Systems Engineering for Managers: Public Hospital System Design

This report provides a comprehensive analysis of a public hospital as a system, applying systems engineering principles to understand its complexities and potential improvements. It begins by identifying key stakeholders, including the government, suppliers, doctors, nurses, ambulance drivers, emergency attendants, patients, receptionists, and cashiers, and outlines their respective requirements and perspectives. The report includes a context diagram illustrating the flow of information and interactions between stakeholders, as well as a high-level system hierarchy diagram detailing the hospital's subsystems. A detailed examination of the diagnosis of the patient subsystem highlights its contributions to the overall system. The analysis identifies conflicting stakeholder interests, such as those between hospital management, registration processes, patient testing, and drug administration, and proposes a trade study value system to address these conflicts. The introduction of new stakeholders, such as laboratory technicians and health insurance companies, introduces additional constraints that are also discussed. The report concludes with a reflection on the systemic issues addressed, providing valuable insights into the application of systems engineering in public hospital management.

Running head: SYSTEMS ENGINEERING FOR MANAGERS 1
Systems Engineering For Managers
Systems Engineering For Managers in Public Hospital
[Student Name]
[University Name]

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Table of Contents
Public hospital as a system..............................................................................................................3
Key stakeholders of the system....................................................................................................3
Importance of the system in perspective of stakeholders............................................................4
System requirements................................................................................................................4
Context diagram for the hospital..................................................................................................5
High level system hierarchy diagram of hospital system subsystems.........................................6
The contribution of the diagnosis of the patient subsystem.........................................................7
Emergence of patients diagnoses subsystem for one of contributions.........................................8
Conflicting stakeholder interests..................................................................................................8
Trade study value system addressing the conflicting requirements.............................................8
Additional constraints that the new stakeholders.........................................................................9
Reflection and the key systemic issues addressed.......................................................................9
References......................................................................................................................................10

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Public hospital as a system
The public hospital is an institution that highly involves a number of people and also
number of the stakeholders who are responsible to run the institution and other who gets the
services from the institution, however there are various services that are offered and also there
are some management requirements as well which results to inclusion of various stakeholders of
the institution as discussed below (Watson, 2014).
Key stakeholders of the system.
The hospital system involves various characters who plays various roles and these
includes the management, the services providers and the those seeking the medical services all
these forms the list of the hospital system stakeholders as listed below.
i. The government –The government is the stakeholder responsible of management of the
hospital since it is the real owner of the public hospital and it also provides the
administrative services required..
ii. Suppliers-These are the stakeholders who are responsible of supplying various items into
the hospital which includes the hospital equipments and the drugs.
iii. Doctors-These are the stakeholders who are responsible of the diagnosis of the
patients ,performing the surgical services.
iv. Nurses- These are some of the stakeholders who are responsible of attending the
outpatients patients by providing the drugs, and also the injection services
v. Ambulance drivers-These are the stakeholders who are responsible of driving the
ambulances to attend the patients while transporting them to other hospitals or picking
the patients to the hospital in case of emergency like the accident.
vi. Emergency attendants-These are the stakeholders who are able to attend the patients in a
emergency case and they provide the first aid services.
vii. Patients-These are stakeholders who go to the hospital to seek the medical services from
the hospitals and get attended by the doctors and the other hospital staffs.
viii. Receptionist-
ix. Cashier-

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Importance of the system in perspective of stakeholders.
The hospital system is meant to perform various operations which will involve various
stakeholders as summarized in the table below.
System requirements.
System requirements Stakeholders
1. The system should enable the administration to track the hospital progress. The government
2. The system should enable the supplies access the required items and place
order of supply
The Suppliers
3. The system should enable doctors to diagnose the patient and record the
results and prescriptions.
Doctors, and patients
4. The system should enable the nurses to attend the patients, give
medication as prescribed by doctor and update in the system
Nurses and patients
5. The system should enable the provision and recording of the of the
ambulance services to the patients and emergency cases.
Patients,ambulance
driver,and emergency
attendants
6. The system should allow the registration of the emergency cases that had
been identified and been attended to.
Doctors,emergency
attendants and the
patients
7. The system should enable the patients to book an appointment with
doctors and also check on the treatment process and the prescriptions
provided.
The patients,doctors
and the nurses.
(Morton, 2015).

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0
Hospital
Management
system
Receptionist
Patients
Government
Doctors
Suppliers
Emergency attendants
Receptionist receives and directs the patient
Patient seek medication
Suppliers supplies hospital drugs and items
Doctor diagnose patient and give prescriptions
Nurses give drugs and injections to patients
Drivers provides the transport to patients
The attendants provides service to emergency patients
Government funds employ staffs and, manage the hospital
PUBLIC HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM CONTEXT DIAGRAM
Context diagram for the hospital.
The hospital system involves the various stakeholders activities and the flow of
information and the stakeholders people interactions would be determined by the below context
diagram.
(Mockler, 2016).
Nurses
Ambulance drivers

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5
Making payments to cashier.
Pharmacist
Cashier
3
Prescription of the patient’s medication
4
Drugs issuing and injection and indication of charges
Receptionist
2
Diagnosis of the patient D1 Patient’s File
1
Reception and registration of patient Patient
Doctor
Nurses
Patient arrives at the hospital reception
Receptionist captures the patient’s details and directs him to the doctor
Doctor diagnoses the patient of his diseases and performs some tests.
Doctor give the appropriate prescription to the patients on drugs and injections required.
Pharmacist gives the prescribed drugs to the patient and indicate price
The nurse gives the prescribed injections to the patient and indicates the charges
The patient makes the payments of the indicated charges of drugs and also the in
The Patients forwarded to doctor
The Patients give the pay to cashier
The Patients is given prescription
The Patients is issued with drugs and injected
Patient’s details store in the system database
High level system hierarchy diagram of hospital system subsystems.
(King, 2015).

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The contribution of the diagnosis of the patient subsystem.
The hospital system is quite large system which offers various services to the users, these
users includes the patients, management and the hospitals staffs ( Greenberg, 2014).
However there are various subsystems that mainly cater for some specific functions of
the system, and in this case I select the “diagnosis of patient subsystem” which has various
contributions towards the entire system.
Below is a table of the summary of the various contributions of the diagnosis of the
patients subsystem.
Number Contributions
1. Allow the confirmation of the patients registration details.
2. Allow the patient to visit the doctor to seek the medication.
3. Allows the doctor to diagnose the patient of the illness.
4. Allows the doctor to carry out some tests on the patient to
identify the possible cause of illness.
5. Allows the doctor to give the drugs prescription according
to the tests and diagnoses results.
6. Allows the doctor to give the injections prescription
according to the tests and diagnoses results.

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Emergence of patients diagnoses subsystem for one of contributions.
Below is the emergence that will be employed with specific inputs that undergoes the
transformation to give the desired output.
Input Transformations Output
The doctor diagnoses the
patient and captures the details
in the system database.
The details are stored in the
database for ease access by the
nurses and the pharmacist.
The pharmacists and nurses search the
patient’s details in the system and give the
appropriate drugs and injections and make
it easy to access patient’s details in future.
Conflicting stakeholder interests.
The hospital system has various stakeholders and all have their roles and they are the major
interest that they have in the system after the stakeholder analysis there were some few resulting
stakeholders’ interest which were conflicting as discussed below (Courtney, 2015).
i. Hospital management: Since the management has changed to private from the
government management there are some conflicts from the previous management and the
current management since the private management is highly aiming at making profit.
ii. Registration of patient. This is one of the stakeholders conflicts since the registration is
initially done by the receptionist and then the doctor have to do the confirmations of the
patient’s registration; however this role is required to be delegated to one stakeholder
only to avoid conflicts.
iii. Testing of the patient. The testing of the patient is another conflicting interest between
the doctor and the laboratory technician, this is because the doctor is performing some
tests beyond the normal diagnoses which can be done by the laboratory technicians and
this role becomes conflicting one as well.
iv. Drugs administration. In the administration of the drugs to the patients the pharmacist and
the nurse do administer drugs through the injection or drugs issuance, this issue becomes
conflicting since each of the stakeholders should have their own roles as well.

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Trade study value system addressing the conflicting requirements.
Identification and selection of the alternatives.
In the analysis of the conflicting requirements the below are the various requirements and
their respective alternative.
Requirement Alternative
Registration of patient to be done by the receptionist Registration of patient to be done by the doctor
Testing of the patient to be done by the doctor. Testing of the patient to be done by the laboratory
technician.
Drugs administration to be done by the pharmacist. Drugs administration to be done by the nurses.
Assess the performance of each option for each criteria
Qualitative Decision Matrix hospital management system Trade Study
Characteristics Registration of patient to be done by the
receptionist
Registration of patient to be done by the doctor.
Time saving High Low
Profit making High Low
Effectiveness High Low
Qualitative Decision Matrix hospital management system Trade Study
Characteristics Testing of the patient to be done by the
doctor.
Testing of the patient to be done by the laboratory
technician.
Time saving medium high
Quality
service
medium high
Effectiveness medium high
Accuracy high high
Qualitative Decision Matrix hospital management system Trade Study
Characteristics Drugs administration to be done by the
pharmacist.
Drugs administration to be done by the nurses.
Time saving medium high
Quality
service
medium high
Effectiveness medium high
Accuracy high high
Therefore the best options out of the trade value analysis are as follows:

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i. Registration of patient to be done by the receptionist.
ii. Testing of the patient to be done by the laboratory technician.
iii. Drugs administration to be done by the nurses.
Additional constraints that the new stakeholders
In this system there can be addition of the new stake holders who will as a result make
the system to have some new constraints, however in this case the new stake holders will be the
laboratory technicians and the health insurance companies who will result to the below
additional system constrains (Bonczek, 2016).
New Stake holders Constraints
Laboratory
technicians
1. System should enable the doctor to send some patient’s test requirements.
2. The system should enable the laboratory technician to carry out the patient’s tests sent from the
doctor.
3. The system should enable the laboratory technician to update the test results and send them
back to the doctor for further diagnosis and prescription
The health
insurance.
1. The system should enable the hospital management register various health insurance companies.
2. The system should enable the patients to register for their respective health insurance company
for medical bills payments.
3. The system should enable the patients to pay for their hospital bills through health insurance.
Reflection and the key systemic issues addressed.
In this hospital management the activity had given a good opportunity to review and research
more on the systems stakeholders’ identification and below are the issues that are addressed in
this report (Alter,2016).
i. The key stakeholders of the system.
ii. The importance of the system in perspective of stakeholders.
iii. The system requirements
iv. The context diagram for the hospital
v. The high level system hierarchy diagram of hospital system subsystems.
vi. The contribution of the diagnosis of the patient subsystem.
vii. The emergence of patients diagnoses subsystem for one of contributions.

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viii. The conflicting stakeholder interests.
ix. The addressing of the conflicting requirements.
x. The additional constraints that the new stakeholders

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