Human Biology: Internal Body Systems, Diseases, and Genetics

This report provides an introduction to human biology, exploring the interconnectedness of various body systems and their roles in maintaining health. It examines the endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, lymphatic, nervous, and urinary systems, highlighting their functions and potential impacts on health issues like headaches, tiredness, and acne. The report also analyzes genetic diseases, explaining inheritance patterns and the differences between bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Case studies are presented to illustrate disease risks and the importance of proper nutrition and lifestyle choices. The report uses examples to explain the impact of diseases and deficiencies, along with the inheritance of genetic diseases and the difference between bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The report aims to provide a comprehensive overview of human biology, from its fundamental concepts to practical applications in health and disease.

HUMAN BIOLOGY

INTRODUCTION
According to the generalised system, human biology is regarded as an interdisciplinary
area of study which examines the humans through considering genetics, anatomy, nutrition and
other influences. Thus, in this respect the present research study has been made for the purpose
of analysing how internal body work to maintain the health perspective. Furthermore, discussion
has also been included regarding the ways through which genetic diseases are inherited.
1.1
Since, Ms Brown has been complaining of headache and tiredness, it is crucial for the GP
to check if all her body systems are working in appropriate manner. The Endocrine system: It is the collection of glands which is entitled to regulate
metabolism, growth and development of tissue. This helps in regulating functions of the
body organs wherein the glands could aid Ms Brown to maintain the body’s homeostasis.
Changes in the hormone level can aid in managing stress, infection and blood’s fluid
balance (Neuman, Debelius, Knight and Koren, 2015). Thus, with the help of proper
functioning of endocrine system, Ms Brown will be able to get information about body
systems. Changes in hormones will also aid Ms Brown to manage the body mass index
(Zhao, Xie and Yan, 2015). The Cardio- vascular system: This type of system is made up of of the circulatory
system and heart. This system is mainly accountable for the transferring oxygen,
nutrients, hormones, different types of and cellular waste in the human body. This system
is powered by heart and heart pushes blood to organs, cells and tissues in the body. This
system will support Ms Brown for maintaining supply of oxygen throughout the body
and controlling Hormones. It will assist her in controlling and resolving her acne problem
and by this she will also become capable for reducing her headache problem (Herman,
2016).
 The Respiratory system: This system comprise of organs that are accountable for
inhaling oxygen and excelling carbon dioxide. Exchange of gases takes place through
lungs during the breathing process. Human body requires oxygen and respiratory system

meets this essential need of the body. Ms Brown will maintain flow of oxygen ion body
and through this her hormonal balance can also be maintained.
 The Lymphatic and immune system: This system is responsible for ensuring movement
of interstitial fluid from tissues to the Circulatory system and Lymphatic and immune
system are closely related with each other and immune system is defence system of body
that support for fighting against the germs, Pathogenic virus, bacteria and fungi. Mr
brown will get stronger immune system and it will protect her from fighting against
various infections (Azar and Vaidyanathan, 2015).
2.1
 The nervous system :- Nervous system in human body is responsible for maintaining
human health. This system is responsible for transmitting signals to and from various
parts in the human body. It is a system in which cells and nerves sends to message to
spinal cord, brain and several parts of the human body (Paxinos, 2014). Nervous system
comprise both the peripheral systems and the central nervous system. In the same way
Central nervous system comprise brain and the spinal cord. In contrary to this peripheral
system is comprised of autonomic and one more somatic nervous system. Herein one
more important fact about the Central nervous system of body is that it is made up of 2
different major parts and name of parts includes spinal cord and Brain.

(Source- Nervous system . 2017)
Four principle part in Brain are Brain stem, Cerebrum, Cerebellum and Diencephalon. Neuron is
explained as type of different specialized conductor cell that are responsible for receiving and
transmitting important electrochemical nerve impulses. One more attribute of Neuron is that it is
made up of long arms and cell body and that transfer impulses from one part to another body
part. The 3 main functions that are included in nervous system includes sensory, integration and
motor and all the three are key functions of nervous system (Louis, Perry and Ellison, 2016).
Sensory functions that are included in nervous system is about involving gathering of
information from the sensory receptors that are responsible for monitoring the external and
internal conditions of the central nervous system. Along with this, Second most important
function of nervous system includes processing of various types of sensory signals that are
being passed to Central nervous system. The third major function of nervous system is to
stimulate effective neurons and carry different signals from the Gray matter of the CNS.

 The urinary system
The urinary system comprise of various groups of organs that
are mainly responsible for taking and filtering out the excessive fluid from bloodstream. The
various substances are than at next stages are further filtered out from human body. One more
important fact about is that Urine is type of liquid that is produced through one important body
part that is kidneys and it is further collected in organ named as bladder. After that it goes for
further level and gets excreted through the Urethra. Urine system comprise of Kidneys, bladder,
urethra. Major functions of the systems is for eliminating the waste matter from the human body.
It also works for regulating the blood volume and the blood pressure.
(Source- Urinary system . 2017 )
Urine is formed in the kidneys and after that it is filtered through blood. After that stage urine
further gets passed through the ureters to the organ that is bladder and than it goes and passes
Illus
tration 2: Urinary system

urethra to outside the body. Along with this Major functions and work of the Urinary system is to
remove the extra waste material from the human body and with this it also does regulation of
electrolytic balance for potassium, calcium, and sodium. Urinary system is also responsible for
controlling blood volumes and also for maintaining blood pressure. One more key role is to
regulate acid base homoeostasis (Heim and Mitelman, 2015).
3.1
Mr Ali is a 65 old male who is very intense and demanding person and he eats mostly fast
food and he also works longer hours. It shows that he is at high risk for getting some diseases
and due to that it is critical that proper analysis should be made. Table for diseases are as
mentioned :-
1- TYPE OF
DISEASE THAT
MIGHT BE FACED
BY MR. ALI
DISEASES REASON WHY MR.
ALI IS AT RISK
EFFECTS OF THE
DISEASES ON MR
ALI
DEFICIENCY
OCCURRED DUE
TO DISEASES
Rickets He is not taking proper
nutritious food so is
the reason he is at risk
of vitamin deficiency
diseases such as
rickets.
He would suffer from
weak and soft bones
and bowed legs and
several types of bone
deformities.
INFECTIONS Food poisoning He is at risk of getting
food poisoning as he is
eating fast foods on
regular basis. Some
food is prepared in
unhygienic conditions
and due to that he is
likely to get infectious
Weak immune system
and obesity enhances.
Body weakness and
tiredness.

diseases.
DEGENERATIONS Heart diseases He is working longer
hours and not taking
any healthy food due
to which he is at prone
to get heart diseases.
He may suffer from
blocked blood vessel
and several other heart
problems that
comprise of chest pain,
breathing difficulties
and pain in legs.
3.2
One genetically diseases is inherited when normal functioning of a gene that exist in a
pair gets override with the Abnormal one. This type of diseases can be passed through the
families in various type of distinct patterns. Dominant type of genetic diseases are caused when
mutation occurs in one copy of gene. Probability for occurrence of this diseases enhances if a
parent has dominant genetic diseases. A child gets fifty percent chances for inheriting from this
diseases and this type of diseases occurs at spontaneously. It happens while random mutation of
any gene occurs at the time of conception. There are various types of dominant diseases and and
it includes Huntington diseases. This type of diseases can be identified through DNA test.
Genetic disease can also occur if both the parents of child are carrier of the same type of disease.
Chromosome abnormality is also a reason due to which genetic diseases occurs and this diseases
can occur at the time of pregnancy. Availability of extra chromosome or any missing
chromosome can be a major cause due to which genetic diseases is inherited.
4.1
The statement “Comparatively, Bacteria and Fungi are more similar than bacteria and
virus.” is quite true and here it is explained as mentioned :-
The statement that mentions that Bacteria and Fungi are much more similar than the Virus and
Bacteria. This statement is vary true and collecting necessary data and information relevant to
these statements supports for proving authenticity of this statement. There is huge difference
between bacteria and virus and their characteristics differ from each other. Viruses are simplest

and smallest life form that are known. Size of Virus is 10 to 100 times smaller as compared to
Bacteria. Bacteria can grow on non living surfaces where as viruses requires a living cost that
can be a plant or animal for growing and multiplying themselves (Farrar, Hotez and White,
2013).
One more significant and major difference between Bacteria and virus is that bacteria is
intercellular organisms where as virus are intracellular organisms. Intercellular organisms live in
between the cells and intracellular organisms. Viruses have property for changing the host cell's
generic material and forcing it to move from its normal function so that it became able for
producing the virus itself. There also exist some types of bacteria that included in useful category
Where as all viruses are harmful. Bacteria can be killed from using antibiotics while viruses can
not be killed. They have different number of shapes and it range from several spheres to rods and
than spirals (Murray, Rosenthal, and Pfaller, 2015).
Bacteria and Fungi are quite similar to each other and fungi are defined as group of
eukaryotic organisms that are separate from animals and plants and they can be multicellular and
unicellular. Bacteria and Fungi are similar to each other and both gets their foods in similar
manner. Bacteria and fungi both causes harm to human body and at one side bacteria causes
steep throat and pneumonia where as Fungi can cause athletes foot and ringworm diseases. Both
of them contain cell membrane and cell wall. Bacteria are small celled prokaryote where as
fungus are large celled Eukaryotes. On the other hand it has been stated that a virus is a type of
small infectious agent which gets replicates inside the living cells of any other organisms.
However there are some positive and negative features of bacteria and fungi and some of
fungi are edible and examples of this type includes yeast which is used in bread and antibiotic
penicillin which is used for vaccine (Vanaja, Rathinam and Fitzgerald, 2015). Negative impact of
fungi includes spoil food, plant diseases and it can attack vegetable crops and also can develop
athletes foot. Bacteria and fungi both creates food sources that are edible for human beings.
Some bacteria are useful and many fungi are beneficial for human beings where as mostly
viruses are harmful. Bacteria and fungi are both living where as characteristics of virus is that it
can be both living and non living. One more big difference between bacteria and virus is that
bacteria can move through the environment by making use of structure that is known as

flagellum where as virus do not have ant structure and they does not have any ability for moving
on their own (Murray, Rosenthal and Pfaller, 2015). Fungi are organisms that are Non-motile.
CONCLUSION
Aforementioned report concludes that there are some basic systems in human body which
are essential to be maintained effectively. These systems comprise of the endocrine systems, the
nervous system, the musculoskeletal systems, urinary system and lymphatic and immune system.
All the systems play a major functional role in smooth and effective functioning of the human
body. There exist many similarities between bacteria and fungi and differences are there among
bacteria and virus.

REFERENCES
Books and journals
Azar, A.T. and Vaidyanathan, S., 2015. Chaos modeling and control systems design (Vol. 581).
Springer.
Farrar, J., Hotez, P., Junghanss, T., Kang, G., Lalloo, D. and White, N.J., 2013. Manson's
tropical diseases. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Heim, S. and Mitelman, F., 2015. Cancer cytogenetics: chromosomal and molecular genetic
aberrations of tumor cells. John Wiley & Sons.
Herman, I.P., 2016. Cardiovascular system. In Physics of the Human Body (pp. 533-621).
Springer International Publishing.
Louis, D.N., Perry, A. and Ellison, D.W., 2016. The 2016 World Health Organization
classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Acta neuropathologica.
131(6). pp.803-820.
Murray, P.R., Rosenthal, K.S. and Pfaller, M.A., 2015. Medical microbiology. Elsevier Health
Sciences.
Neuman, H., Debelius, J.W., Knight, R. and Koren, O., 2015. Microbial endocrinology: the
interplay between the microbiota and the endocrine system. FEMS microbiology reviews,
p.fuu010.
Paxinos, G. ed., 2014. The rat nervous system. Academic press.
Vanaja, S.K., Rathinam, V.A. and Fitzgerald, K.A., 2015. Mechanisms of inflammasome
activation: recent advances and novel insights. Trends in cell biology, 25(5), pp.308-315.
Zhao, Y., Xie, L. and Yan, Y., 2015. Microcystin-LR impairs zebrafish reproduction by
affecting oogenesis and endocrine system. Chemosphere. 120. pp.115-122.
Online
Nervous system . 2017. Accessed through<http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948665-
overview>[Accessed on 1st June 2017]

Urinary system . 2017. Accessed
through<https://www.shutterstock.com/search/ureter>[Accessed on 31st May 2017]