Analysis of Physiological Principles in Human Body Systems - HSC

This report delves into the physiological principles governing human body functions. It begins by outlining the anatomical features of various body systems, including the digestive, nervous, and muscular systems, and their respective functions. The report then explores cellular metabolism, specifically its relationship to growth hormone function and body growth. It further examines the body's responses to everyday physical activities, explaining these responses through cellular and tissue structures. The report also discusses the coordination of internal activities, highlighting the role of homeostasis. Furthermore, it addresses the recording and use of routine measures in health and social care, assessing how these measures provide information about body functioning and inform care planning. Finally, the report considers the effects of aging and medical conditions, including infections, on body structure and function, relating these effects to routine care practices. The content is supported by references to relevant research and studies.

Physiological Principles in
HSC

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................3
TASK 1 ...........................................................................................................................................4
1.1 Outline the main anatomical features in each of the body system with identifying main
functions......................................................................................................................................4
1.2 Discussion on Cellular metabolism and relate to growth hormone function which ensure
body growth................................................................................................................................5
TASK 2............................................................................................................................................6
2.1 Explanation of normal body respond on the everyday physical activities ...........................6
2.2 Discussion on the body response explained by the cellular and tissue structure and
physiology...................................................................................................................................7
2.3 Explanation on body coordination of internal activities.......................................................7
TASK 3............................................................................................................................................8
3.1 Explanation on routine measures are recorded and it's uses in health and social care..........8
3.2 Assessment of routine measures provides the General Practice with information about the
body functioning.......................................................................................................................10
3.3 Examination of informations about the body functioning may inform the care planning. .11
TASK 4..........................................................................................................................................11
4.1 Explanation of age affects on the body structure and body functioning ............................11
4.2 Assessment the impacts of the above mentioned conditions on body structure and
functions ...................................................................................................................................12
4.3 Relation of the effects of medical conditions including infection to the routine care........13
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................13
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................14

INTRODUCTION
Research and understanding above on the human body to analyse it's response on
activities is related to the physiological (Ema, Kobayashi and Nakauchi, 2010). It is a study upon
the human body functions on the basis of the fundamental disciplines and biomedical science. It
is based on the anatomical and biological methods which help to analyse the human body
functions. It help to the physicians and scientistic to make a report on it, to make a research on
the human body activities and control of mind on it. The present report is based on the
physiological principles which help to analyse the body response on the daily routine activities of
a person. This assignment is having content on the anatomical features in body system and
cellular metabolism and it's relation with the growth of hormonal function. BMI, BP, heart beats
some are the check points which helps to the researchers to analyse the body reactions in
different conditions. Age factor creates it's impact on the human body and it respond which
makes a negative impact on the respiratory system, digestive, nervous system etc. which
decrease the body respond to deliver their functions.
TASK 1
1.1 Outline the main anatomical features in each of the body system with identifying main
functions
Anatomical functions are related to the human body structure which help to a person to
deliver perform their routine activities. These anatomical functions are related to the human
body's supportive system which has different work in the human body. These systems are;
Digestive system: Mainly digestive system is related to the stomach which is having different
organs which are connected together which helps to digest food. Digestion process starts from
the mouth with chewing and break down in to pieces. Food digestion is an essential element for
the human body which start form the mouth by chewing and cut down food in to pieces. The
digestive system has included mouth, esophagus, abdomen, lever, small intestine, large intestine,
rectum and anus (Serebrovskaya, 2014). So these all of organs helps to the human body to eat
food, digest and observe vitamin, minerals, protein, carbohydrate than the emission of the
wastage.
Nervous system: It is related to the control on the human body which is possible by the nervous
system. It is divide in to two parts which is conscious and unconscious activities which is done

by the human and controlled by the mind. A human mind has two parts which controls on the
internal and external activities, internal is related to the digestive, respiratory, nervous and
external is related to the routine activities. A human body has billion of sensor in different body
parts which send signals to brain to control on the internal and external functions of the human
body and activities. Mainly central nervous system has a proper control on the human body
which helps to make accurate activities and functions of the organs (Moore, 2012). Central
nervous system include brain and spinal code which is situated lower end of the head. The
central nervous system creates a proper control and coordination in to the organs and human
body parts which help them to make a proper external body movement.
Body muscular system: It is a main human body internal system which helps and supports to the
body to make body movements. Mainly 650 muscles are counted in to the body muscular system
which supports to the human body to stand, walk and perform their routine activities. The body
muscle system is separately divided in to three parts which are skeletal muscles, smooth muscle
and cardiac muscle. Skeletal muscles are connected with the bones which helps and supports in
the body movements. Smooth muscles works with the internal organs to make a internal
movement e.g. digestive system. At last cardiac muscles are connected with the heart which
helps to the heart to pump blood from heart to body organs.
1.2 Discussion on Cellular metabolism and relate to growth hormone function which ensure body
growth
Cellular metabolism is related to a well developed set of the chemical reactions which
develop in the organs to manage and maintain the life of them. It is an rigorous chain process
which is controlled by the chemical reactions. It is a process which worked on the body organs to
maintain them to reproduce work to supports in the body movements and developments. It works
on the body organs to maintain their structure and to make them high responsive to respond
against the environmental changes (Dagnelie, 2011). So these cellular metabolism works on the
body organs to make a proper growth of them to produce more work as per the directions and
orders of the brain. Growth of the human body is controlled by the Pituitary gland which has a
Somatotropin cell, this a cell which is a part of the Pituitary gland stimulates on the growth of the
human body structure. It makes a control on the growth of the human body. Height mainly
increase after the age of 12 to 20 so it is essential for the human to intake an appropriate diet

which help and supports to the body to make a proper growth of the body and as well as his
height.
Metabolism is a factor which helps to digest and use of protein from the food so growth
of human body depends on the diet and hormones which is produced by the Pituitary gland
(Witzel and et. al., 2013). Protein is an essential element to develop cells in the human body and
as well as it is used by the hormones to develop bones and grow them to increase the height.
TASK 2
2.1 Explanation of normal body respond on the everyday physical activities
The most important but yet unnoticed activity in our daily life is breathing. So, taking in
the oxygen and giving out carbon dioxide involves nose which helps to inhale and exhale, and
pharynx that takes the gas back and forth the lungs. An average young boy in the 20s is involved
in so many physical activities, such as exercises and working out at the gym, playing games,
running around for personal works and such other stuff. The routine of such a healthy person's
routine may reflect in his respiration while those activities are being performed. His process of
breathing fastens up when he is involved in heavy physical activities and he may even have to
take a long inhale of oxygen when his body is heated up so that he could relax. For such a
healthy young person with a lot of physical activities , he may even need proper and nutritious
diets at least three times a day. Eating utilizes mouth as to start with the process, then tongue, the
only organ in human body with taste buds, the teeth that helps to chew the food moistened by the
saliva which is produced under the assistance of brain. Then the food is taken in for the further
digestion process into the stomach via oesophagus, a muscular tube which with its involuntary
wave like muscle formations takes the food particles to the stomach. Just imagine the young guy
lives in an apartment a kilometre away from his college and he just has to walk to his college and
back. Walking involves legs and upper body, particularly quadriceps, a four muscle group in the
front part of the thigh and goes from your hip and upper femur down to knees (Dingli and
Pacheco, 2010). A young person has a lot of thoughts that are communicable within his own
friend circles and in such a zone, he may talk for hours. Talking involves larynx, pharynx,
tongue, lips, jaw and certain other parts of mouth. Larynx is the voice-box of human body which
creates the sound vibrations and passes out of the vocal folds of your neck, and as they pass
through the pharynx, where the sound is shaped. A person with healthy diet and its appropriate

digestion, his body intends to have proper disposal of digestion waste from his body. Excretion
of human waste from their body takes place in various forms and thus involves various parts of
the body for every form. Skin helps excrete excess of water and salt in form of sweat, lungs
remove CO2 and moisture from the body, kidney helps in urination and the lower intestinal tract
excretes digestive waste.
2.2 Discussion on the body response explained by the cellular and tissue structure and
physiology
There are a lot of complicated internal procedures in the human body of a 25 year young
and healthy college student after eating and these procedures helps him gain a healthy body and
mind (Bissell, 2011). The small intestine is the primary location in our body where the process of
chemical digestion and absorption of food occurs. The small intestine consists of three
subdivisions: duodenum, jejunum and ileum. The duodenum, that connect to the stomach is the
point to enter for the secretions from the pancreas and via gall bladder. The longest section of the
small intestine is the jejunum is the major nutrition absorption site. The third division, the ilium,
functions to connect the small intestine to the beginning of the large intestine. The small intestine
is an efficiently designed anatomical nutrition absorber.
Absorption is the process of moving molecules across the gastrointestinal tract to make it
enter into the circulatory system. Vitamins, minerals and water, along with certain other end-
products of digestion, are absorbed by the small intestinal lumen. Most of the vitamins, proteins,
lipids and carbohydrates are absorbed while they pass through the small intestine. Once the
proteas break down down the proteins, soon they are absorbed in the form of dipeptides,
tripeptides and individual amino acids (Bonig and Papayannopoulou, 2012). Sugar and starch
molecules, both included in the carbohydrates, are broken down by intestinal enzymes to
disachharides known by the terms of sucrose, maltose and lactose, and then at last into the final
products that are glucose, fructose and galactose.
Being a 25 year young boy, definitely he couldn't let go off parties and parties with
alcoholic drinks. But this must be reminded that alcohol is not a nutrient and 80% of the alcohol
consumed is absorbed by the small intestine and the rest 20% is absorbed into the stomach, and
neither of it is good for the human body.

2.3 Explanation on body coordination of internal activities
The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called
homoeostatic. Homoeostatic is the actual thing that coordinates a human body with its internal
activities (Beerman and et. al., 2010). Homoeostatic is being maintained by the body not just for
the temperature. For example, various ions are concentrated in human blood that must be kept
steady, along with the concentration of glucose. If these values do alter, you are supposed to get
very sick.
Biological systems like those of human bodies are constantly pushed away from the point
where they are balanced. For instance, when the college student works out, his muscles increase
heat production, and nudges your body temperature to go up. In the same way, he get charged up
with glucose when he have a glass of fruit juice. Homoeostatic is depend on his body' ability to
detect and oppose these changes.
Negative feedback loops are involved in the maintenance of homoeostatic. The stimulus
are opposed by these loops or the cue that triggers them. Instances where the body temperature
of the 25 year young college is too high, a negative feedback loop will act that it is bringing
back the temperature down towards the set point of 37 degree Celsius.
The regulation of sugar level in the human body is very essential for a healthier way of
life. The disease, diabetes, is caused due to broken feedback loop which is involved in human
insulin (Serebrovskaya, 2013). The feedback loop that is broke makes it difficult or kind of, say
impossible for the human body to bring the high sugar level in blood down to an aggregate
healthy level. In a healthy person, insulin and glucagon are the two hormones by which the sugar
levels are controlled. The concentration of glucose in blood is decreased by insulin and glucagon
increases the glucose concentration in the blood.
TASK 3
3.1 Explanation on routine measures are recorded and it's uses in health and social care
Routine measures are related to the weight, height, body temperature, pulse, blood
pressure, urine test etc. These are essential test and measures which help to the health and social
care organisation to make a record of the humans. Mainly medical record is a need of the old
people (Chen and Pienta, 2011). Because they are having need of a lot of care, after the age of
65, it is essential ford the humans to take the most important but yet unnoticed activity in our

daily life is breathing. So, taking in the oxygen and giving out carbon dioxide involves nose
which helps to inhale and exhale, and pharynx that takes the gas back and forth the lungs. An
average young boy in the 20s is involved in so many physical activities, such as exercises and
working out at the gym, playing games, running around for personal works and such other stuff.
The routine of such a healthy person's routine may reflect in his respiration while those activities
are being performed. His process of breathing fastens up when he is involved in heavy physical
activities and he may even have to take a long inhale of oxygen when his body is heated up so
that he could relax (Hollie Devine, Schmit-Pokorny and Kathleen McDermott, 2010). For such a
healthy young person with a lot of physical activities , he may even need proper and nutritious
diets at least three times a day. Eating utilizes mouth as to start with the process, then tongue, the
only organ in human body with taste buds, the teeth that helps to chew the food moistened by the
saliva which is produced under the assistance of brain. Then the food is taken in for the further
digestion process into the stomach via oesophagus, a muscular tube which with its involuntary
wave like muscle formations takes the food particles to the stomach. Just imagine the young guy
lives in an apartment a kilometre away from his college and he just has to walk to his college and
back. Walking involves legs and upper body, particularly quadriceps, a four muscle group in the
front part of the thigh and goes from your hip and upper femur down to knees. A young person
has a lot of thoughts that are communicable within his own friend circles and in such a zone, he
may talk for hours. Talking involves larynx, pharynx, tongue, lips, jaw and certain other parts of
mouth. Larynx is the voice-box of human body which creates the sound vibrations and passes out
of the vocal folds of your neck, and as they pass through the pharynx, where the sound is shaped.
A person with healthy diet and its appropriate digestion, his body intends to have proper
disposal of digestion waste from his body. Excretion of human waste from their body takes place
in various forms and thus involves various parts of the body for every form (Chida, Schrempft,
and Steptoe, 2016). Skin helps excrete excess of water and salt in form of sweat, lungs remove
CO2 and moisture from the body, kidney helps in urination and the lower intestinal tract excretes
digestive waste. routine check up by a certified health and social care organisation. So now it is
the responsibility of the health and social care organisations to make a proper record of the old
person month by month. So they can include in it different types of tests like; Blood pressure,
Urine, body temperature. So it is essential or the health care organisation to manage their ethical
consideration in their acts to measure body respond and levels in different types of test.

These test and measures can help to the doctor to monitor different sugar level, blood
pressure and pulse. It can help to the teams to analyse changes in the body according to the tests.
Regular check-up is essential for the old people to avoid any type of odd situations and it can
help them to maintain their body and diet according to the suggestive diet of the doctors. These
routine check is helps to the doctors to trace their body respond and increase and decrease in a
particular test (Silvestris and et. al., 2012). It can help them to analyse disease which can impact
on the person. For an example: blood pressure is related to the hypertension so it can be measure
by the increase in the blood pressure. So it is essential for the person which having a regular
hypertension so they have to take regular and daily blood pressure to analyse the increase and
decease in it which can help to the doctors to make a prescription on above.
3.2 Assessment of routine measures provides the General Practice with information about the
body functioning
Body temperature, pulse, BP, BMI and ECG are related to the health and these are
measurement points on which health and care organisation can make a check up of the human
body and make a record of the variables in it. An assessment here of these body measurement for
the 65 years old lady which provide a general practice information to the health care
organisation:
Blood pressure: As the old lady is a suffering of from the hypertension so it is essential for them
to make a routine check up to ensure to maintain a normal blood pressure. Normal blood
pressure is 120/80-140/90 and it is necessary for the health and social care organisation to
manage this blood pressure level in to the old lady (O'connell and et. al., 2010). Routine check
up of the blood pressure provides a variable changes in to the blood pressure which help to them
to make changes in the diet, medication and human behaviours which can help them to make a
medical prescription to them.
Body temperature: It also related to the hypertension, it is a type of disease which impacts on the
body temperature, heart beats, blood pressure and as well as it impacts on the human body
growth so it is essential for the health care organisation to cure it. So they have to provide proper
guidance and medical prescription to the old lady which is having hypertension. It is essential for
the health care organisation to take regular body temperature which help them to make a analysis
on the regular changes in the body temperature. It is essential or the health care organisation to
keep body temperature around 31'C by mouth.

ECG: Electrocardiogram is simple test which is used by the doctors to analyse heart beats and
electrical activities of the heart. Several sensor attached on the chest to detect electrical signals of
the heart with each and every heartbeats. It can help to the doctors team which is monitoring to
the old lady on the hypertension. It can help them to analyse the impact on the high blood
pressure and hypertension because these two are the main causes of the heart attack.
So these all of the measurement and test can help to the medical team to make their
general practice on the patients and to make changes in to the treatment.
3.3 Examination of informations about the body functioning may inform the care planning
These all check ups are related to trace body changes day by day so it can provide detail
of variables in the human body (Freund and et. al., 2012). Change in the body temperature can
help to the medical teams to get the indication about the potential cause behind it. As the old lady
is having a hypertension problem so it can be a huge cause of the chest pain. An examination of
the information are here:
Blood pressure: It is essential for the medical teams to analyse the change in the blood pressure.
Blood pressure is having impact on the over all body and internal organs so it is essential or the
human being to maintain the normal blood pressure. Routine test of the blood pressure help to
the medical teams to make a monitoring chart on it and analyse the increase and decrease in it.
Normally people which are affected by the hypertension having a complication of the high blood
pressure which creates a risk of heart attack.
ECG: This is related to the heart beats and electrical signals generated by the heart with each and
every pulse so it is important to the health and social care organisation to take their ethical
consideration in it and use high quality of machinery to analyse and record measures. It provides
graph which helps to the medical teams to check heart beats according to the parameters.
Body temperature: Thermometers are used to check body temperature. So it have to be accurate
to take exact body temperature (Flores-Guzmán, Fernández-Sánchez and Mayani, 2013). It can
help to the doctors to analyse causes of high and low body temperature. Mainly people which are
affected by the hypertensions are having high body temperature which can creates implication of
sweat.

TASK 4
4.1 Explanation of age affects on the body structure and body functioning
Age factor is having huge impact on the human body so it is essential for the people to
take a healthy diet in the food which can help them to improve their health. Arthritis majorly
affects joints (Ema, Kobayashi and Nakauchi, 2010). Symptoms of arthritis are pain in joints,
swollen knees and fingers. But this not means that it only affects the joints. Arthritis also affects
other systems and organs of human body too like skin, lungs, nervous system and other parts of
body. Arthritis affects many body parts so it is an type of systematic disease.
Arthritis include inflammation of lungs and respiratory track. Arthritis also involve
scarring of linings of respiratory track. About 80 percent Arthritis patient affects lungs to some
extent which is not so severe that develop symptoms. But prolonged Arthritis may lead to lung
disease known as pulmonary fibrosis that restricts proper breathing. Arthritis may develop
pleural effusions, pulmonary hypertension.
The major affects of high sugar level in the nervous system of old age people during
diabetes two is the issue of pinched and compressed nerves. Although, nerves are not directly
affected by rheumatoid arthritis, compression due to the inflammation of tissues results in
numbness or tingling in certain parts of human body. Some problem, which is relatively common
is carpet tunnel syndrome, a condition in which the nerve that is running through the forearm to
the hand is compressed by the tissues being inflamed in the area of wrist, ending up with results
as tingling , numbness and grip strength being reduced.
4.2 Assessment the impacts of the above mentioned conditions on body structure and functions
As the old lady is having diabetes is decrease the immunity of the body against to the
bacterial infection on the human body. Some of the impacts are here of diabetes on the old lady:
Effect on diabetes on heart: Diabetes has a huge impact on the heart cause diabetic patients are
having a high blood pressure (Serebrovskaya, 2014). So it can be a cause of the heart attacks and
cardiovascular disease. So it is essential for the old lady to take an appropriate medical
treatment from the doctors on it.
Effects on eyes: Diabetes has a huge negative impact on the eyes, it creates a potential to reduce
the eye power and vision. Year by year it increase the complication of the damage of retina so it

is essential for the diabetic patients to make a proper care of their eyes. Diabetes may be a cause
of swelling and leaking of the eyes.
Effect on the kidney: It is an another organ which is having huge risk of damage from the
diabetes, this risk has increased by the uncontrolled diabetes, high blood pressure and
cholesterol.
Heal of wound: Most of the diabetic patients are suffering form this problem, as the old lady has
a wound on his leg because she has a high sugar level in their blood which reduce the impact of
white blood cell which makes a clot and heal the wound.
So an overall view diabetes is having huge impact on the human body which reduce the
work efficiency of the person.
4.3 Relation of the effects of medical conditions including infection to the routine care
As the old lady is having type two diabetes and they are having arthritis, so these both
causes are reducing their work efficiencies and as well as it is impacting on the internal system
of the lady. So they are having a need of the regular check ups by the medical team and proper
treatment by them also (Moore, 2012). As the arthritis is creating a complication for them to
perform their routine activities, it is creating a hinder to stand and walk for their daily activities
so it is essential for the health and social care organisation to provide them proper medical
treatment. As well as it is essential to provide them a medium like; wheel chair and walker to
move. As they are having infection in their leg which is also creating complication to move so it
is essential for the medical team to provide proper treatment and regular dressing on their wound
to heal it fast.
CONCLUSION
The above presented report is has been concluded about the body features and diseases which are
decreasing the work efficiency of the human. It is essential for people to intake a good diet which
has protein, vitamins and carbohydrate. Many types of organs creates a internal system which
can help to the person to execute their routine activities. So it is essential or the human beings
top take healthy diet and proper medical check ups.

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