Construction Technology Report: Hotel Building Design and Analysis

This report delves into the application of construction technology for a five-story hotel project located near Heathrow Airport. The report begins by differentiating between residential, commercial, and industrial buildings, followed by a discussion on promoting sustainability in building projects, and defining key terminology. It then explores pre-design studies, including land and geotechnical surveys, and the selection of suitable foundation types like raft or mat foundations, considering site information's impact. The report covers the construction of various foundation types, functional characteristics of structural elements (walls, roofs, floors), and their design selection criteria. Additionally, it addresses site remediation techniques, substructure works, and the identification of superstructure, substructure, and civil engineering structures. The report concludes by examining the supply and distribution arrangements for primary services and their impact on overall building design.

Construction technology

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................4
TASK 1 ...........................................................................................................................................4
a) Difference between the residential, commercial and industrial building................................4
b) Discuss the ways in which sustainability can be promoted in building projects....................5
c) Terminology used in the building construction projects.........................................................5
TASK 2 ...........................................................................................................................................6
d) Pre-design studies and type of information for suitable foundation type for different types
of structures.................................................................................................................................6
e) Construction of different types of foundations and their suitability for use with different
types............................................................................................................................................6
of structures.................................................................................................................................6
f) How site information impact on foundation design................................................................7
g) Description of the functional characteristics of each of the above elements and the design..8
selection criteria.........................................................................................................................8
h) Pre-design studies carried out and types of information collected for a given.......................8
construction site.........................................................................................................................8
I) Compare different types of structural frame used to carry the primary and secondary
elements of..................................................................................................................................9
the superstructure.......................................................................................................................9
TASK 4 .........................................................................................................................................10
j) Describe the techniques used for remediating the site prior to construction commencing...10
k) Discuss the types of substructure works required for the infrastructures.............................10
l) Identify superstructure, substructure and civil engineering structures necessary for a given
...................................................................................................................................................11
TASK 5 .........................................................................................................................................11
m) Describe the supply arrangements for primary services......................................................11
n) Explain the distribution arrangements for primary services.................................................12
o) Demonstrate the elements of the superstructure used to facilitate the primary services......12

p) Appraise how the distribution of the primary services impact on the overall design of the
building.....................................................................................................................................13
CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................14
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................15

INTRODUCTION
Now a days, construction technology has become necessary technique and method for the
civil engineering and also the engineer in context with infrastructure construction with the use of
different techniques and tooling. In this current scenario, it has been analysed that tools of
construction are consists of various advanced number of software, hardware, solid materials and
other equipments by which effective information and knowledge should be gathered and proper
execution could be take place for construction the higher level of infrastructure. There are
various types of construction technology that could be named as developing the commercial,
domestic, heavy, domestic or civil building construction. This current report will be based on
proper and effective conceptual design which is useful to make complex hotel construction.
Actually the entire concept is that hotel needs to be located near to the motorway which is
completely linked to biggest Heathrow airport. The Clients have cleared that the construction
must be of five storeys and also required to be built 1 Kilometre away from the prescribed
motorways. Apart from this, report will cover the difference between residential, commercial and
industrial building, types of an information which is suitable for various foundation of types of
structures, functional characteristics of the elements and also in context with sub structure and
also description about the primary services.
TASK 1
a) Difference between the residential, commercial and industrial building
Residential buildings Commercial buildings Industrial buildings
This type of infrastructure is
built for the specific purpose
of accommodation for single
or multiple families for their
living and welfare. Now a
days, one can see that such
residential building are also
equipped with shopping
complex, motels, laundry
Under this infrastructure,
various offices, shopping and
departmental complex or
multiplex stores are came into
the context and knowledge. It
was also found that this type of
infrastructure are always
constructed with the purpose
of generating profit and
Such type of infrastructure has
been developed with the focal
purpose of manufacturing and
developing product and
physical goods. It is mostly
located away from the urban
area with the full service of
shipping and transportation of
the good and services. Such

housing and other apartments
etc.
business building through by
the help of customer
engagement and involvement.
types of infrastructure is
always regulated by the strict
rules and regulation.
b) Discuss the ways in which sustainability can be promoted in building projects
In the building infrastructure, sustainability plays the necessary role in for effective and
proper use of civil engineers and their appropriate knowledge and information (Sih, 2013). It is
why because during the period of developing the building projects, there are various things such
as harmful effect and results of material, dust particles, stone falling etc. It is found that
sustainability can be promoted and developed during building projects in several ways: Energy saving and efficiency premises: In the past research, it has been found that
building projects releases higher level of pollution, dust particles and other harmful dust
into the air which can cause harmful diseases to other people. For overcoming this, civil
engineer needs to issue energy performance certificate(EPC) before the commencement
of the building projects. This mentioned that suitable quality of the raw material and
energy sources would be used to remove all such causes for the better future.
 Maximum removal of construction waste: For promoting sustainability, clients and
project manager needs to put maximum focus on the waste management, as it plays the
crucial and significant role on the weather and also can lead to higher cost of
construction of the hotel and building projects. Proper check list is required to maintain
the record and status of used and available materials.
c) Terminology used in the building construction projects
Before construction of the building projects, there are suitable and ample number of raw
materials, technique, tools and other equipments are required to be used in this five storey hotel
projects (Carpinteri, 2013). Such short and adequate terminology and equipments is as follows:
Admixture: This is being recognised as chemical and its components which is going to
be added in concrete solution for developing the structure and walls of the hotel building and
also the bridge to overpass the motorway. It generally helps in removing the air bubbles and gap
after the soften of the fixed concrete.

Aggregate: This is considered as the kind of mixture which is made up of sand, clay
along with the stones which is useful to develop the structure and substructure of the building
project. This can be considered as crucial and significant process of mixture to formulate the
proper and strong infrastructure.
Concrete: It is considered as mixture of Portland cement, water, stones, sand and water.
Such type of mixture is generally used to make basement support and floors, side walks and also
the foundation walls etc. It has to be used around the combined steel rod gripped by hard wires.
Such type of mixture is to make strong and supportive pillars and stands of the buildings.
TASK 2
d) Pre-design studies and type of information for suitable foundation type for different types of
structures
Pre-design is considered as stage which consists of different aspects (Surace, 2013).
Generally, this stage occurs after the final amount of funding available and before the
construction process. This kind of analysis is required to find the space required to construct the
building and material timeline of the construction and cost need. In context of different type of
structure, there are various studies and theories to understand the whole process are as follow:
Land survey: This kind of study is helpful in analysing the features and suitability of the
location, site and ground status such as hard or soft soil, erosion and any kind of the restriction
by the local bodies and authorities. Civil engineer has to required to acquire the permission of the
local bodies.
Geotechnical study: This has been undertaken to analyse the existing condition of the
soil and its particles (Moteki, 2013). Accordingly, it measures the other geotechnical issues such
as earthquake, land erosion and landslides. Such studies is important to acknowledge the exact
requirement of land for the construction process.
Such studies are suitable for rigid frame type of the structure and foundation systems. In
rigid frame structure, foundation of the hotel building will be starts from the basement to support
the entire structure of the building.

e) Construction of different types of foundations and their suitability for use with different types
of structures
For strong construction of the hotel building, it is necessary to analyse the weight of the
building for confirming the foundation required. Pillar needs to be constructed during the setting
up of foundation. There are two different types of foundation which is as follows:
Raft or Mat foundation: This is the type of foundation where a basement is required to
setup the base of the hotel infrastructure (Fujino and Nishiyama, 2013). In Raft foundation, civil
engineer needs to construct the complete basement for the entire building to handle the weight
load and burden. Also such foundation have capacity to survive and handle the weight and load
of the construction like the Hotel projects for maximum 70 years for sure.
Shallow foundation: This type of foundation is well known for open footing or spread
footing. Also, such can be easily seen by the people, because foundation starts from the ground
level. Such foundation will handle the burden and load of the building in the larger and wider
area and conveniently adjust with the soil on the ground level. Such foundation can easily handle
weight of 20 Tons.
Form the above discussion, it is suggestible that company who making this hotel complex
should use the Raft or Mat foundation for ensuring the longevity of the construction projects.
f) How site information impact on foundation design
For hotel complex construction, it is necessary that proper and complete site should be
present in order to decide the appropriate foundation design before commencing the hotel project
and to prevent the building from any kind of damage or breakdown. Site information includes the
correct and accurate information of the soil and land supportive factors. In location like London,
that city is mostly located near to the sea area. Hence, it is required for Civil engineer to make
sure about the suitability and durability of the land. For this, Hydrology study is suitable and also
relevant to get solution of such situations (Marks and Teizer, 2013.). Apart from this, it was
noticed that Hotel will be located near to the Heathrow airport and studies show that planes
generally releases the kind of vibration which is helpful during the construction stage of the hotel
building. In site information context, geotechnical study is helpful for putting appropriate
measures for avoiding such consequences during the construction of proper foundation process.
Apart from this, Raft or Mat foundation would be helpful in maintaining the foundation structure
for the longer period of time

Hence, it is important to ascertain the adequate amount of an information regarding site
and place of the construction to enable the infra-structure process and procedure in an effective
and proper way.
TASK 3
g) Description of the functional characteristics of each of the above elements and the design
selection criteria
Walls: In context with Super-structure, Walls should be well-built, settled and structured
in such a way that it provides adequate space for rooms and rest portion for an interiors. Also, the
wall are required to set along with the lower part of the terrace of the buildings and construction.
Roofs: They must be in proper shape and size. Roofs are required to be in equal length
and breadth along with design and arts, in order to make it effective and attractive (Cheng,
2012). Also, lights and other accessories such as fans, AC are required to be fit. The main aim is
to save rain water and protection from the heat and winters. The selection criteria of Roofs are
depends on equipments, quality of material to be used to give shape and other climatic
conditions.
Floors: Floors are required to be well-shaped and strengthen and not Zigzag and rough. It
must be tiled and covered by stone marbles for the attractive and premium look. The selection
criteria of the floor depends on the length and breadth of the materials such as marbles, stone and
tiles to be used to make it effectively and properly.
Window and doors: Windows are required to be adjust along with actual size of the
wall. Also, the door's should be of appropriate and measured size. Both need to be fit in
accordance with structure and size of the room. Window and doors will be selected on the basis
of actual size and capacity of this room. As, every window and door is required to be of equal
size and shape. The walls capacity is also the main factor for selection of the window and doors.
Staircases: Size and length of the stairs should be well-measured and shaped. There must
be not any kind of difference between other staircase and should be equal number as per the
requirement of the floor. The selection criteria of the staircase depends on the required size and
material available for building it.

Finishes: It must be done and completed by various materials and equipments. In the
current time, finishing is almost done by Electronic machines to give wall and floor the
appropriate size and shape (Guo and Skitmore, 2017). It includes white washing and applying
POP etc. For effective selection criteria, finishing would be based upon usage of material such as
cement, white wash material, POP and hard black cement etc.
h) Pre-design studies carried out and types of information collected for a given construction site
For building the proper superstructure, civil engineer of the project is required to put his
concern over the pre-design studies which involves the construction task with clear and cut
planning of the super-structure. There are various points which is generally related to pre-design
process which is as follows:
In context with super-structure, there is the requirement of relevant info and studies for
designing the walls, floors, staircase, roofs, window and door etc. For this, geotechnical study is
suitable to pre-determined the future effects of radiation of Aeroplane near to Heathrow airport.
Super-structure report: This information has been ascertained about the inside structure
and as per the requirement of the hotel building and also taking care of ventilation and air
passing to maintain the real temperature required to maintain the structure of the super-structure
of the hotel building.
Information regarding the material: This says about the requirement of the material for
constructing super-structure of the hotel building. It also says that what furniture and fixtures are
required to enables the quality and longevity of the superstructure in the hotel construction.
Hence, it is advisable that pre-design of the super-structure should be well-implemented
and formulated to make the inside and interior of the hotel should be very effective and beautiful.
Clients needs to justify their actual requirement and wants regarding the interior of the hotel.
I) Compare different types of structural frame used to carry the primary and secondary elements
of the superstructure
In regards with the hotel, there are two different types of structural frame: rigid frame and
braced frame structure (Sargent, Hyland and Sawang, 2012). In order to know the structural
frame, analysis of different types of structural frame are required to be discussed to setup the
effective superstructure in the hotel building. It is necessary to identify the most appropriate
frame of structure for an adequate and definite look and attraction. Frames are as follows:

Rigid frame structure: This kind of structure is classified into two parts: fixed and pin
ended. Rigid means to stand straight without any kind of deformation. It is the type of structure
which consist of the column and beans which is made for tough situation and loads. In the
current scenario, it is required that structure should be followed and understand properly. This
type of structure could easily bear the moments of the shear and torsion in order to compare it
with other type of frame structure. The type of the structural frame has founded in Burj al arab.
Braced frame structure: In this frame structure, bracing is commonly found between the
columns & beans to surge the resistance besides the side away forces and other lateral forces. It
is generally done by positioning diagonal members of the column and bears. Such structure can
be found in Kuwait tower (Ghoddousi and Hosseini, 2012).
Rigid frame structure is the most suitable and required for deciding the structure and
shape of this hotel building. It would be beneficial for this hotel to decide the structural
framework during the pre-design stage of the super-structure.
TASK 4
j) Describe the techniques used for remediating the site prior to construction commencing
In the field of construction, remediation is defined as the action type which is usually
taken by civil engineer to maintain the stronger base for alteration to commence the building of
the hotel infrastructure at the site (Tamošaitienė, Zavadskas and Turskis, 2013). This could help
the building from any non-biodegradable process or any kind of improper process and activities.
For such remediation, site engineer needs to focus highly on treatment and solution of the soil
erosion. For remedial action, there are two possible treatment which are currently present is as
follow:
Biological treatments: Biodegradation is generally refers to as breakdown of the
compounds by the particular living organism which will result in formation of carbon dioxide or
methane. In order to get effective results, this new hotel should start using the fast stream
services. Site inspector and civil engineer can use the bio mediation. This techniques is useful to
remove hydro carbonated element from the soils.

Chemical treatments: Conversion of the chemical, usage of the maximum resources
related to the natural, environment and climatic are some of the basic treatment which would
used for treating the soil in the right and appropriate way.
k) Discuss the types of substructure works required for the infrastructures
Sub-structure works are related to basements, under-ground work and activities etc
(Skibniewski, 2014). For construction of this hotel, there are some major activities such as
underpinning, propping, groundwork etc. In order to build an effective and proper sub-
structure,it is required to understand and analyse the different types of the sub-structure which is
as follow:
Underpinning: This involves the setting up of various underpins which has range from 1
meter to 7 meter to the site of construction. For this sub-structure, electronic devices are required
for the continuous work.
Propping: It is meant as temporary fitting to support or retain the existing sub-structure
which is in under development and process. Mostly, large projects requires this kind of propping
technique to enable the effective and proper supporting to the infrastructure.
Ground work: There are various activities in the groundwork such as adjusting and
fitting the ground slab and foundation slab, bulk and waste excavation, pile, trimming, pile
probing, shafts and headings. In this hotel, it will be beneficial to use extensive fleets and
machinery to enables the effective and complete services and work on the sites of the
construction.
l) Identify superstructure, substructure and civil engineering structures necessary for a given
building construction project
Sub-structure: in the process of hotel construction spreading, footing, segmenting would
be the best and suitable types of substructure for the further infrastructure projects. Civil
engineer's are required to use this substructure in order to decide the requirement of the area for
construction of the hotel construction and also the bridge building process (Kozlovská, Kaleja
and Struková, 2014).
Super-structure: The various components of defined super-structure are namely floor,
roof, staircase, windows and door and finishes etc. All such components are come under the
main category of interior of the hotel construction. Super-structure also aims at the making

interior more attractive and well-structured in order to get effective and complete structure of the
building.
Civil engineering structure: This kind of structure generally consists of setting and
adjusting the mixture, concrete and iron which could be used by civil engineers for the
construction of hotel building projects.
TASK 5
m) Describe the supply arrangements for primary services
Supply arrangement is the technique used to buy or purchase different kind of goods and
services. There are two types of supply arrangement namely primary and secondary supply. In a
primary services, there are various fitting or services which is used to install in the construction
projects such as electricity, lifts, water connection, energy preservation, communication
technology and other protective equipments for the safety and security purpose etc. These are
generally used in building construction. Building services can also be the part of supply
arrangement which includes the plumbing, escalators and lifts, heating, drainage and also the
artificial lighting system etc. A proper budget and finance setting is required to implement this
supply arrangements.
In secondary services, it involves outside arrangement and fixtures such as railings, doors
, camera system, fire extinguisher and other equipments. Apart from this, primary services also
involves mechanical services, electrical services, plumbing services and data base systems. There
also comes the electrical services such as generator, electrical fittings and fixtures. Data base
system includes cable TV, CCTV camera services and voice and data connectivity. All such
primary services are useful to better construction of the building process.
n) Explain the distribution arrangements for primary services
For the construction of the hotel, it necessary and required that all materials should be
available and reach to the hotel site in the right time (Wong and et. al., 2013). Because, time of
the installation process is long and all the several testing is used to take place. In regards with
this, various raw materials related to primary services must be well-managed and available at the
right time and places for the further fitting and installation process before giving complete
building to the clients for starting the business and functioning. Such material of the primary