Ethical Implications of Human Cloning: A Comprehensive Analysis

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Ethics and cloning
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Contents
Ethics and cloning................................................................................................................3
Early ethical considerations.................................................................................................3
An area of relative agreement..............................................................................................4
Areas of controversy............................................................................................................5
The central issues.............................................................................................................5
Design, control, deformed societies, and confused humanity.........................................5
Improving the human race...............................................................................................5
Cloning in the Future.......................................................................................................5
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Ethics and cloning
In medical, biotechnological and biology, cloning is a very much important process, as it
means to make copy or identical in generic properties of that product. Also, it is not very
much compulsory to make an accurate identical product, if it is nearly identical then also
known as a clone of that product. For making a clone of something some original
organism or part of that organism is needed so that driving of other parts becomes easier.
Cloning is very much important for asexual organisms, as this helps them in growing
them in number. These organisms are generally bacteria, plants, and animals which
reduce asexually.
Early ethical considerations
Ethicists are the person who use to analyze the ethics and ethical codes given as input and
then use to take a decision over them that given codes of ethics are really ethical or not.
John Lederberg is a person, who has won the Nobel Laureate for Physiology or Medicine,
and also has studied genetics and cloning engineering and has found the appropriate
meaning of this, and this all has helped in improving the human race. After that, Paul
Ramsey and Joseph Fletcher were first 2 Protestant philosophers which have reacted over
this.
Ramsey has declared genetic alteration and cloning as illegal because he thought that this
activity has changed the views of Christian over morality, happiness, procreation, power,
and personhood. According to their point of view, happiness is an experience of an
individual, but it has been defined as happiness and good life is with family. They have
turned morality as an individual aspect, but it is a social experience. They have detailed
personhood as a spiritual belief but it is an in personal and sexual activity.
Fletcher has different and opposite views as compared to Ramsey’s and says that
humankind is a better option and can replace the traditional and sexual way for making
babies, and cloning and genetic engineering can help human in making better babies.
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Paramount if something in which a person has the freedom to do anything that they wish.
Whereas, happiness is a feeling of what a person can feel they get their preferred
satisfaction. Also, if someone comes to harm us without any restriction, therefore, it is
very much important to pose some restrictions of freedom of people. Peoples who can
control and choose their environment are very much sensible, and also our social aim is
to increase our as well as well being for others. Along with this, parenting is aid as a
social activity rather than biological activity, also the power of reproduction is said is the
gift of science for human.
An area of relative agreement
At Roslin Institute in Scotland, the next milestone for science was taking place, where
first successful cloning of mammal has took place by nuclear transfer of somatic cell. For
doing this, researchers took of about 277 sheep’s ova and then use to fuse them with the
mammary gland of other sheep. Out of them, they get success in getting embryos
growing of about 29, and then these 29 get implemented in surrogate sheep mother,
which results in pregnancy of 13 sheep’s. After which, pregnancy gets completed and
results in healthy lamb, on 5 July 1996 and named as Dolly.
But also, there was something in that, which was not cleared. As the new in the year,
1997 about dolly was not recorded earlier. After this, with the help of some avoidances
UNESCO (United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) has made
an immediate ban on cloning. After this ban, several nations likes, Argentina, Austria,
Brazil, Denmark, Georgia, Germany, Iceland, Mexico, Norway, Peru, Slovakia, Spain,
South Africa, and the United Kingdom has also made a ban on cloning in their country.
Along with this, within the next few years, only more than 30 nations have adopted this
ban in their nations and make a board of STOP over cloning of anything. There were two
observations that have helped in the making is remarkable ethical development. Out of
them, first is study and gaining evidence which has started form cloning by transferring
of nuclear of a nonhuman mammal. This was the process which does not have any type
of harm and also has no further concerns raised. After cloning of Dolly, the scientists
have tried and made clones of many mammals, some of them are cow, rat, mice, goat,
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pigs, dogs, cats, horses and rabbits. These all were special because they have large
eyebrows. This all says that there was no problem while making the nuclear transfer.
After this, secondly, the scientist has tried to make a clone of human being, so that the
process of artificial reproduction can get worked. For this, they have use method of
eyebrow splitting. This work gets support from the Ethics Committee of the American
Society for Reproductive Medicine.
Areas of controversy
The central issues
In the process of cloning the most issued and dramatically area was, cloning of human
being for improving and bettering process of artificial reproduction in humans. This
process was all about to make an artificial baby of human which, look like them and
grow like them as a fully grown adult and member of society.
Human reproduction using the method of cloning is the main and center part of these
issues. This was because ethically it was not right and also it can increase the race among
humans very rapidly.
Design, control, deformed societies, and confused humanity
Michael Sandel is a philosopher who mainly attracts the communitarians use to think that
cloning of human being is not good for society. This can be the last shock which society
may not be able to bear. They use to say that, if they have options and also if they are
able to choose qualities what they want in their child, that is only possible by cloning,
then there will be proper control of human on their reproductive endeavors. Like this, all
lead each and every human to make the design of their child, and it is an object of gift not
to design. As each and everything in the world is not in our control, some mutual help is
needed for doing some work.
Improving the human race
There are several open-minded and highly literate people in the 21st century have fought
against it and have taken the race between humans very huge level. Arguments are given
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these people generally math with the thoughts of Fletcher, that first preference of a
person is satisfaction and individual freedom of doing anything that they love. Also,
social problems are not caused because of genetics and naturalness and also they can get
managed.
Cloning in the Future
There are several discussions and debates has taken place between the year 1997 – 2007,
in this some use to say in favor of this and some in against of this. The main issue of
cloning is the making of a human being using the nuclear transfer method. After this also,
most of the people use to make the debate on the discussion which took place between
liberals and conservatives during the period of 1960 and 1970.
As this is 21st century and science is advancing itself day by day, and this all will lead to
the return of cloning of laboratories of several scientists.
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