Human Body Homeostasis: Regulation, Feedback, and Hormone Roles

This report provides a comprehensive overview of homeostasis, the process by which living systems maintain a stable internal environment. It discusses the requirements for regulating the internal environment, referencing homeostatic systems and detailing negative and positive feedback mechanisms involving various organs. The report also examines the structure, mechanisms, and role of the skin in maintaining normal body temperature, as well as the function of key hormones, including insulin, in maintaining homeostasis. The content emphasizes the importance of impulse generation in sharing information between neurons, highlighting the roles of excitatory and inhibitory neurons in understanding the concept of homeostasis.

Homeostasis and
Controlling Factors in the
body

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
1.1 Requirement for regulation of the internal environment by reference to some named
homeostatic systems...............................................................................................................1
1.2 Negative and positive feedback in a homoeostatic control mechanism, and the
involvement of organ(s) in this mechanism...........................................................................3
3.1 The structure, mechanisms, and the role of the skin in maintaining a normal body
temperature.............................................................................................................................4
4.1 The role of at least 4 different hormones in homeostasis and the role of insulin.............5
CONCLUSION................................................................................................................................5
REFERENCES................................................................................................................................6
Books and Journals.................................................................................................................6

INTRODUCTION
Homeostasis is defined as the state of steady internal, physical and chemical condition
which is maintained by living system. This is also defined as the condition of organism which is
required for functioning of body variable which may include body temperature, and fluid
balance, that is being kept within the pre-set limits, in this it is defined as the homoeostatic range.
There is various enormous variable such as pH of fluid that is extracellular in nature. The
concentration of sodium, potassium and calcium ions (Singh and et. al., 2019). This also contain
the blood sugar level which help to regulate various despite changes in the environment, diet,
level of activity. As per this there are various of controlled mechanism which is regulated in
homoeostatic mechanism that help to maintain balance of life. Haemostasis that brought about
natural resistance which have already in optimal condition. In this three component are
measurably used in aspect to a receptor, a control centre and an environment that may be internal
and external.
MAIN BODY
1.1 Requirement for regulation of the internal environment by reference to some named
homeostatic systems
There is various biological system which always pushed away from their balance points.
As per this, when an individual constantly start to do exercise and muscle increase heat
production and raising temperature upwards. As per this the homoeostatic depend on the ability
of body which is detected and oppose numerous changes. In addition to this, it helps to provide
changes in various homoeostasis that involve negative feedback loops. These loop are act to
oppose the stimulus which trigger them (Raut and et. al., 2017). For example, the body
temperature is to high then the negative feedback acting on it and this create adverse and create a
set point. The targeted value in this is 37 degrees Celsius and more.
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Figure 1 Homeostasis regulation in body
As per this the raised temperature is detected by sensor which is primarily nerve cell with
ending in skin and brain. This relayed to temperature regulatory control centre in brain. This
control centre will help in the process of information and activates the realisable effectors that is
called as sweat gland. The main purpose of this is to stimulate and oppose this to bring the body
temperature down. In general, homoeostatic circuits usually involve at least two negative
feedback loops. In all one is activated when parameter such as body temperature which is above
set point and this is designed to bring it back down. One is activated when the other parameter is
below that formulate a set point which is designed to bring it back.
When blood calcium level are too high thyroid
gland secrete
Calcitonin
If calcium level drop too low the gland
parathyroid secretes
PTH hormone
Stimulate bone cell to release some of the
calcium store in bone into the bloodstream,
Increase
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then calcium level
Overall, this new idea is more specific that take a closer look as per the aspect of
opposing feedback loop which help to control the body temperature.
Homoeostatic responses in temperature regulation: As per this, when any individual is feel too
hot and cold which is admired in periphery and the brain cell. There is various temperature
regulation which is help in gaining the control by a gland called as hypothalamus. This help to
fix the gland is point of level. In addition to this, there is an example which is taken such as if an
individual is sitting in cold room and they do not dress according to the cold condition. The
temperature centre in brain will trigger responses which help to warm up. In this case the blood
flow of skin decrease and body start to feel more cold and increase the release of hormone which
act to increase heat production.
1.2 Negative and positive feedback in a homoeostatic control mechanism, and the involvement
of organ(s) in this mechanism
The positive feedback is a mechanism which help to create an output which increase in
order to maintain the internal environment. The positive feedback mechanism is designed in such
a way which enhance the output which is created by stimulus that has been already activated.
There are number of feedback mechanism which is designed in such a way that evaluate the level
in normal ranges (Khosa and et. al., 2019). To achieve this, there are various series of events are
taken and this help to build the process which enhance the effect of stimulus. This process is
beneficial but it is rarely used it may become uncontrollable. A positive feedback which is drive
and taken as example is blood platelets accumulation and aggregation, which turn various causes
in blood clotting in response to an injury of the blood and their vessels.
The negative feedback mechanism reduces the activity of organ or system to its normal
range functioning. In this the regulation of blood pressure is an example of negative feedback.
The blood vessels have sensor which is called as baroreceptor that detect the blood pressure is
too high and low which usually send signal through neuron to hypothalamus. As per this, the
heart rate decrease as the blood vessels increase in diameter that is called as vasodilation. In
context with this kidney retain less water. These changes have cause the blood pressure to return
to this can create normal ranges. The process helps to backward and decrease the blood pressure,
causing vessels to constrict and kidney to enhance the water retention.
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3.1 The structure, mechanisms, and the role of the skin in maintaining a normal body
temperature
Receptor are inside and outside of body which help in monitoring the condition and
watching for changes. As per this, when body leaves a set point and fall outside of its normal
ranges, signals are travelled the nervous system which used to activate the bring back system and
create the normal functioning. This process is called as homoeostasis. These complicated and
intricate process have evolved over millions of years. As per taking an example of
thermoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in the skin sense which changes temperature and
pressure as according to detected situation and this will cause injury and death sometimes.
A nerve impulse is generated when the stimulus is strong and this will trigger electrical
and chemical changes in the neurons, there is various ion present in the cell membrane. The
exterior side has sodium ion and this create positive charges. The interior side of cell is
negatively charged as per with more potassium ions. Due to difference in the charges there is an
electrochemical difference (Anagnostou and et. al., 2020). When nerve impulses are generated
there is no any permeability which is present in cell. This depolarization results in an action
potential which causes induction in the nerve impulse which move along to the length of axon.
As per this, when nerve impulses reached to the axon, it consists of some chemicals released
from the neurotransmitter. Which help to diffuse across synaptic gap the small space is usually
active in axon side and their receptors.
Neuron communicate with one another their various junctions which is called as
synapses. As per this synapse, neuron send message to a targeted neuron called as another cell.
In addition to this most synapses are chemical in nature. These synapses communicate using
chemical idea of messenger, there are number of synapse which is using the electrical synapse
and this will helpful to create ions flow directly between the cell which may be rise between
axon and dendrite body. At the chemical synapse, this will act as action potential which strictly
pre synaptic neuron to secrete neurotransmitter. These molecules bind to receptors on the post
synaptic cell and make it high and less likely to fire an action potential
This is defined as immense blood supply help regulate temperature which may be dilated
vessels allow for heat loss a while constricted vessel usually retain the heat. As per this skin
regulated body temperature with their blood supply and this will help to regulate the portion of
blood. The skin assist in that particular aspect of homoeostasis and this will make clear effect in
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skin and their regulation of blood. Humidity is the major effect of thermoregulation by limiting
sweat evaporation and thus this will help to heat loss.
4.1 The role of at least 4 different hormones in homeostasis and the role of insulin
Blood glucose concentration is monitored and controlled by the pancreas. Two of the key
hormone which is partially, in addition there are two key factor which is involved in regulating
the process of insulin (Tsentsevitsky and et. al., 2018). Which control the uptakes of glucose by
various cell and glucagon. There is control in secretion of glucose from store within the body.
Diabetes is also started initially when the glucose does no regulate proper in body.
CONCLUSION
As per the above discussion, this is defined as the impulse generation in essential to share
the information which is travelled from one neuron to other and it contain excitatory and
inhibitory neuron which is helpful in order to understand the concept.
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REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Anagnostou and et. al., 2020. Mitochondrial mechanisms of neuromuscular junction
degeneration with aging. Cells, 9(1), p.197.
Khosa and et. al., 2019. An overview of neuromuscular junction aging findings in human and
animal studies. Current aging science, 12(1), pp.28-34.
Raut and et. al., 2017. RNAi-mediated reverse genetic screen identified Drosophila chaperones
regulating eye and neuromuscular junction morphology. G3: Genes, Genomes,
Genetics, 7(7), pp.2023-2038.
Singh and et. al., 2019. Time-dependent addition of neuronal and Schwann cells increase
myotube viability and length in an in vitro tri-culture model of the neuromuscular
junction. Regenerative Engineering and Translational Medicine, 5(4), pp.402-413.
Tsentsevitsky and et. al., 2018. Effect of noradrenaline on the kinetics of evoked acetylcholine
secretion in mouse neuromuscular junction. Biochemistry (Moscow), Supplement Series
A: Membrane and Cell Biology, 12(4), pp.327-332.
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