A/507/0681 Human Biology: Cardiac System Assignment, Jan 2020

This document is a comprehensive homework assignment response addressing key aspects of the human cardiovascular system. It begins with a table of contents and then provides detailed answers to ten questions about the heart's structure and function, including the roles of the atria, ventricles, and major blood vessels like the aorta and pulmonary arteries. The assignment covers the cardiac cycle, the nervous system's control of heart rate, the function of capillaries, and the differences between arteries and veins. It explores the components of blood, including red and white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. The assignment also addresses the circulatory system's components and the roles of endocrine and exocrine hormones. Furthermore, it explains blood clotting, the causes and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, including coronary artery disease and stroke. Finally, the document includes a reference list with sources formatted in the Harvard style, supporting the information provided in the answers.

Cardiovascular

Table of Contents
Main body....................................................................................................................................3
Questions for the Cardiac System Assignment............................................................................3
REFERENCES............................................................................................................................8

Main body
Questions for the Cardiac System Assignment.
Q1.
a. The human heart is the organs which have the pumping of blood throughout the body from
hearts in order to have supply of oxygen as well as nutrients to tissues by removing waste and
carbon dioxide. Heart provides life to the body.

.
b.
1. Right atrium.
2. Right ventricle.
3. Left atrium.
4. Left ventricle.
5. Pulmonary arteries.
6. Aorta
7. Superior vena cava.
8. Pulmonary veins.
9. Inferior vena cava.
c. The right ventricle have the receiving of de oxygenated blood from right atrium along with
pumping it to pulmonary artery. On the other hand left ventricle have the receiving of oxygen
rich blood from left atrium along with pumping into aorta.
d. Blood has the entering into heart on two large veins that is inferior and superior vena cava
by empting the de oxygen blood from the body of right atrium. As the contravention of

ventricle occurs. The blood start to leave the heart through pulmonaria valve into pulmonary
artery and towards lungs where it is considered to be oxygenated. The tricuspid and mitral
valves lie between the atria and ventricles make the level of protections of hearts in order to
enter to wrong way.
Q2
Cardiac cycle refers to the performance of a human heart which have completion of
sequences in term of events of hearts which is beginning from one beat to the following of
another beat. It has the consisting of two period through which the former one the period
which the heart muscles have relaxation and refilling of blood refers as diastole. On the other
hand the followed period of contraction a robust level and pumping of blood is systole.
Q3
Heart beat is actually controlled by the two different branches of the autonomic nervous
systems. The nervous system are such as The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and the
parasympathetic nervous system (PNS). The former one have releasing of hormones which
have the proper containing of catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine which is
accelerating the heart rate. On the other hand high temperature, humidity, strong level of
emotions, obesity and medication can also have effect.
Q4
Capillaries are the smallest and numerous level of blood vessels which are connected between
the vessels to have the proper carrying of blood from arteries to vessels along with return
blood again to veins. This has function between blood and tissue cells to have exchange of
materials.
Arteries and veins are blood vessels which are responsible to carry blood from heart to body
and vice versa. The former is responsible ti carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the
body. On other hand, later is responsible to carry low oxygen blood from body backs towards
heart to have re oxygenation.
Q5
Blood is usually begin identifies as the connective tissues which have inclusion of components
that are red blood cells (Erythrocytes), white blood (Leukocytes) along with platelets
(Thrombocytes) and plasma. Erythrocytes have function to carry the protein contain
hemoglobin which makes transportation of oxygen from lungs to the rest of body. Leukocytes

are having primary responsibility to have protection of body from infection. On the other hand
Thrombocytes help in clotting of blood along with coagulation which is by gathering sites to
injury. The last plasma is liquid components which transport blood cells along with nutrients,
waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins, chemical messengers which helps in maintain
fluid balance.
Q6
The circulatory system have the consisting of three independents system which used to work
together that is the hearts (cardiovascular), lungs (pulmonary), and arteries, veins, coronary
and portal vessels (systemic). The system is considered to be responsible for the flow of blood
along with nutrients, oxygen and gases from cells. The exchanges of the oxygen and carbon
dioxide are the ages which is being transported between external and internal respiratory
systems in which carbon di oxide is considered rt be more level of stable to be mores better
lungs along with tissues. Endocrine hormone used to be secreted in blood by carrying by blood
& tissue fluids to cells, on other hand exocrine hormones have secretion into a duct and
forward to blood cells.
Q7
Blood clotting are considered to be the health and life saving as they help in stoppage of
bleeding . The body used to have the brake done of clot after the wound is actually healed. The
blood clot can be stationary which make the stoppage of flowing of blood. The blood clotting
have the involvement of protein along platelets which came together and form fibrin clot
which acts like a mesh in order to have stoppage of bleeding.
Q8
The existence of cardiovascular diseases are the inclusion of the coronary artery diseases
which are such as the agnia and myocardial infractions which is considered as resultant as
artery disease along with stroke and atherosclerosis. The consisting of diseases which have
containing of high fat, slat, sugar along with cholesterol which have major construction in
developmental of diseases High blood pressure can have resultants in main way of hardening
of arteries along with narrowing blood vessels, there is also high cholesterols level in human
body.
Q9

The heart diseases have the building up of plaque which is actually thickening and stiffening
the artery wall which can have inhabitation of blood flow through arteries into organism
along with effect on tissues. The heart disease is effecting the circulatory systems which have
inclusion of artery diseases which can have the major level of effects on legs that is peripheral
vascular diseases along with major level of effects in the blood flow of brain which is actually
causing the level of brain strokes. There are major level of long term effects that can have
development of swelling, dizziness which can have the affecting of daily ability to have
performance of task.
Q10
Stroke is considered to sudden level of interruption in supply of blood in brain along with
effects of other caused us blockage in arteries or bleeding of brains tissues. The risk factor of
stroke are inclusion high level of blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, high level of cholesterol,
high fat diet and lack of exercise. Stoke normally have the effect on one side of brain as the
left brain control right side of body and vice versa. The time when messages can have proper
level of travelling from brain to remainder body mussels, there is cause of paralysis and the
weakness of muscles.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Romero, S.A., Minson, C.T. and Halliwill, J.R., 2017. The cardiovascular system after
exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 122(4). pp.925-932.
Pereira, N., and et.al., 2020. Noncoding RNAs in the Cardiovascular System: Exercise
Training Effects. In Muscle Cells-Recent Advances and Future Perspectives.
IntechOpen.
Burnstock, G., 2017. Purinergic signaling in the cardiovascular system. Circulation
research, 120(1). pp.207-228.
Paneni, F., Cañestro, C.D., Libby, P., Lüscher, T.F. and Camici, G.G., 2017. The aging
cardiovascular system: understanding it at the cellular and clinical levels. Journal of
the American College of Cardiology, 69(15). pp.1952-1967.
Foster, M.N. and Coetzee, W.A., 2016. KATP channels in the cardiovascular
system. Physiological reviews, 96(1). pp.177-252.