Comparative Analysis of HIV Care Interventions in Nigeria and India

This report provides a comparative analysis of HIV care interventions in Nigeria and India, two countries with a significant burden of HIV. It examines the epidemiology of HIV in both nations, highlighting key risk factors and affected populations. The report delves into the specific intervention programs implemented, including treatment strategies, prevention efforts, and awareness campaigns. It discusses the role of government policies, legal frameworks, and international collaborations in shaping the HIV response. The report also explores the challenges faced, such as stigma, discrimination, and resource limitations. By comparing the approaches of Nigeria and India, the report aims to offer insights into effective strategies for managing the HIV epidemic in low and middle-income countries. The analysis covers various aspects, from the adoption of revised national HIV strategic frameworks to the impact of legal acts like the HIV Anti-Discrimination Act and the Immoral Trafficking Prevention Act.

HIV
CARE INTERVENTION IN LOW AND
MIDDLE
INCOME NATION OF WORLD

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................3
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................9
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................11

INTRODUCTION
HIV is defined as the human immune deficiency virus and also AIDS, which defined as the
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Which is a chronic and potentially life threatening
condition caused by the HIV virus. Which is generally damaged the immune system and make
the body weak and in the case of immune fighting the body causes deficiency of immune. HIV is
broadly described by their physiological factor which affect human body in a fast way and create
threatening condition with the patient. In this, the patient is not able to survive for a long because
there is no any treatment and any medications are provided right now (Petersen and et. al., 2017).
In which there are many countries who are facing this type of problems related to the
health and as per the context HIV is one of them. There are very low income countries who is
facing these HIV problem like India, Austria, Nigeria, South Africa and many more countries are
facing these HIV. There is no any medication is provided so as per this, there are two countries
Nigeria and India (Lim and et. al., 2020). who have a higher rate of HIV virus patient and the
casually go through the interventions and precaution from the HIV. In this topic we are going to
cover what are the interventions, treatments and precautions usually getting by these two
countries to create a protection arc from the HIV virus.
MAIN BODY
INTERVENTION PROGRAM AND PLAN FOR HIV
Nigeria has about 3.8 million peoples are facing the problem of HIV. The second largest
global country which is facing these problems in which stigma and discrimination are the barrier
for the testing and the treatment of the HIV. As per the research, studies and the policies the
programs related to the HIV stigma in Nigeria. This is identified that there are many of areas,
where are the awareness program is not taking due to discrimination. The existing studies were
mostly devoted the stigma assessment using various of measures taken by the researchers.
Research, policies and new program in last past years had made useful contribution in the stigma
reductions but the conflict are there. As per the increased patient of the HIV, Nigeria had taken
many of strategies. Some strategies are going to be fail and some are succeeding but not for the
longer period of time (Wouters and et. al., 2016). In Nigeria the adoption of revised National
HIV and its strategic framework is help to guide country for future response to HIV. It follows
the result of new survey that shows the HIV in the country stand at 1.4% previously it indicated

that the patient of HIV in Nigeria is about 2.8 %. As per the enhance case of HIV, government
getting awake from this disease and the regulation body is adopting new strategies and new plan
to stop the cases of HIV. The improved understanding of the country economy based on the
many survey. This is generally published in newspaper and articles as per based on the HIV
patient and the death ratio. Government start in a collaborative form and invest in the response
to HIV. which have more effective planning for the provision of HIV prevention and care and
also provide the treatment services. It will get the permission to adoption of new strategy on a
base of population, location and new approaches to deliver service to the people in the areas.
Where the need prevention their HIV is uppermost regions. CDC Nigeria supports the
Government of Nigeria to raise of the comprehensive treatment of HIV care and support the
programs. Which is initialized the patient-centred and focus on the quality of health and the
quality of services. In the health care department this type of programs is held to reduce the HIV
burdens and decrease the death rate by increasing the awareness and precaution on a base of
HIV-infected individuals (Colombini and et. al., 2016). This approach is centred on positive
health also under prevention services in the health facilities and the health community. CDC has
been working to co-ordinate HIV treatment and support effect in Nigeria which provide the
strength to the government to fight with the HIV and help to take the ownership of HIV
treatment services.
India is the second most populated country in the world and the HIV patient in India is
estimated 2.1 million who are living with HIV. The third highest population globally after the
South Africa and Nigeria. Which facing the HIV problems the HIV epidemic? India is highly
heterogeneous in nature it is concentrated in specific regions of the country and the high risk
factors such people who inject drugs and there are lots of female sex workers who responsible
for spreading of HIV. HIV is generally identified among many of age groups like 15-49 years
old has been 0.38 percent in 2001 to 2015 while among in these all it remained at 2.2 % 4.3 %
and 9.9 % respectively. Over a time period between 2000 to 2015 the yearly estimated number of
the new HIV infected patients has been decreased by 66% while the number of years. It has been
decreased by 54%. so, this all decreased rate of HIV is done by another strategy and new
approaches taken by the government and the regulating body of India. NACO is the body
responsible for generating new policies and implementing new awareness programs for the
control of HIV (Ezeibe and et. al., 2016). In India it most recent program which aim to reduce

the HIV infections by providing HIV treatment, education, care and support to the general
population along with targeted interventions. The risk of HIV transmission is the key is to reduce
the HIV patient which is affected population with target intervention. The target intervention
strategies are to make an awareness and provide a physical evidences of HIV and take an
awareness step from home to home, town to town and city to city and aware them about the risk
factor of HIV virus.
HIV EPIDEMOLOGY IN INDIA
In 1996, the first case of the HIV was detected in the India among the female sex worker
in Chennai. Then this leads to the rapid increase in the other states of the country. The one of
most high-risk group is the female sex workers is about to 7%. There was new HIV infection
which was reached ot peak in 1998 and then it goes to decline by 60%. According to the
National AIDS Control Organisation, the latest estimate is 2.12 million persons which are
infected with the HIV in India. Children account for 6.54% & women for about 40.56%. India is
having the highest prevalence of HIV in the world which is 0.3% and the world average is 0.2%.
There are four of the main drive in India such as commercial sex work, unpaid intercourse
between general male and females, injecting drug use, unprotected anal sex in between men and
men. The one of the major region of the HIV epidemic in India is the behaviour and populations
which puts them in the risk. The Indian data says that it can see in decrease in the graph since
2003-2005 to the year 2010-2011. Decline is seen in the female sex worker, in men who have
sex with men but there is stable in the trend in the user of the drug.
HIV EPIDEMOLOGY IN NIGERIA
HIV infections has getting spread over 30 years which is having the greatest impact on
the health, employment, criminal justice sector and welfare which is affecting the social as well
as ethnic groups in all over the world. The first two cases which was diagnosed in year 1985.

which was reported in year 1986 in which one was the young female sex worker ages 13 years
and another one was from the West African country. There was the first sentential survey in
Nigeria which was conducted in the 1991, with was 1.8% prevalence reported were there. From
the year 2001, there can be seen there was little decrease in the case which was noted that time.
There were two percent of the sex workers were found to the HIV positive, then this number
were increased simultaneously, to 15% in year 1993 along with 1996 it was 31%. In Nigeria
there are high number of cases of the sex workers. Men who had sex with men were on the
second-high risk in the Nigeria (Lofgren and et. al., 2018). Data says that in year 2010 there can
be seen that there were less number of the infected person who were injecting the drug in their
body. The high was noted that there was the use of less condom during the intercourse which
created the high risk in the Nigeria people. In this country the young generation were the most
prevalence of HIV person in the country. In the previous research it is been found that there is
the effect of education and the social awareness which helps in the reduction of the spread of the
HIV.

Policy environment for HIV
In prospect of HIV policy environment is the development of different protection polices
for the support of infected person and for the prevention of HIV cases by making different policy
and safety measures. And for the improvement of social, personal, work environment from the
impact HIV it is essential to support the policy environment in order to apply the different
programs for the prevention of virus infection, and for providing the complete care to infected
person (Almathami, Win2020). Foe the policy development every country need to take the right
process and steps explain below.
Policy development process
 Problem identification: Firs it need to do the research of the HIV case and the causes of
HIV along with the identification of factors which prevent the HIV intervention effects.
 Information collection: Then next step should be the collection of Precautions,
guidelines and treatments.
 Drafting: Then the development of policy draft related to the problem.
 Reviewing: Then it involves rechecking and evaluating the effects of the developing
policy for HIV.
 Approval: Then the approval of policy by analysing that it could not poses any negative
effect in the environment.
 Implementation: The final step is implementation of the policy throughout the
population to make them aware about it.
Legal environment for HIV
As HIV is biggest problem of world, which causes the multiple problems in the health
care and development filed. So the government and multinational health care corporation have
developed some legal laws and rights in order to improve the environment for HIV and to
positively influence the HIV response. Below is the explanation of some legal act and rules in
prospect to HIV.
HIV anti-discrimination ACT 2014: In Nigeria this act is devolved to protect the HIV
positives from social discrimination and to provide them the legal rights to live their live as same
as others. Its first objective is to protect the right and dignity of HIV positive person by the aid of
positive work place environment, positive social environment along with the complete facilities
of managing their problem. Such as by providing the safe learning and working environment. So

no one can prevent HIV affected for getting employment and education (Biemba, Menda, Siame,
2019). It’s a responsibility of every one to make anti-discrimination and supportive environment
for HIV affected person.
Immoral trafficking prevention act 1986: This act is updated from the form 1959 act
which was developed to just stop the exploitation of women’s, prostitute and then in the 1986
government updated this in prospect of HIV prevention too.
HIV fundamental right: In India this act gives the developed some provisions for HIV
Affected person, which involve right to live, right to liberty and right to security of person and
their personal information. Everyone have right to work at same place including HIV affected
persons too. No one have right to force any one for testing and no can treat the HIV infected
cruel.
Cultural environment for HIV
From the binging of this live threatening disease there was the very bad and discriminated
social culture for HIV infected person. People are treating the infected person very bad and
discriminated way and they don’t let them live their live positively. But in present time there is
some improvement in that. Cultural environment different factors which effect the HIV
responses are Unethical values, Women’s health empowerment, Cultural practice, Women’s
unemployment, Social perception about the HIV, Ethical prospect about. So it need to develop
women's awareness about the HIV, Guidance about the precautions and for the HIV prevention it
is necessary to provide the education to women's along with the employment, which aid to take
the right prosecutions for their health with the aid of sufficient money and knowledge. Society
should maintain the positive culture about treating the HIV affected person and they should
involve the guidance about HIV and sex education in their cultural system (Donkor,
Luckett,Aranda 2018). Which aid to prevent the HIV cases.
Facilitators of HIV intervention
facilitators of HIV are can be, people understanding towards the importance of precautions rather
than the cure of the HIV, because it cannot be cure, there is no treatment to completely cure this.
Positive cultural environment, social awareness’ and understanding to handle it positively
without harassing the HIV positive person by discrimination is can be a very good facilitator of

HIV intervention. The government free of cost facility can aid to save the life of poor people
from HIV and this can also be an of the best facilitator of HIV intervention, by providing the
blood bank safe from the HIV, drug abuse controlling. free distribution of condoms. Regular
check-up for the HIV, awareness of the people about safe sex. The most importantly the society
support along with the medical support can aid prevent the HIV cases and make the HIV positive
person feel good with the help of emotional and social support.
Barriers of HIV intervention
There are the multiple barriers of the HIV intervention which prevent the Intervention
affectivity such as Discrimination, poor health care system, Privacy and anonymity, Physical
isolation, Low population density, explain below.
Stigma: Is the negative behaviour of the peoples towards the HIV affected person, which
highly effect the wellbeing of HIV positive person, stigma can create the mental stress and
prevent the intervention affectivity. So it need to remove the stigma from society.
Lace of services: Lower economic growth of the country causes the lace of Service and
medical facilities, which prevent the intervention process, so economical and financial condition
should be improve in order to develop all the required services for HIV interventions.
Cost treatment: HIV treatment is very costly so the lower economical population cannot
take the proper intervention or treatment. Which effect the intervention planning to prevent HIV
spreading and its managements (Lyons, Grosso, Drame 2017). Government should use their free
service and research for cost effective treatments.
CONCLUSION
From the above study it has been concluded that HIV is the global health issue but in the
low income country its management is more difficult. In Nigeria most of the population is
suffering from the HIV and they need to develop more HIV health care measurements. In India
there is the retrovirus treatment but due to the lake of heath care management system and
economic development, only 20% of people are treated year with this method's. For the
improvement of HIV response, it need to make the strong support of society along with the
medical intervention. In the terms of Nigeria and India there are the multiple acts and laws

developed in order to protect the HIV affected person and to make the awareness of society to
take it positively and help each other to prevent its spreading and mistreatment of HIV affected
individuals. According to those act no one’s have right to discriminate HIV positive person and
they have to provide the same opportunity to every one along with the HIV positive. And they
have right to live their life independently. Now it need to develop some more health care system
form HIV along with the more improvement social perception about HIV, it need to follow all
the given precautions about HIV by the everyone.

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