Essay on Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory & Teaching

This essay provides a comprehensive review of Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, exploring eight different types of intelligence: visual-spatial, linguistic-verbal, naturalistic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, and logical-mathematical. It discusses how these intelligences influence learning styles and suggests various teaching methods that educators can employ to cater to diverse student needs. The essay emphasizes the importance of incorporating multiple teaching assistive tools, expanding vocabulary, promoting exploration, encouraging self-expression, utilizing music, and providing practical knowledge to maximize learning outcomes. It also highlights the significance of fostering logical learning and adopting a balanced or student-centric teaching approach. The document is contributed by a student and available on Desklib, a platform offering study tools and resources for students.

INDIVIDUAL ESSAY
REVIEW ARTICLES

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
DIFFERENT INTELLIGENCES BY HOWARD GARDNER......................................................3
1) VISUAL -SPATIAL INTELLIGENCE-.................................................................................3
2) LINGUISTIC- VERBAL INTELLIGENCE-.........................................................................3
3) NATURALISTIC INTELLIGENCE-.....................................................................................4
4) INTRAPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE-.................................................................................4
5) INTERPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE-..................................................................................4
6) MUSICAL INTELLIGENCE-................................................................................................5
7) BODILY- KINESTHETIC INTELLIGENCE-.......................................................................5
8) LOGICAL- MATHEMATICAL INTELLIGENCE-..............................................................5
TEACHING METHODS.................................................................................................................6
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................8
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................9

INTRODUCTION
Learning intelligence refers to a set of intelligence of a student which leads him to
acquire knowledge through different channel. The report will be discussing Howard Gardner's
theory and the areas of intelligence he has suggested about students. The theory will be drilled
deeply in attempt to analyse various methods of learning and their suitability for the students. It
will also discuss teaching methods which can be used by a teacher to maximize his teaching
outcomes on the basis of the theory of Howard Gardner. Where a mixture or set of teaching
theories will get presented in order to ensure apex results of learning process.
DIFFERENT INTELLIGENCES BY HOWARD GARDNER
Howard Gardner who is a Harvard psychologist proposed the theory of multiple
intelligences. This theory suggested that all students are not same they are having their different
set of skills and understanding level which create different ways to teach them. Different
intelligences are as follows (Cavas and Cavas, 2020.)
1) VISUAL -SPATIAL INTELLIGENCE-
So many people feel comfortable with visual -spatial intelligence they find easy to learn
something by watching videos, listening, observing pictures, drawing map and articulating
information on various types of charts which make the content receptive to them, and they can
perceive it for long time. They generally like painting, drawing and other forms of visual arts.
Their this characteristic form their different pattern of learning. People with this intelligence
keep doing imagination, and they always try to make a picture of the content they learn. They
avoid just written content since it can't pour on interest of reading.
2) LINGUISTIC- VERBAL INTELLIGENCE-
A few people find their comfort at linguistic or verbal intelligence. Such people listen the
words well and then can write or speak and memorize it for longer. They are not having need of
pictures, videos, or any other form of art to memorize their content. For such students the written
content is self-sufficient and by applying their verbal capacity they can simplify anything
(Husnaini, 2021.) They can easily remember written and spoken information, enjoy reading and
writing, debate and give persuasive speeches, explain the tough content well. For them forming

ideas without picture or diagram is very easy. Their linguistic command makes them feel
comfortable in articulation of various ideas, and they believe in delivering their ideas with most
appropriate words.
3) NATURALISTIC INTELLIGENCE-
This intelligence is found in the people who prone to the nature. They like natural things
like revere, mountain, sky and flora- fauna. Their this intelligence gets them connected to the
natural phenomenon. Such people can feel the environment so deeply with an intensive interest.
Environment is a mystery for they and these complications incite interest in their educational
exploration. If these students are taught other branches of knowledge except environment science
or associated field then it becomes tough nut for them. Their memorization capacity can only
achieve its potential only if they get something close to the nature.
4) INTRAPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE-
People with this intelligence are generally quite introvert they feel better to be alone.
Such people strongly believe in self realization and understanding their own emotions, attitude,
aptitude, emotional intelligence. Their this attitude make them different and abnormal. They are
fond of reading various theories (Gómez and García, 2020.) They are very good at understanding
and assessing one's self characteristics like strengths and weaknesses, life values and potential
behaviour. Such students are more prone to be philosopher or thinkers. Their this ability of
understanding their self deeply makes them stronger and if their this intelligence is well guided
then it turns out spectacular results.
5) INTERPERSONAL INTELLIGENCE-
Such people are good at perceiving emotions, attitude, aptitude, values, emotional
intelligence of other people. For teaching them it is important to have discussion and interactions
with others. They like to assess emotions, motivations, desires and intentions of those around
them. Such people always keep the presence of others in their mind which drive them to
communicate strongly. Since they understand others well, so they can resolve disputes, can
create positive relationships, can quickly observe situations. As per the theory their this
intelligence drive them to choose professions like counsellor, philosopher, salesperson etc. being

good at discussion they take advantage of talks and interactions by having upper-hand over other
and can also manipulate the minds of their opponents.
6) MUSICAL INTELLIGENCE-
This intelligence leads people to learn anything to connect with music. They like to
ponder over songs, rhythms, sounds. These aspects attract their senses, and they can easily
memorize anything in this form. Such people like singing, playing musical instruments,
remembering songs, melodies etc. such people don't like written or pictorial content due to
unavailability of music such branch of knowledge fades their interest in learning. For them music
is not just a matter of interest rather it helps in making their knowledge simplified. Even, while
reading anything they try to get that content aligned to music.
7) BODILY- KINESTHETIC INTELLIGENCE-
People with this intelligence are strong with body movements. Like their eye movement,
hand and cheeks movements etc. (Mansir and Purnomo, 2020.) They recognize facial expression
and bodily movements of other very well. Their this characteristic empowers them to perform
various tasks for instance- dancing, playing various sports specifically outdoor, they love doing
things and gaining personal experience rather than just listening or writing. If they do something
by their owns hands then they can remember the things for longer. They are good at physical
coordination that's why such people are more energetic and dynamic in their personality. For
memorization, they can't rely on just study for better results they take initiatives and try their
knowledge on ground level.
8) LOGICAL- MATHEMATICAL INTELLIGENCE-
Logical and mathematical intelligence drives a person to think everything in logical way.
Such people don't like reading theoretical subjects or other things since it can't incite their
interest in learning. They like maths, reasoning, pattern and other logical tasks. Such people are
highly sceptic in their nature they raise question on the things which are not supported with
logical framework. This intelligence helps in understanding abstractive things which are highly
complicated to others. They often avoid general stream of knowledge and prefer mathematician,
computer programmer, engineer, accountant, scientist and such complex jobs and professions.

TEACHING METHODS
The main aim of teaching is to make the content understandable to students for this
purpose teachers are supposed to use various methods, so they can serve the study material in
such way students perceive it effortlessly. Students posses different qualities and their this
individuality factor generate demand of different teaching methods. Generally teachers teach the
students in their way which is definitely comfortable for teachers but students can't perceive it.
That's why the theory of Gardner is relevant in improving methods of teaching so can maximize
the learning outcomes, As the theory discussed various types of intelligences which are
associated with different human being. These are a few methods can be opted by teachers to help
students learn (Syarifah, 2019.)
In a class there are number of students study together and for a teacher it is next to
impossible analysing all of them separately and then extending teaching content. Keeping this
peril in mind teachers can use a well-formed structure or constellation of teaching methods so
can bring better results to all of his students.
While teaching a teacher should use multiple teaching assistive tools such as board, chart,
pictures, diagram etc. by using such things' teacher can express his knowledge in proper way.
This method will definitely help such students who are clueless about the content of study. Such
tools will simplify their study goals. Use of teaching tools creates a phycological shift in mind
and generally human brain response to the visuals it sees (Attamimi and Umarella, 2019.) It
further helps teacher in articulation of his ideas and would be able to reduce the efforts of both of
them. Such study tools creates a free environment and for technical subjects like geography and
art where charts and map can maximize the results.
Teacher should always try to expand vocabulary of his students. As it is said two words
can never be exact replacements of each other. Students with their quality of learning by their
verbal intelligence need this method in teaching. Teacher can also promote students to read more
and more may be the books of their choice. Making them write essays and articles will also help
them. If they will write essays, articles it paves the way of expressing their self. This method

further helps teacher in assessing the level of learning of the students. By using this technique
counter actions can also be taken in order to maximize the learning results.
Generally with hectic process of teaching it is seen students get tired, and they lose their
performance. So teacher may also take them out of the classroom to explore the nature. This
technique will definitely help them in changing their stagnant life (Fitria and Marlina, 2020.)
While exploration the fun can also be conjoined with study material so can utilize the fun time in
productive way. Further students should also be promoted to come out of books and diversify
their knowledge domain it will incentivize their study results.
Along with class study teacher can promote students to express their self by giving them
projects like class room presentation, problem solving games. It is a normal phenomenon
students with greater knowledge are found poor at representation or expression of their ideas.
They face difficulties while transformation of the knowledge they gained. Eradication of this
jeopardy is very hard on their actual work or profession so if teacher inculcate this method in his
teaching then can make students more expressive and dynamic in nature.
Over the time it is also seen teachers who use stories or poems, rhymes in his teaching
not only attracts the students but also help them in feeling free in the classrooms. Musical
intelligence of students not only make them feel relax but also aids in learning faster. While
teaching tough content this method helps in slowing down the burden and fructify efforts of
teacher and students. Memorization is one of the prominent aspect and in absence of it reflection
level of learning is not possible. Using music and such techniques may help students in
memorizing difficult content easily and would be able to recollect is quickly (Sedov, 2019.)
Reading books and acquiring knowledge won't help students in thriving completely until
they are given scope of practical knowledge. So along with classroom study they can be given
practical projects so can go to field and directly get interacted to people and cope up practical
perils in real life. Projects must be evaluated properly so counter actions can be taken and
learning outcomes can be used throughout their life. Improved vocabulary will help in nurturing
the things in their perpetual form as they are in reality.

In classrooms teacher should promote classrooms discussions and debates so students can
share their logics. It is responsibility of a teacher to promote logical learnings among students it
will not only develop their command on subjects but also will improve their entire learning
outcomes. Such techniques are very helping in mental development as well. Over the times
various research also substantiated that logical subjects expand understanding level of students.
Teacher can use both student centric or teacher centric method of teaching depends on the
prevailing circumstances (Ghaznavi, 2021.) But it would be better if he uses balanced approach
or student centric approach so can give them wider scope to be involved directly in the learning
process and can also explore their self.
CONCLUSION
The report above had evaluated the theory of learning given by Howard Gardner who has
been a good phycologist and with this regard had shared his views. In the report the intelligences
which are found in various students have also been discussed given by the author. Further
various aspects of such intelligence were deeply analysed. The report recommended teaching
methods which can be used by a teacher so can help the students in learning the content
effortlessly. A set of such methods presented so a teacher can use it simultaneously and make the
learning process comfortable for number of students with their different area of learning
intelligence.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals-
Attamimi, M. A. and Umarella, S., 2019. Implementation Of The Theory Multiple Intelligences
In Improve Competence Of Learners On The Subjects Of Islamic Religious Education
In Smp Negeri 14 Ambon. al-Iltizam: Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam. 4(1). pp.73-103.
Cavas, B. and Cavas, P., 2020. Multiple intelligences theory—Howard Gardner. In Science
education in theory and practice (pp. 405-418). Springer,
Cham.Gómez, A. M. and García, P. V., 2020. Developing multiple intelligences using films in
primary education. Journal of Education and Practice. 11(3). pp.9-18.
Mansir, F. and Purnomo, H., 2020. Islamic Education Learning Strategies Based on Multiple
Intelligences in Islamic School. Psikis: Jurnal Psikologi Islami. 6(1). pp.48-57.
Syarifah, S., 2019. Konsep Kecerdasan Majemuk Howard Gardner. Sustainable. 2(2). pp.176-
197.Fitria, F. and Marlina, L., 2020.
Kecerdasan Majemuk (Multiple Intelligences) Anak Usia Dini Menurut Howard Gardner Dalam
Perspektif Pendidikan Islam.
Al Fitrah: Journal Of Early Childhood Islamic Education. 3(2). pp.151-170.
Sedov, S. A., 2019. Modern lessons’ construction based on the taxonomy of pedagogical
objectives and the multiple intelligences theory. International Journal of Educational
Management.
Ghaznavi, N., 2021. The Implementation of a Multiple Intelligences Teaching Approach:
Classroom engagement and physically disabled learners. Cogent Psychology. 8(1).
p.1880258.