HRMT20024 T1 2019: Annotated Bibliography of Telecom Studies

This annotated bibliography presents summaries of five research articles related to the telecom industry. The first article examines the internationalization of R&D in wireless telecom, focusing on the limited globalization of core technologies. The second article investigates critical pollutant emissions from the Indian telecom network, analyzing the impact of diesel combustion. The third article estimates the energy-saving potential of telecom operators in China, highlighting management measures and technological innovation. The fourth article explores fuel cell-based power systems for telecom stations as an alternative power supply. The fifth article focuses on telecom service provider performance. Each summary includes the article's objective, method, findings, and how it contributes to an essay, offering insights into various aspects of the telecom sector, including internationalization, environmental impact, energy efficiency, and alternative power solutions.

Running head: ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Annotated Bibliography
Name of the Student
Name of the University
Author Note

1ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Article 1
Full reference of the article:
Alberto Di Minin, & Mattia Bianchi. (2011). Safe nests in global nets: Internationalization
and appropriability of R&D in wireless telecom. Journal of International Business Studies,
42(7), 910-934.
Objective and research question:
The main objective of this research paper is documenting various cases of wireless
telecom industry to come up with many new empirical evidences for debating with the
internationalization of research and development activities. This paper is looking to answer
the research question whether the core technologies production indeed become globalised or
not.
Method:
To find the answers for the research question, the authors has analysed the standards
of development during the time of 1990s within the wireless telecom industry. In this phase
of evolution, the telecom industry successfully provided interesting cases for the debate
purpose.
Findings and discussion:
In this research the author has founded two key results from the analysis of inventor’s
location. The first one which has been assessed in this case is that the occurrence of overall
positive trend to research and development internationalization in 1990s. This was a growing
pattern on that time and it was common among all of the organizations of that time. Also the
level of foreign research and development activity was expressively different. Also another
contribution of this paper towards the research is in finding that the non-globalization is

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stronger when compared with essential research and development. The authors has
successfully founded some essential patents which are required to be developed at a minimal
distance from the headquarters. The authors has also founded that the activities that resides
within the core technology of the wireless telecommunication industry are need to be
performed within home. Here the home defines the home county of the organization. The
author has presented the case of Ericsson and in this case findings of the authors has become
true when the home is defended in both site and the country level. Here the qualitative
evidences that has been gathered by the authors has provided deep understanding of the
factors related with the growing trend among wireless communication technology.
Conclusion:
This presented paper by the authors has briefly discussed about the technologies of
the wireless communication industry of 1990s. This phase is also considered as the critical
phase in the wireless telecom industry in which the gathered data of the authors has shown
that the internationalization of the R&D is still limited despite the growing trends, since the
economic forces are keeping the inventive activities homebound appear for outclassing
internationalization drivers.
How this article will contribute to Essay:
Though this article the knowledge about critical stage of telecom industry has been
gained. Also how the internationalization factor of this industry has affected the research and
development sector of this organization has been understood. This two factors of this article
will help to enrich the content of the essay.

3ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Article 2
Full reference of the article:
Sahu, Schultz, & Beig. (2015). Critical pollutant emissions from the Indian telecom network.
Atmospheric Environment, 103, 34-42.
Objective and research question:
The main objective of this research is analysing the critical pollutant emission which
are occurring in the telecom communication sector of India. The main questions which is
occurring in this research is that how this emission of the air pollutants can be minimised for
a better environment situations in the rural areas of India.
Method:
To determine the fossil fuel emission in India due to the telecom network the authors
has used the annual emission mass flux of a particular type of pollutant from a particular type
of source. Also to determine fossil fuel emission perfectly activity of the product, factors
regarding emission, the penetration level and the specific combustion technologies that has
been used in this case is determined here.
Findings and discussion:
From this article it has been determined that in the recent years India successfully
developed the 2nd largest communication network in the world regarding number of active
connection. Many telecom organizations in India mainly uses the diesel powered combustion
techniques in rural areas for fulfilling the electrical power needs due to the lack of a stable
electricity and lack of grid power. This study has analysed the factor of emission in the Indian
telecom sector for the year of 2011 with respective of rural vs urban telecom installation.
From the research it has been found that the main particles which has been found in the air

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due to the diesel combustion are the PM, NOx, SO2, BC, CO, CO2 and HC. In this case it
has been found that the emission of NOx was 295 ± 196 Gg/yr, PM was 155 ± 108 Gg/yr, CO
was 61 ± 41 Gg/yr, BC was 28 ± 18 Gg/yr, SO2 was 114 ± 12 Gg/yr, HC was 19.50 ± 13
Gg/yr and CO2 was 27.9 ± 12 million tons/yr. Thus from all the findings it has been assessed
that future development regarding the emission in the telecom sector totally depends on the
electrification rate and depends on the saturation of the market. Thus it has been assessed that
quality of the air can be improved in the rural areas by replacing the diesel generators with
proper electricity source or by replacing these generators with some renewable energy source.
Conclusion:
From this article emissions regarding diesel combustion for the telecom sector of
India has been determined in the rural areas. From the combustion, severe amount of particles
is produced and the amount of these particles has been also assessed in this case. It has been
also assessed that telecom emission has becomes very much important phenomenon in this
country due to its huge number of population. Thus this problem needs to be solved by
replacing diesel combustion generators.
How this article will contribute to Essay:
This article has demonstrated about the negative factors of the current telecomm
sector in India. In this sector the authors has also demonstrate the possible ways of mitigating
this problem regarding diesel burning emission. Thus this knowledge can be implemented in
the essay to discuss negative aspects of the telecom sector.

5ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Article 3
Full reference of the article:
Yang, Zhang, Huang, & Peng. (2013). Estimating the energy saving potential of telecom
operators in China. Energy Policy, 61, 448-459.
Objective and research question:
The main objective of this article is creating an estimation of the energy saving
potential of the telecom communication operators in China. Thus in this case the main
research question that has been raised is that how much energy can be saved compared to the
previous generations.
Method:
Here for calculating the amount of saved energy first of all current power
consumption need to be determined. For the determination of the power consumption, the
power consumption scenario has been divided into two parts which are communication room,
base station, business hall and the office building. To calculating the power consumption
efficiently management measures methodology has been used in this case.
Findings and discussion:
From the research, empirical results has been achieved and this empirical results of
Chinese mobile sector demonstrates that the first proposed technical advice in the context of
communication technology has saved total 70% to 80% of total saved energy in Chinese
telecom sector. The second technical advice in the telecommunication sector of China is able
to save about 20% to 30% of the total saved energy. The third proposal in this paper was able
to save only less than 3% of the overall saved energy in telecom sector. This two sectors from
which the majority of savings has been achieved is the management measures and another

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one is the technological innovation. Also, the management measures is divided into two other
parts which are the marketing and another one is the control measures. In this segment the
technological innovation is also divided into two parts which are the technical reform and the
technical advance. Thus total four segment of the energy saving in this segment has been
assessed.
Conclusion:
In this paper the authors has investigated the potentials of the Chinese telecom
organizations in the aspects of energy saving. Due to this purpose the authors has created a
segment model for saving the energy. From the empirical results is has been assessed that the
four segments of the energy saving is having some different proportions.
How this article will contribute to Essay:
From this article a brief idea has been understood regarding the energy saving
methods in the telecommunication sector of China. In the current essay this method can be
elaborated and discussed briefly so that better understanding about this idea can be gained.
Thus will help in the essay in the discussion of making the telecom sector more energy
efficient.

7ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Article 4
Full reference of the article:
Bruni, Cordiner, Mulone, Giordani, Savino, Tomarchio, . . . Picciotti. (2014). Fuel cell based
power systems to supply power to Telecom Stations. International Journal of Hydrogen
Energy,39(36), 21767-21777.
Objective and research question:
The main objective of this article is representing an alternative way of supplying
power to the telecom stations which requires electrical power. Here the proposed power
system by the author is the fuel cell based power system which will supply the power to the
telecom stations. In this case the main research question is that how much efficient is the fuel
cell based power supply for supplying corresponding amount of power to the telecom
stations.
Method:
To determine the efficiency of this system an effective benchmarking has been done
in this case. Here the benchmark test is defined through output and input power profile. In
this case it has been assessed that the power output was equal to near 1kW which was enough
for a standard telecom stations according the European standards.
Findings and discussion:
From the findings it has been assessed that hydrogen photovoltaic hybrid system is
able to represent correct solution in the sense of using the renewable energy sources to the
power off grid radio base stations regarding the applications of telecom. In this context it has
been understood that the usage of Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells will help in
achieving a higher efficiency and with a significantly lower consumption of the primary

8ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
fossil fuels. Also a demonstration has been presented of the project which successfully
supplied power to the telecom stations using the FC technology. The authors has also
presented the activities of this project with the process of system design. Also from the
research it has been assessed that electrolyser is having a deep influence regarding the FES
consumption for batteries that are having low capacities. In the benchmark testing
DANTHERM system has been tested and in this test the system operated continuously and
smoothly. In this case the definition of the optimal control strategies is a very much complex
problem due to the fact that the renewable energy source is not programmable intrinsically.
Also, the layout of the energy storage describes that there can be a significant among integral
and instantaneous efficiencies.
Conclusion:
In this paper the author has presented a hybrid system that is capable of supplying
power to the off grid radio base stations, depending on the PV modules, PEM fuel cells and
batteries. In the further description of this system testing activities and the design has been
commented along with the benchmark cycle definition.
How this article will contribute to Essay:
This article will contribute in the essay by determination of the effective power supply
techniques to the telecom stations. In this case fuel cell based power system has been selected
which will provide power to the telecom stations. Thus it will also help in this essay by
determining alternative method of power supply to the telecom stations.

9ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Article 5
Full reference of the article:
Chakravarty, A., & Werner, A. (2011). Telecom service provider portal: Revenue sharing and
outsourcing. European Journal of Operational Research, 215(1), 289-300.
Objective and research question:
The main objective of this study is discussion about the telecom service provider
portal and further discussion regarding the process of outsourcing and revenue sharing in the
context of telecom service. The main research question in this case how the fees regarding
phone service and the access of customers are established and how this system will relate to
the vendor service prices and which services must be presented within the portal.
Method:
In this context three business models has been has been chosen which can effectively
help the mobile network operators to work with the independent service vendors. Thus these
three business model can be used for achieving desired outcome and three business models
are the open access, walled garden and the customer acquisition.
Findings and discussion:
From this article is has been assessed that early mobile network providers provided
only service of voice transmission for certain amount of fee. Currently this mobile network
system is providing service of voice transmission and with that it is also providing online data
portal services to provides many more other services using a 3rd party vendor. This 3rd party
vendors are having access of customer base which is under the mobile telecom companies.
This actually makes the customers to pay two service charges. One for the voice transmission
and another one is for using the 3rd party services. This business model is very much complex

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for the customer thus it has been assessed that to fix this problem outsourcing is required
regarding an online portal which will merge these two sectors into a single one. From the
evaluation of this article it has been assessed that it is very much feasible to recognise the
overall flow of the revenue through the process of invoicing. It has been founded that this can
benefit the operators of the mobile network more compared to the other parties. Optimality
has been also established in terms of current vendor number on the portal.
Conclusion:
In this article the author has shown that the mobile network operator is able to work
with various independent service vendors through different types of business models. It has
been assessed that the profit with walled garden model is the most but there are many
additional cost regarding running and building the portal.
How this article will contribute to Essay:
In this article the authors has presented various models of business which are optimal
for the business with some 3rd party service providers for the telecom sector organizations.
Also perfect business model has been determined in this case. Thus this article will contribute
in the essay by providing best business model for the telecom companies with some 3rd party
service vendors for the customers.