Organisation of the Body: Human Biology Assignment - SAQs & Essay

This assignment delves into the intricacies of human body organisation, covering topics from the smallest molecules to whole organisms. It begins by arranging the levels of organisation in order of size and then explores the functions of various organ systems, including respiratory, circulatory, and digestive systems, with detailed organ descriptions. The assignment investigates the relationship between surface area to volume ratio and cell specialisation, explaining why multicellular organisms require specialised cells and tissues. Furthermore, it examines the adaptations of specific human cells, such as spermatozoa, ovum, motor neurons, and epithelial cells, highlighting how their structures enable their functions. Finally, the assignment covers the four main tissue types in the human body (nervous, muscular, epithelial, and connective tissue), outlining their features, functions, and locations.

Brief
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Date:
Diploma Title: Access to Higher Education Diploma (
Module: Human Biology
Unit Title: Organisation of the body
Tutor/Assessor:
Title: Organisation of the body
Type of : SAQs and short essay
Word Count:
Time allowed for supervised assessment: NA

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No. Assessment Criteria
The Learner can:
1.1 Identify the levels of organisation in the human body and place them in order of size
from cell to organism.
1.2 Identify the organ systems of the body and explain the division of labour (tasks)
between the different organ systems.
1.3 For three human organ systems identify the organs making up each system and
outline their main functions.
2.1 Interpret data relating surface area: volume ratio and size and explain the need for cell
specialisation in multicellular organisms.
2.2 Explain the specialised features of the following human cells: ovum, sperm, motor
neuron and epithelial cell from the ileum.
2.3 Identify the four main types of tissue in the body and describe their main features.
2.4 Give two examples of each of the four tissue types outlining their specific functions
and their location in the body.
3.1 Describe the key features of stem cells compared to specialised cells.
3.2 Outline the principles of tissue engineering including the sources and culture of stem
cells and provision of an artificial scaffold

Brief:
For each of the following questions, you should research from a range of reliable resources
including books and peer reviewed articles. Use the Harvard referencing system in order to cite
and reference your work throughout.
Task 1:
1) Arrange the following statements in the correct order of size, from the smallest to largest
(AC1.1).
Molecule, cell, organ, tissue, macro-molecule, whole organism, organ system, organelle.
Answer: Correct order of Size from smallest to largest: Molecule-Organelle-Cell-Tissue-Organ-Organ
System-Organism-Whole Organism.
2) Using the tables below, identify and label the organ systems. In no more than one
sentence, state the main function of each of these organs. (AC1.2 and 1.3).
System name:
Function of the system:
Organ Name Function
1 Nasal Cavity The major function of the nasal cavity is to warm, moisture and filter
inhaled air before it passes through lungs.
2 Right Bronchus To distributes air throughout the right lung until passing respiratory
bronchioles and alveolar sacs (Knight and Nigam, 2017).
3 Alveolar It is an essential part of the respiratory system whose function is to
exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules from bloodstreams.

4 Bronchioles The major function of the bronchioles is to carry oxygen into lungs and
carry carbon dioxide out of the lungs, so it is aiding in the process of
respiration and breathing.
5 Pharynx (Throat) This tube delivers air from the mouth and nose to the trachea.
6 Trachea (Windpipe)It is one of the major part of the respiratory tree, that supports to
transmit oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide.
7 Left Bronchus Distributes air through the left lung reaching respiratory bronchioles and
alveolar sacs.
8 Alveoli These are tiny air sacs in the lungs wherein exchanges of oxygen and
carbon dioxide takes place.
9 Diaphragm It is a muscle that supports lungs pull in air and pushes it out.

System name:
Function of the system:
Organ Name Function
1 Aorta It carries blood way from the heart to the rest of the body .
2 Pulmonary
Artery
It transfers oxygenated blood from right ventricles to the lungs directly.
3 Pulmonary
Vessel
It is the combination form of pulmonary arteries and veins that are
responsible for carrying oxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs and
carries the DE-oxygenated blood means carbon dioxide mixed blood from
the heart to the lungs.
4 Left Ventricles The main function of the left ventricles is to pump oxygenated blood from
lung to the out of the body.
5 Hepatic Portal
Nerve
It is a blood vessel that is responsible for carrying blood from GIT,
gallbladder, pancreas and spleen to the liver in last (Lupyr, 2020).
6 Iliac Vein Internal and external iliac veins develops common iliac vein that is
responsible for draining DE-oxygenated blood and returns this blood to the
heart.
7 Pulmonary
Veins
These are blood vessels that carries freshly oxygenated blood from lungs to
left atria of heart.
8 Pulmonary
Artery
These artery transfers DE-oxygenated blood from the right ventricles to the
lungs directly (Aggarwal and et.al., 2018).

System name:
Function of the system:
Organ Name Function
1 Oral cavity The main function of the oral cavity is to adapted to get food by ingestion,
breaks into small molecules by mastication and mixes it with saliva that
takes a form of bolus that travels down to pharynx and esophagus
(Pinchbeck and et.al., 2019).
2 Esophagus It is act as transport tube that transport fluid and food from mouthy to direct
stomach.
3 Stomach The main function of the stomach is as digestion of bolus through digesting
acids and enzymes.
4 Small Intestine It is majorly involves in the digestion and absorption of nutrients or food.
5 Descending
Colon
It is a part of large intestine that is considered final part of digestive system.
The function of the descending colon is to reabsorb waste products from
the body and prepares them for elimination purpose.
6 Anus It is considered exit point of the digestive tract which supports to eliminate
waste product from the body in the form of stool (Singh and et.al., 2020).
7 Anal Canal The main function of the anal canal is to keep maintenance of fecal
continence and defecation until it is not eliminated by anus.
8 Pancreas Pancreas secrets pancreatic juice known as enzyme which is released
during digestion process. However, this enzyme act as chemical
messenger for pancreas that travels through blood.
10 Liver It regulates high level of chemical in blood and excrete product that is
known as bile.

Task 2
Surface area/Volume 3 1.5 0 -0.75
Table 1: An illustration of the surface area to volume of cubes of varying sizes.
a) Study the information in Table 1. Calculate the surface area to volume ratio, and use it to
explain and evidence why large organisms need to become multi-cellular, rather than
just increase the size of their cells (100 words) (AC 2.1)
Answer: Surface area to volume size that limits the cell size because when cell is bigger that less it's
surface area. If cell has small size then gets more surface area to become multi cellular. For example 3
is the big size of organism cell that have lower surface area so it does not have potential to become
varying size or multi-cellular. On the other hand, -0.75 is too much small size of the cell that have large
surface area, so small organism has potential to become multi-cellular instead of increasing size of their
cells (Kimand et.al., 2018).
b) Using your answer above, explain why humans need specialized cells and tissues in order
to survive (150 words) (AC 2.1)
Answer: Human and other multi-cellular organism needs specialized cells and tissues because that
helps in maintaining the internal environment and keeps it steady and enables to provide for the
requirement of the cells. There are various cells in human body that are presented in different size
and tissues that receives oxygen and nutrient from the extracellular fluid and eliminates waste
product into it. Specialized cells in the body are neurons, muscle cell, sperm cell, RBC and

leukocyte. These cells form different tissue in body which are responsible for performing different
activities in body. Neuron are smaller in width but length is large so it is spread all over the body
that transfers message to different organs and instructs them for functioning purpose. Thus,
specialized tissue and cells supports to survive in the external environment.

Task 3: Cells everywhere!
There are millions of cells in the body. If they were all the same, we would still look like a blob of
jelly! Cells have many different shapes and sizes, and each has adapted to do a specific job in
the body.
Consider the cells below and fully label the diagrams to identify key structures in each cell.
In around 100 words for each cell type, explain how each of the components or parts
of each cell is adapted to carry out its function in the cell as a whole.
Your answers may be in the form of annotations (small notes) on the diagrams below.

Spermatozoa parts Functions
Acrosome Acrosme comprises digestive enzymes includes hyaluranoidase and
acrosin. It is one of the essential part of spermatozoa such as when
sperm comes in contact with ovum then acrosome reaction takes
place. This reaction allows sperm to break protective layer of the egg
that is zona pellucide. Then sperm easily enters towards the ovum
and it’s plasma membrane directly fuse with ovum which is followed
by nuclear fusion as resulted fertilization.
Nucleus Sperm’s head contains nucleous that keeps DNA of the cell.
Centriole It is essential to form sperm flagellum and sperm movement and it
also supports to develop embryo after fertilization.
Axoneme It offers the motor apparatus for the movement of sperm tail.

Ovum parts Functions
Corona radiate It supplies protetin to overall ovum cell.
Zona pellucida It creates communication bteween oocytes and follicle cells
during oogenesis process, protects oocyte cells as well as
embryo during development phase.
First Polar body This part one of the most essential part in the ovum to get
healthy zygote because it discards one half of the dipoid
cromosomes set that produce by meiotic division in the egg.
Cytoplasm It provides nutrietn to the egg cell which is required for cell to
survive (Shcherbyna, 2019).
Nucleus It holds genetic material i.e. DNA and RNA so it is known as
heart of genetic material.
Corona radiate
Zona pellucida
First Polar body
Cytoplasm
Nucleus