A Study of Human Behavior: Individual and Group Dynamics

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Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................2
Lo1.............................................................................................................................. 3
P1................................................................................................................................4
BIOLOGICAL ASPECT-...........................................................................................4
HUMANLY ASPECT-...............................................................................................4
ASPECT OF PSYCHODYNAMICS-........................................................................5
ASPECT OF BEHAVIOUR-.....................................................................................5
ASPECT OF COGNITION-......................................................................................5
M1............................................................................................................................... 7
LO2............................................................................................................................. 8
P1................................................................................................................................8
PEER INFLUENCE..................................................................................................8
DEINDIVIDUALISATION......................................................................................... 8
SPECTATOR BEHAVIOUR.....................................................................................8
PLURALIST UNAWARENESS................................................................................9
ACCORDANCE....................................................................................................... 9
MASS IMPACT AND PEER TENSION....................................................................9
APPROVAL AND FLEXIBILITY...............................................................................9
INFORMATION SOCIAL AUTHORITY....................................................................9
SENSED EXPERIENCE EFFECT AND PERCEPTIVENESS IN CRISIS..............10
OBEDIENCE..........................................................................................................10
PEOPLE WE LISTEN TO......................................................................................10
FACTORS INFLUENCING OBEDIENCE..............................................................10
M1.......................................................................................................................... 11
DEMARCATION AND BIASING............................................................................11
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BIASING AND ITS TYPES.................................................................................11
WHY DOES DEMARCATION AND BIASING PREVAIL?......................................11
ONE’S REGULATION OVER SELF BEHAVIOUR................................................11
EFFECT OF DEMARCATION AND BIASING ON THE INSTITUE OR PREY......11
LACK OF RENDITION...........................................................................................11
INTELLECTUAL CONSEQUENCE.......................................................................12
BODILY CONSEQUENCE.....................................................................................12
CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................... 13
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................14
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INTRODUCTION
This assignment is mainly designed to focus on the psychology of the humans.
Human behaviour is one of a very complex type because the human being is
blessed with a number of feelings but sometimes these feelings create a mess in life
and lead to some different type of conditions, so it is necessary to assess the
behaviour pattern of each and every individual and work according to that. Various
perspectives are there regarding psychologies which give a detailed idea about the
behaving patterns of the human beings. Various terms have been devised to develop
an understanding about the behavioural patterns right from the childhood to the adult
life. Groups always influence the work and help in dividing the tasks and
understanding them better. The topics are discussed in detail with the help of many
illustrations and examples to develop a better understanding.
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Lo1
The detailed study of an individual’s behaving pattern and mindset is defined as
psychology. Psychology is covering all the major fields of a man’s life such as
evolution and growth, behaviour in society, feelings and the cognitive procedure
(Gross, 2015). This assignment is about to cover different aspects of psychology
which include- cognitive, biological, mental, emotional, social, cultural and
behavioural. These aspects have proved to be beneficial in understanding the
concept of psychology and all the related syndromes and disorders.
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P1
BIOLOGICAL ASPECT-
The aspect of biology corroborates along with the human mindset and behavioural
patterns which are related to some hormones, some enzymes and some
sympathetic and parasympathetic responses. Different scientists have explained a
relationship between the minds and brain (Gross, 2015). They have proved that the
main reason for feelings, beliefs, anger, and behaviour are the neurotransmitters and
hormones. They further explain that the person’s behaviour is decided by his /her
nervous system, the immune response of his/her body and the genetic makeup. For
an instance a person suffering from a disorder called as obsessive compulsive
disorder. This is due to the gene which he /she carried down all the way in the
process of evolution and so he reacts accordingly (Gross, 2015). Most famous and
renowned scientist Charles Darwin states that the human behaviour is all the thing
which he got from his ancestors and he acts according to the lessons learnt from his
predecessors. He had a strong assumption that the genetic makeup and human
behaviour are inter related (Gross, 2015).
HUMANLY ASPECT-
This aspect was explored by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow (Brown et al, 2017).
This aspect was helpful in demystifying the fact that the man himself is liable for his
happiness, sorrows and worries. Humans have an innate capability to assess their
own potentials and through this they can get whatever they wish (Brown et al, 2017).
The humanly aspect reveals the truth of existence and also shows the survival of the
human being. Through behaviour and emotion the human beings are considered as
the supreme class of life on the planet. Due to this only they are thought to be
different from other forms of life because they have thought, emotions, reactions etc
to anything going around them (Brown et al, 2017). The behaviour is totally
dependent on the intuitive feelings present right from the birth and amends itself as
per the response of the other person; for example if a person behaves with someone
nicely then he/she will get a good response from the other side and vice versa.
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ASPECT OF PSYCHODYNAMICS-
This theory states that the individual’s behaviour is affected by the incidents occurred
with him/her in the past. For example if a person invested in a business and faced a
huge loss from it then he/she will always be anxious whenever anything related to
business is discussed because of the experience of failure. This aspect was first
stated by Sigmund Freud (Isler& Newland, 2017). He further elaborated that the
incognizant mind controls most of the behaviours of the cognizant mind. The
cognizant mind cannot hold the thoughts, emotions, expressions so it is the
incognizant mind which takes control over these things. According to him the
behavioural part is under control of the thought processes. He further explains on
this by giving example that the behavioural pattern of an infant is always regulated
by continuously watching the way of behaving of the adults around him/her. The
experiences in the age of 0-5 are memorised by the sub conscious mind and then
are further used in future at the time of stress or some other case. Sigmund Freud
clarified further that the behavioural process of the human is a state of war between
the conscious and the sub conscious minds and so it is seen that the human feel
anxious, stressed, depressed etc. because they are not able to tackle the conflict
and so they suffer from mental diseases.
ASPECT OF BEHAVIOUR-
This aspect has a key role in explaining that the behavioural patterns of the human
beings is totally dependent on the environment in which they dwell. This thinking is a
bit different from others because they believe that behaviour is due to a particular
environment and the person accepts whatever he/she gets to learn from that(Spear,
2016). For example if a person is from a middle class family there is very little
chance that he /she would invest in big budget business because the thinkingof the
people around would not let him/her do that. Many scientists like Ivan Pavlov,
B.F.Skinneretc explained this through various experiments. This aspect is quite
controversial because this does not pay attention towards the complex behaviour
patterns of human beings.
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ASPECT OF COGNITION-
Various cognitive processes of the human brain is addressed here to explain this
aspect (Rescorla, 2018). This focuses on explaining that various internal forces
regulate the cognitive function of the brain which will create a change in human’s
behaviour pattern. William Wundt said that there is an interconnection between the
thoughts and behaviour pattern of the individual(Rescorla, 2018). This aspect
elaborates the concept of recollection, knowledge, intellectuality, speech, finding
solutions of some problems are the main pillars of cognition. Various technological
scans have evolved to find out the working of the active part of brain.
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M1
All the researchers have explained different aspects of psychology in their own ways.
The aspect of biology states the gene, immunity and the nervous system to be
responsible for behaviour whereas the humanly aspect shows the human being’s
behaviour to be responsible for the manner in which he /she is behaving (Rescorla,
2018). The aspect of psychodynamics revealed that there is certain relation between
the sub conscious mind that interferes with the conscious one and results in it. The
behavioural theory said that the surroundings are the causal factor of a person to
react to any situation whereas the cognition theory said that there is some intrinsic
process going on through which a person behaves. There is a debate between the
different researchers such as the humanly theory disapproved the psychodynamic
aspect because they think it is an irrelevant concept (Brown et al, 2017).
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LO2
P1
PEER INFLUENCE
Social idleness (loafing)- this is a phenomena where the majority of public work in
group and perform a particular task with less energy and enthusiasm. It is seen that
when people are performing some activity individually they do the work assigned to
them with great zeal and dedication (Pascual-Leone, Paivio& Harrington, 2016).
Loafing means lazy and when people are asked to do some work in group majority of
the population are seen idle because everyone assumes that the other one would
complete the work and thus no one does anything and sits idle. This feeling of one
leads to a negative effect over the other and so everyone does the same and the
work is not completed within the given deadline (Pascual-Leone, Paivio& Harrington,
2016).
DEINDIVIDUALISATION
Deindividualisation is the concept where people think that they lost their identicality
in the group. When anyone works in a group then their individual identity is lost and
they become renowned with the identity of that particular group. This leads to the
division of responsibilities (Guntrip, 2018). The individuals lose their self morale and
behaviour and work according to the group.
SPECTATOR BEHAVIOUR
This type of behavioural pattern is seen by the people who are in amidst of a jam.
The researchers say that when in a public place everyone assumes that it’s the duty
of some other person present over there to help someone in emergency (Dietrich, &
List, 2016).. For example at the time of an accident there is always a negligence to
call for an emergency vehicle because majority of the people think that it is not their
duty to call up for the ambulance and hence the spectators just stand and watch at
the site. Bibb Latane and John Darley have shown the results through various
studies that the time taken by an individual to respond in the case of some casualty
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is directly proportional to the individuals present on the spot. That is the more the
public more will be the time to initiate and vice versa(Dietrich, & List, 2016).
PLURALIST UNAWARENESS
This behaviour of people is seen when the person is not willing on certain point and
has to agree due to the majority present over that matter and immolates his /her own
wish, advice and thoughts. This results in the feeling of pluralism and they have to
become the identicality of the group then unwillingly (Vaartstra, Dunn, & Dunn,
2018).
The aforementioned theories and phenomena usually hinder the progress of group
work.
ACCORDANCE
MASS IMPACT AND PEER TENSION
By mass impact is meant that when the behavioural patterns of people in larger
communities affect the behavioural patterns of people in the smaller ones (Bègue et
al, 2015). For example in urbanisation it is seen that the people from rural areas
come and shift in the urban cities have a matured thinking towards lifestyle and also
they sometimes inhibit the inhumanly traditions followed in their villages due to their
change in way of thinking. Various other experiments have revealed the truth that the
way of thinking towards every aspect changes with the thinking of their own peer.
This could have an agonistic as well as an antagonistic effect on the minds and lives
of the person (Bègue et al, 2015) this is seen mainly in the people attaining the age
of puberty .
APPROVAL AND FLEXIBILITY
Flexibility means where the person is flexible enough to obey and follow the
instructions provided without any resistance. And approval means to accept the
ideas and tactics without any kind of hesitation(Oppenheimer, 2015).
INFORMATION SOCIAL AUTHORITY
Information social authority is the theory where it is considered that people direct
their way of thinking in alliance to the group to obtain a positive and correct
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conclusion. This is adjusted by the number of people in the group and also the
reinforcement from them (Oppenheimer, 2015).
SENSED EXPERIENCE EFFECT AND PERCEPTIVENESS IN CRISIS
This is dependent on the effectiveness of the guidance. How strong the advice is and
in what ways will it help out an individual to come out of a problem. This is not
changed because the person is convinced with the experience of the person and
intends to stick to it (Whitley&Kite, 2016).
OBEDIENCE
PEOPLE WE LISTEN TO
Everyone has their own perspective towards life but when it comes to the decision
making we always seek advice from our elders and high experienced person in our
families, workplace etc. This is because either we respect them or we know that they
have more experience than us and so they would guide us correctly (Whitley&Kite,
2016).
FACTORS INFLUENCING OBEDIENCE
Certain other factors which affect compliance McDonald & Crandall, 2015). Power
and proficiency are some of them. It is observed that we always follow those who are
higher in position and proficiency to us. Milgram’s studies show that everyone has an
acceptance to someone because we feel that we are inferior to someone,
experience in some or the other matters. But as we grow and we feel ourselves
superior then we stop taking advices and obeying them.
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M1
DEMARCATION AND BIASING
BIASING AND ITS TYPES
Biasing is defined as unreasonable behaviour towards a specific class of people who
are usually inferior to others (Knoll et al, 2015). Different types of bias are seen in the
society based on the caste, creed, gender, sex, impairment, beliefs, race, minority
etc. For an instance the bias can be done on the basis of colour of the person,
financial background, residents of some other nation (Knoll et al, 2015). Demarcation
is a sense of negative feeling towards some group of people based on the division of
creed, sex, colour, economy etc.(Reicher et al, 2016).
WHY DOES DEMARCATION AND BIASING PREVAIL?
While evaluating all the reasons for bias and demarcation one major thing came into
light was the people create differences among themselves due to anxiety,
annoyance, inappropriate wisdom and a feeling of insecurity to their image to attain
their tasks and goals (Law et al, 2017). Association may also be one of the reasons
because people circulate their ideas through this method thus promoting the concept
of biasing and demarcation (Law et al, 2017).
ONE’S REGULATION OVER SELF BEHAVIOUR
People have an instinct to have a control over their own behaviours. Generally three
main hypotheses have been devised which explain the self-regulation of one’s
attitude (Suleiman, &Deardorff, 2015). Retaliation is the first thing where people
intend to have a control over their feelings and stress levels. Corrective is the other
where the person inculcates some other qualities which need to be there at the time
of action. The last is and the last is self-discipline. These things help people to build
in themselves the good qualities and reject the overused aspects in life.
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