingly. This is
basically on considering a highly sanitized mainstream television news by Malaysian media
with a general purpose of managing the situation of crisis. This is however referred to be an
older role played by the media in managing a condition of calamity in the nation by
normalizing the state by provisioning a peaceful peripheral in a circumstance of assembling
doubts (Holmes and Castañeda, 2016). This together indicates 4 main fundamentals of
television news productivity that are visible as projecting affirmative headline by together
simplifying, condensing and discoursing upon the governmental measures to deal any such
catastrophic situation. Beside this, there together existed two other concerning aspects of
providing a justification for the deteriorating value of the ringgit and KLSE done by quoting
regional and global factors manipulating the Malaysian markets. Lastly, providing
mainstream slots of reporting specifying positive features on calamity is also a vital
component among the 4 fundamentals.
There further exists distinct forms of media where it can be either electronic or print
media and thus do not reflects any standardised institute. In any nation, there exists several
operators straight from the state level downwards, in distinct areas using dissimilar languages
and dialects that belongs to different castes, ethnic groups, classes and communities. As a
result, to which, the media also operates differently on dissimilar objects with a purpose of
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promoting distinct causes and inspirations. It is therefore referred to be a difficult aspect
where the media is often expected to play a consistent role (Kellner, 2015). Also, the role of
media at the time of crisis depends on the nature of the crisis situation. Consequently, media
in the form messenger also plays two other vital roles of educator as well as communicator.
This depicts one of its major responsibility of encouraging, probing and seeking out original
set of ideas, abilities, aptitudes, schemes and measures along with projects to focus on paying
attention if resolving the issues pertaining over the public.
The present world is all under the strong power of US and is dominated by US in all
its way but China somehow has managed to get out of the influences of US. US economy is
all responsible for about more than one third of global economy and is also having unrivalled
military. It was argued that US is not only the empire or economy now but has become a
brand or a name (Mullis, Martin, Foy and Arora, 2012). US is considered as the only
superpower of world and is having the ability to make people do what US want and that tool
without using any power. But it is also becoming difficult for US to make the other in world
justify its act of recent invasion on Iraq and was not able to built peace between Iraq and
Afghanistan.
It was also seeing during the present times that dollar is become weak in the global
economy in front of Euro which is also questing its number one position in global economy.
In this part media is the major player in the creation and distraction on the image of
hegemons all around the world. This is argued that the analysis of hegemonic theory in the
media is all used by elites and that to exercise their power in hegemonic. All the media power
are reporting and penetrating inside the news and that is including in manipulation of the
powerful elites of world (Larijani and Lankarani, 2013). If there are any debate about any
small or big issue between the worlds elites class economy many that of UK, USA, China and
Japan are one of the latest and breaking news of all times so this also spread liberal capitalism
and democracy around the world. Many a times media is also responsible to spine the
message which is been given to the world and this create fake news in world which can be
very disastrous for the world. The media are often criticised for not telling the actual truth but
to tell the people what to think and then create a rough frame for that debate.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Chadwick, A., 2017. The hybrid media system: Politics and power. Oxford University
Press.
Cleland, J., 2014. Association football and the representation of homosexuality by the
print media: A case study of Anton Hysén. Journal of homosexuality. 61(9). pp.1269-
1287.
Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J. and Roberts, B., 2013. Policing the crisis:
Mugging, the state and law and order. Palgrave Macmillan.
Holmes, S.M. and Castañeda, H., 2016. Representing the “European refugee crisis” in
Germany and beyond: Deservingness and difference, life and death. American
Ethnologist. 43(1). pp.12-24.
Iwilade, A., 2013. Crisis as opportunity: youth, social media and the renegotiation of
power in Africa. Journal of Youth Studies. 16(8). pp.1054-1068.
Kellner, D., 2015. Media spectacle and the crisis of democracy: Terrorism, war, and
election battles. Routledge.
Larijani, B., and Lankarani, K.B., 2013. Iran’s health innovation and science
development plan by 2025. Iranian J Publ Health. 38(1). pp.13-16.
Molden, B., 2016. Resistant pasts versus mnemonic hegemony: On the power relations of
collective memory. Memory Studies. 9(2). pp.125-142.
Mullis, I.V., Martin, M.O., Foy, P. and Arora, A., 2012. TIMSS 2011 international results
in mathematics. International Association for the Evaluation of Educational
Achievement. Herengracht 487, Amsterdam, 1017 BT, The Netherlands.
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INDIVIDUAL ESSAY
Climate change is fake news. Discuss this assertion based on statements being made by world
leaders, such as Barack Obama and, more recently, Donald Trump.
Climatic change is referred to be a major concern for the nationalities in almost all
corners of the world where a rising existence of global warming has been stated to be a major
cause behind it. However, above mentioned is a statement given by both former and recent
president of US, i.e., Barack Obama and Donald Trump specifying it to be a hoax by fake
news website. Although, it is a factual step undertaken by a reputed newspaper article of New
York stating about adverse climatic changes in the nation (Leber and Schulman, 2017). This
in turn created a sigh of stress on the world leaders like Donald Trump and Barack Obama
stating it to be a complete fake news and there are no such changes taking place in the
country. They have together stated it to be a pessimistic approach of the media where it
comes under the new roles played by he media bodies in creating a sense of panic in
nationalities. A negative use of social media tools has been stated to be a leading cause
behind such epidemic news where the people are now simply afraid of combating the
resultant consequences of global warming. Former President Barrack Obama has clearly
shown his concern regarding such deceptive spread of information, frightening people.
On considering the fact, it is all about an article that was originally posted by Mother
Jones in a reputed newspaper of New York called New York Times stating climate change as
one of the most important story in the World. On which, even the Trump government raised
objection by together mentioning about one of the recent decision of Trump regarding his
withdrawal from the Paris climate agreement (Clouding the Facts: Fake News, Climate
Change and (In)Security, 2017). It is mainly in order to defend the President and proving
such delusive content of newspaper that in turn results in creating a state of crisis in the
nation. Though, on considering on such interview of President Barack Obama, he together
presented very concerning views towards such deceitful presentation of media with a major
fault of social media and its unfair use by such reputed media people.
In accordance to Obama’s interview, such fake news is known to proliferate a slight
current development in America despite of considering the fact where the political bodies
have nothing to do with it. It has in turn led to the creation of a conflicted environment by
unnecessarily pointing out the political bodies who knows nothing about the propagated news
and busy making some other plans with more effective measures (Jacob, 2017). It is on
considering a fact where the government is definitely aware about the recent environmental
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condition of the entire world where the global warming is continually rising at a higher pace.
Also, they are taking requisite steps to overcome such issues and introducing effective
regimes in the nation. Apparently, Obama stated it to be a very uncertain news where he
together explained this to be a disgraceful act by a Nobel Prize- winning physicist.
Beside this, he together stated that preferably everyone in this democratic world
would approve with such climatic change and its consequence which is, manmade behaviour
where it is also proven by nearly 90% of experts. This in turn is proven to let into a debate to
determine ways of fixing it. This is totally relatable with that to the eras of 70’s, 80’s and 90’s
when there were democrats supporting the Clean Air Act (Hurricane Harvey: Climate
change - not fake news, 2017). Also, the environmental disasters like acid rains was handled
with a market based fix with no consideration of adopting any command and control method.
As a result, to which, it had led to arguments about ascertaining means supported by baseline
of evidences to work upon such similar concerns that is missing as of now.
Trump with a similar aspect have together stated it to be a hoax that is merely formed
by Chinese. This has been proven from his 115 tweets addressing climate change scepticism
that he made while criticizing the Chinese populace. Despite of stating it to be a pun made by
him on getting interviewed by a reporter, his related tweets has clearly proven his actual
intentions that were somewhat reproachful (Grebey, 2016). This is for instance to refer to one
of his tweet made on 6th of November, 2012 clearly mentioning the Chinese and blaming
them for attempting to weaken the manufacturing system of US. Apart from this, he together
had a long list of hoax impugning China to a great extent.
However, it has later became the nation’s concern where people started campaigning
against US government and asking them for justifications for ignoring such intense matter.
This entire scenario has led to create a swindle that in turn resulted in a conflicted situation
where the residents were clearly blaming the US regime (Jacobson, 2016). The opponent
political bodies started disputing with one other with a special context of those against Trump
by taking advantage of such a debatable circumstance to ruin his image to a possible extent.
However, Trump being unaffected from such controversial measures took a distinct stand and
continued making puns of such messy rumour.
This has clearly indicated a very pessimistic style of media where they often create
such swindles with a purposeful mindset. This shows the negative role of media being
purposive with a deceitful goal and some political or money-making agenda behind the same
(Malo, 2017). However, such practices are evident to lead into the creation of political crisis
in the country where the leaders are often unaware of any such ongoing hoax behind them
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despite of working on it. The current instance has also shown a similar agenda of media
behind posting a fake news as per the world-famous leaders Barack Obama and Trump.
This necessitates one to make a primary comprehension of the roles that are being
played by media with a special context of today’s contemporary world. It is also on
considering a fact where the term media has been derived from the term medium and thence
reflects to play a similar role of spreading information (Mondol, 2017). This is due to the
connotation of the term medium that itself means to be a mode or carrier and as a result to
which, the media is together supposed to reach to a large set of audience or the targeted
listeners of the news for whom the newscast is specially being created. On considering the
earlier phase of media, the dispersion of information was mainly done via print newspaper
and other print media tools.
Whereas, after a certain level of development, there existed some new media
possessions that has given rise to televisions, radio, movies and internet, etc. Now on
considering the role of media in today’s contemporary world, media has become a vital tool
in one’s regular life where it is together playing a remarkable role in forming and influencing
the public opinion (Irfanz, 2016). As a result, to which, it is somehow playing as a
strengthening element to fortify the community people and their views where media is
together stated to be a weapon support of fairness and has the ability to completely abolish
the trend of inequality in the nation. This is on considering some other related facts where
media is together known to act as a watchdog for protecting public’s interest counter to any
misconducts by creating a sense of awareness in them.
It is thus on relating the aforesaid roles of media with that to the above asserted claims
of Barack Obama and Donald Trump, it has been argued by Wakeman (2018) that the
politicians are nowadays taking full advantage of their positions. Most of the politicians are
having an evil connection with several gangs or mafias as a way of associating with crime
that in turn has led to deject the life of common people. Also, many politicians often tend to
draw off the money of the taxpayers for their personal benefits by leaving the common
people to play the role of mere audiences. Media hereby plays a considerate role in revealing
such incidents of corrupt politicians. Media is therefore stated to be the 4th pillar of
democracy along with courts, decision-making and parliament where it plays an embracing
role to perform against any incident of prejudice, coercions, deceives and favouritism, etc.
Roy (2015) on supporting this fact has stated media to be a basic part of human
development where today’s media is comprising with more than 50, 000 different newspapers
with hundreds of radio and TV channels. Also, in today’s age of liberalisation, privatisation
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and globalisation (LPG), the globe is extremely grateful to media for keeping them vigilant
about all ongoing events in every corner of the world. This is on discussing upon the
existence of television media in the late 70’s that has in turn created a potent tool of visual
media in notifying the current newsflash to the society. Although, it together entertains them
and shape up the public opinion to a great extent. Beside this, the rise of WWW also termed
as world wide web accompanying several web based technologies has in turn given rise to
electronic means where it is known to assist the common people in expressing their opinions
in a clearer manner. It is basically with assistance to some common electronic mediums such
as blog posts, websites, twitter and Facebook as the most prevalent social media tool.
Mondol (2017) has in turn illustrated a combined arrangement of such advanced tools
with that to some traditional print media tools where both the audio video tools along with the
tools of social media serves to a splendidly diversified industry of media. This is where media
has largely assisted in fighting against prejudice, exploitation as well as partiality of
institutional machinery by conducting persistent campaigning against it all. This is on
referring to some recent revelation of media where 2G scam has been exposed by TV news
channels and where the media has represented itself a catalyst by compelling government to
take appropriate actions against the culprits. Consequently, after which, the government has
forcibly suspended several ministers and placed them in prison by together imposing eligible
penalties on them. Thus, it is apparent that without media, the targeted set of audiences have
never acknowledged the governmental schemes to benefit the community people.
6 Roles of the Media (2010) has hereby demonstrated 6 vital roles that are being
played by the media in today’s liberal democratic society that involves a foremost role of
being informative where the media is known to desire for informed citizens in the nation.
Such type of media in turn feels it to be their responsibility of notifying individual about the
recent ongoing events about the leaders, governmental bodies, economy, social world and the
environment. This is with another need base concern of assisting people in taking correct and
efficient decisions. Another is an educative role played by the media where they do not make
a mere dispersion of information and rather prefers to educate people regarding the same.
This is for instance to inform people about the importance of the ongoing events to
acknowledge the way in which their lives will be affected from it.
Irfanz (2016) with a distinct consent have favoured the platform and publicity roles of
the media where it itself serves as a platform to the public belonging from distinct groups or
societies. Another is the role of publicity that is being played by the media and where all the
politicians, celebrates, leaders, intellects and campaigners or protestors broadcast themselves.
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It is however to announce the order, reason, obligation or goals, etc., where media serves as a
base to draw the attention of a large number of audience. Shakeel (2017) with a distinct
viewpoint have supported the fact relating to the adversarial role of media where the media is
thoroughly related to the government and functions as one of its opponent party. This is
basically to ensure a responsible working by the government by being transparent, fair and
accountable. This way, the media is known to act in favour of public interest by assuring
them a fraud free setting with no illegality and personal welfares. Herein, the media is known
to play the role of a skeptic by assessing the data acquired from the governmental bodies.
Lastly, The Negative Influences of Media on Society You Never Thought About,
(2017) supporting the existence of advocacy role of media where it is a market of ideas where
they must perceive, transmit and encourage distinct set of ideas from dissimilar parties. This
is in context to varied type of groups namely social, religious or political where the media is
required to be cautious at the time of performing this role. This is for example to consider the
role of media while dealing with political parties, the media can either publish the opinions of
the political bodies as a way of advocating the same to he public. Also, a persuading role can
be played by the media over here where they can encourage individuals to vote in favour of a
specific party. However, on considering all aforementioned roles played by media, the 6th role
is referred to be slightly complex in nature where it is biased as well as subjective.
It is in accordance to the presented views of Rose (2017) where the media is required
to play all above specified roles to create a balancing representation of their own. Upholding
all these roles will certainly assists them in avoiding the state of being democratically deficit.
On relating these findings with that to the statement given by Obama and Trump, media has
hereby played a democratic role where media has hereby acted as an interface among the
government and the common people. However, it has performed as a very influential tool
with an aptitude to either break or make people’s mind. This is for instance to refer to a very
common incident where if a media says to the public about a ‘most wanted’ picture stating it
to be of a terrorist, then people will blindly trust on it. This directly shows the capability of
media in fluctuating the existing insight of the people by together inducing their emotions. It
has therefore gained public’s trust where media is together known to rule people’s heart and
mind with assistance of its various mediums demonstrating an effective use of newspapers, tv
and movies, etc.
Wakeman (2017) on supporting the above ascertained facts and findings have stated
that media is known to play a positive role in the society where it directly assists them to
understand the real sense of democrat and directs people to lead a fulfilled life. This way the
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media easily triggers some concerning issues of domestic violence, sexual harassment or
other pivotal issues related to environment, etc., which are equally affecting all. Transparency
and accountability are the 2 main aiding tools that are being provided by the media to the
entire society to properly operate in a democratically arranged society. However, it is on
considering the statement given by Obama regarding a fake climate changing news, the
media has been alleged to play a negative role where it in turn depicts a biased role of media.
It is on considering a rising trend of interpretive reporting in the history of American media
where their journalists are constantly adopting the approaches of objective reporting.
This can be seen in a recent reporting done by Rose (2017) after following an article
posted with catchy headlines “Exposed”. It was stating about the way in which the global
leaders were fooled over the state of global warming. It was an article written by a weather
scientist who was previously employed at NOAA stating that since the year 2000, there has
not been any pause in global warming. It together involved a graph explaining the claims
which were clearly reflecting some hypothetical assumptions made by the author and thus
reflected a concerning prospect. It was however a prime responsibility of the newspaper to
check the authenticity of the article published by them which can in turn led to create a
nation-wide concern. This is in relating to the incident where both Obama and Trump has
asserted a national newspaper of New York for publishing a fake news about climate change.
Here, Davenport and Lipton (2017) have argued on it and stated it to be a democratic
approach taken up by the media to inform people about the climatic changes, taking place in
the globe. It is basically on relating to a factual instance reported by Trump’s administration
where US have withdrawn from the Paris climate change agreement. This in turn has
encouraged the entire nation to reiterate their pledge towards the global pact which was
signed in the year 2015 at the time of Obama’s presidency. It was with a vital aim of reducing
the ill effects of global warming due to an increasing commercialisation all over the world.
This agreement was aimed at producing more greenhouse productions to protect the world
with an instant denial from two nations namely Syria and Nicaragua.
Whereas, this decision has reflected to be a major matter of concern for the US
nationalities and resulted in such democratic act of their media as stated by Bendix (2017).
This is on considering the fact where US still wants to be a part of this agreement to together
participate in a united agenda of combating undesirable climatic change in the nation.
Although, climatic change is referred to be an irresistible occurrence where there only exist
few solutions to deal with it in an effective manner. These solutions together reflect a priority
of living in a healthy environment where the entire public has to contribute in it. It can be
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done by adopting such effective ways where people can contribute using eco friendly
measures to lead their life in a natural way. This will also tend to create a sense of avoiding
much use of artificial procedures and promote a greener approach of living.
It is also noted that David Rose was in the controversy of the fake news about the
climate change as he published a very lengthy article of about two and a half pages and this
was also published in the website of “The Mail”. As according to a journal issued in Science
in June 2015 that the global warming is not that much big issue but is been exaggerated by
the media around the world (Hunter, Laursen and Seymour, 2017). Catastrophic hurricane
which is to occur once in 500 years and is the weather event affected in the parts of UK and
this will surely become more disastrous just because of the climate changes. And by this
President Donald Trump will not be able to deny the fact of climate change or global
warming. The increase in temperature of earth that of both atmosphere and ocean is all
because of rising emission of human generated CO2. There is a deeper and very complex
relationship between hurricane and change of climate but this can not be denied by anyone.
All the news of fake climate change was slammed by the Heartland institute which was given
by New York times. This news was suppressed by Trump and then he deicide to leave the
Paris climate agreement as Trump thinks that humans are the main cause behind this climate
change. But most of them agreed that there is a limit of humans contribution in this climate
change and global warming is all uncertain.
This was also done in the year 1990 and 2000 when the oil company was pushing the
denial of climate in in news media. In 1997 countries signed the Kyoto protocol which was
set to curb the greenhouse gas emission. There was also the maximisation of impact of
scientific views consistent with New York Times on Congress media and other key audience.
There are more clearer signs by the aerospace research NASA of the climatic changes in the
atmosphere and surrounding\ of earth. NASA has agreed with the part that all the climatic
changes which are there is all because of humans and their activities. NASA also agreed that
this will be keep on increasing if humans do not find any solution to this climate change and
global warming (Broadbent, 2013). This change is all because of the modern humans who are
all involved in the technological advancements and will keep on growing year after year.
Humans either need to stop all the activities which are harming earth or find a alternative of
earth where they can live for another 1000 years. Climate change is a big and very serious
issue which is presented at the current situations as for every degree at earth the atmosphere
is holding 7% of water vapour. Because, of this there are many increasing problems like that
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of heavy rainfall at any seasons on earth, then heavy snowfalls, at winters the temperature is
very low and in summers the temperature is at its peak in every part of the world.
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