Human Body Systems: Anatomy, Physiology, and Functions - Biology 101

Desklib provides past papers and solved assignments for students. This assignment covers various human body systems.

4. Locate the parts of the respiratory system by stating which letter in the diagram below,
represents the location of the following;
 Nasal cavity
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Right lung
 Right main bronchus
 Bronchiole
 Pleura
Represents the location of the following;
1. Nasal cavity- E
2. Pharynx- B
3. Larynx- G
4. Trachea- C
5. Right lung- I
6. Right main bronchus- F
7. Bronchiole- A
8. Pleura- D
5. In one to two paragraphs, explain the functions of the respiratory system.
The respiratory system is one of the major organ systems of our body and performs many functions.
The functions performed by the respiratory system are:

●pulmonary ventilation- it refers to the process of breathing in which air is inhaled into the lungs by the
pulmonary pathway and is exhaled out from the lungs through the same pathway.
●External respiration: it is the process of gas exchange between alveoli of the lungs and the blood
capillaries. In this process, the process of diffusion of oxygen into blood takes place to oxygenate the
blood and the carbon dioxide is diffused out of the blood and exhaled out into the atmosphere.
●Internal respiration: it refers to the gaseous exchange between the tissues of the body and blood
present in capillaries. The tissues in the body dispose carbon dioxide in the blood and oxygen is
diffused into the body tissues.
●Phonation: air that is inhaled through the nose interacts with the ‘voice box’ in the larynx and produces
sound.
6. Name the three main parts of the muscular system.
The three main parts of the muscular system are:
●Skeletal muscles: a major portion of the muscular system comprises of skeletal muscles. These
muscles are striated and voluntary in function. These muscles lie around the skeletal system and thus
help in movement of the body.
●Smooth muscles: these muscles are involuntary and smooth in texture, hence the name ‘smooth
muscles’. They can be found in all involuntary organs except the heart.
●Cardiac muscles: they are a special kind of muscle as they are striated but involuntary. They can be
found in the heart and is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
7. Name the two main parts of the skeletal system.
The two main parts of the skeletal system are:
 Axial skeleton: the axial skeleton comprises of 80 bones and it includes the skull, vertebral
column and the rib cage. The main function of the axial skeletal system is maintaing an upright
posture.

 Appendicular skeleton: the appendicular skeleton comprises of 126 bones and it includes the
pelvic and pectoral girdles as well as the upper and lower limbs. The main functions of the
appendicular skeletal system are the protection of the major body organs and movement.
8. In one to two paragraphs, explain the functions of the musculoskeletal system.
The musculoskeletal system comprises of skeletal system and muscular system. The main functions of
the system are:
 Movement- the musculoskeletal system works efficiently so that we can do various movements
like talking, sleeping, walking, jumping etc.
 Support: the musculoskeletal system provides the body support with the help of its bone and
muscle structure. It also helps provide a posture for the human body.
 Protection of organs: the different types of bones and muscle in the musculoskeletal system
gives protection to all the organs of the body from trauma, shock etc.
 Storage of salts: the bones in the musculoskeletal system are a storage space for many types
of salts including calcium.
 Formation of new blood cells: some of the bones in the musculoskeletal system have bone
marrow which is the main site for production of blood cells.
9. Where are the Hypothalamus glands from the endocrine system located?
The hypothalamus gland is located inside the brain. It is a small structure that is located below the
thalamus and above the pituitary gland.
10. Where is the Pituitary gland from the endocrine system located?
The pituitary gland occupies a small part of the brain behind the nose and is connected to the
hypothalamus by a stalk like structure.
12. Where are the Parathyroid glands from the endocrine system located?
The reproductive glands in male are called testes and are located in the scrotal sacs. The reproductive
glands in female are called ovaries and it is located on either side of the uterus.
15. Where are the Reproductive glands from the endocrine system located?
The reproductive glands in male is called testes and is located in the scrotal sacs. The
reproductive glands in female is called ovaries and it is located on either side of the uterus.

17. In one to two paragraphs, explain the function of the endocrine system.
One of the most essential organ systems is endocrine system. It comprises of a number of glands like
hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal etc. These glands are ductless and release hormones directly
into the blood stream. The hormones or chemical messengers act on the target organs and hence
coordinate and regulate the functions of the body.
21. In one to two paragraphs, explain the function of the digestive system.
The main function of the digestive system is to perform the process of breaking down the food into
small molecules with the help of enzymes in mouth and stomach. Breakdown also happens
mechanically in the stomach. The small particles of the food are then absorbed by the body through
small intestine. Hence the digestive system provides the body with necessary nutrients. It also performs
the important function of eliminating waste materials from the anus via large intestine.
25. What are the three main parts of the male reproductive system?
The three main parts of the male reproductive system consists of:
● Penis- the penis is the accessory reproductive organ located outside the body cavity.
● Testes- testes are a pair of glands located in the two scrotal sacs.
● Scrotum- they are a pair of organs that hang outside the body cavity below the penis.
26. In one to two paragraphs, explain the function of the reproductive system.
The male reproductive organ is responsible for producing semen which contains the sperms. The
hormones secreted by the reproductive glands in males also help in the appearance of secondary sex
characteristics. The female reproductive organs are responsible for the formation of ovules and
development of foetus in case of fertilization. The hormones released by the organs also help build the
secondary sex characteristics.
29. Name six lymphatic organs.
● Spleen
● Bone marrow

● Thymus
● Lymph node
● Tonsils
● Lymphatic vessels
31. In one paragraph, describe how the smell function occurs in the human body.
The function of smell begins in the nose. The upper portion of the nose is composed of olfactory
epithelium. This epithelium possesses many olfactory neurons, bipolar in nature. The smell is detected
by these neurons and is then transported to the olfactory region in the brain, where the smell is
decoded.
32. In one paragraph, describe how the taste function occurs in the human body.
The process of intercepting taste is quite simple. The tongue, oesophagus and palate consist of
papillae. The sensory cells that are designed to be a receptor for various tastes are located in the
papillae. The receptors of taste carry the information to the sensory nerve fibres which then carries it to
the brain.
33. In one paragraph, describe how the vision function occurs in the human body.
Vision is one of the basic yet complex functions of the human body. The light enters through cornea
and the amount of light entering the eye through the pupil is adjusted with the help of iris. The light then
projects on a lens behind the pupils. Here, reflection and refraction occurs and light is projected on the
retina. Retina is the inner most layer of the eye and comprises of sensory cells, rods and cones. The
information perceived is then transported to the brain via the optic nerve.
34. In one paragraph, describe how the equilibrium function occurs in the human body.
The function of equilibrium is performed by the inner ear. The inner ear comprises of three semicircular
canals that are placed at right angles to each other and the vestibule that attaches the semicircular
canals and cochlea. These structures help in maintaining the equilibrium of the body.
35. In one paragraph, describe how the hearing occurs in the human body.

The function of hearing starts from the external ear. The external ear is responsible for the transport of
sound waves to the ear drum which connects to the middle ear. The sound waves are then passed
through the 3 bones in the middle ear. The waves are then transported to the inner ear where the
sensory cells on the cochlea act as receptors for sound and transport the information to the brain
through the auditory nerve.
37. What is human body tissue? Provide an example of a type of tissue.
The tissues that make up the organs and other structures in the human body is termed as body tissues.
There are 4 types of human body tissues:
● Muscular- these types of tissues are found all over the body, even organs like heart.
● Epithelial- these kinds of tissues are found on the epithelium and vary in forms.
● Connective- connective tissues are the tissues that are present within the body and are
responsible for connections between the organs.
● Nervous- nervous tissues are located within the brain. They are unique and are composed of
special cells.
40. Explain the purpose of protein. What foods or other location may it be obtained from?
Proteins are essential elements of the human body. The proteins that are present in our body are
responsible for the structure, regulation and function of cells in the body. It is one of the basic building
blocks in the body. Proteins can be obtained from the chain of amino acids as well the food that we eat.
The foods that are rich in protein are eggs, almonds, oats, chicken breasts, milk, broccoli etc.
46. Explain the purpose of vitamin C. What foods or other location may it be obtained from?
The processes of growth and repair of tissues is governed by vitamin C in the human body. It is used in
the formation of an important protein that helps to make tendons, skin, ligaments and blood vessels. It
also helps in the healing of wounds. The foods that are rich in vitamin C are citrus fruits and other fruits
include cantaloupe, strawberries etc. Many vegetables like broccoli, cauliflower, sprouts etc. are also
rich in vitamin C.
45. Explain the purpose of vitamin B12. What foods or other location may it be obtained from?

The main functions of vitamin B12 in the human body include the RBC formation and the prevention of
anaemia. The foods that are rich in vitamin B12 are animal products. Vegetables are not generally
abundant in vitamin B12.
54. What is the definition of Anorexia?
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which the person suffering from it obsesses over their weight
and their weight is generally lower. It is a psychological disorder that can also turn out to be life
threatening.
56. What is the definition of Breakthrough pain?
Breakthrough pain is a serious phenomenon in which an individual suffers from an increase in pain
when they are already suffering from chronic pain. This increment in pain occurs in patients suffering
from cancer, arthritis etc.
59. What is the definition of Dyspraxia?
Dyspraxia is a developmental disorder that occurs in kids. It affects the movement and four key skills
that are:
● Fine motor skills
● Gross motor skills
● Coordination
● motor planning
61. What is the definition of Infarction?
Infarction refers to the death of tissues which occurs when adequate amount of blood isn't supplied to it.
It usually occurs due to blockage in the blood vessels.
65. What is the difference between contagious and infectious?
Infectious diseases occur when microscopic agents like bacteria enters the human body. These types
of diseases may or may not spread from one person to another. The infectious diseases that spread
from one person to another are called contagious diseases. They can spread in various ways.

68. What is the function of the immune system?
The function of the immune system in human body is to prevent diseases. The cells and organs of the
immune system work together to act against foreign agents that tend to attack the human body. It is
one of the most important systems which are dedicated to keep us safe from foreign agents.
69. The immune system is broken up into two parts – the innate system and the adaptive
immune system. Provide a description of the innate system and the adaptive immune system
The innate system of the immune system acts generally on all foreign agents. It is triggered by the
presence of foreign agents and chemical messengers. Adaptive immunity on the other hand prevents
infections by acting on specific antigens. This type of immunity acts with the help of immunological
memory and thus it is acquired throughout your life.
71. How does the body maintain its body temperature when the outside atmosphere is hot?
The receptors on the skin of the human body can sense the hotness. Thus the hypothalamus and other
structures work towards cooling the body and regulating temperature. The blood circulation of the body
increases and the blood flow increased near the surface of the skin. When the temperature exceeds
further the body starts to perspire and thus we sweat. This is the most efficient way to regulate
temperature for the body.
72. How does the body maintain its body temperature when the outside atmosphere is cold?
The skin receptors sense the cold atmosphere and thus the body responds to regulate temperature.
The subcutaneous fat provides insulation and thus traps heat in the body. The muscles twitch with the
movement of shivering and shaking and thus produce hear within the body. These are the processes
that occur in the body when the atmospheric temperatures drop.