Evaluating Human Development Theories in Social and Community Work

This report delves into the multifaceted aspects of human development within the context of social and community work. It begins by evaluating key theories of human development, such as Erikson's and Freud's, highlighting their significance in understanding various stages of life. The report then explores the critical roles of biological and environmental factors, as well as prenatal influences, on childhood and adolescent development. It further examines the impact of different life events on development through adulthood, emphasizing physical, psychological, and social changes associated with aging. A crucial aspect of the report focuses on the role of social workers in supporting individuals facing various life events, along with a range of services available to assist them. The report underscores how factors influence human development theories, particularly affecting the mental health and conditions of children and adolescents, and the broader implications for society and families, emphasizing the critical role of social workers in addressing these issues. The report also highlights how environmental factors can impact the health of individuals, and the importance of understanding neurological changes during adolescence.

Applying Understanding of
Human Development in Social
and Community Work
1

Table of Contents
ACTIVITY 1 4
LO1 4
P1) Evaluate the theories of the human development 4
P2) Importance of human development and biological and environmental factors 5
LO2 7
P3) Impact of the pre-natal factors on development of the childhood and adolescence 7
P4) Life events which would affect the development of the childhood 8
Activity 2 10
LO 3 10
P5 Impacts of different life events on development through adulthood 10
P6 Physical, psychological and social changes associated with ageing process 11
LO 4 13
P7 Role of social worker in supporting individuals through life events 13
P8) Range of the services which would support the individual’s indifferent events 14
CONCLUSION 15
2

INTRODUCTION
Human development can be defined as a procedure of enlarging people’s freedom and
improving their well-being as well. This study is going to show some importance of theories of
human development that shows each stage of human development (Boyd and Bee, 2015). It will
also show some importance of biological and psychological factors that have positive and
negative impacts on human development. Rather than, psychological factors, it will also show
some pre natal factors like maternity illness, toxic exposures and other that also have several
positive and negative impacts on human development. Further, this study will discuss some
impacts of different life events on development through adulthood, adolescence and childhood as
well. Social workers also plays an important role as they support people who are in need in their
development in life events. The report is concentrating on the factors for the which are affecting the
theories of the human development. Children and the adolescents are affected by these factors whichare
affecting the mental health and the conditions of the children and the adolescents as well. the improper
conditions of the children are also affecting the environment of the society and the family as well. So, the
social workers are working for solving the problems of the patients as well.
ACTIVITY 1
LO1
P1) Evaluate the theories of the human development
Kenny needs to be treated with the theories of the human development. These theories are made
according to the mental conditions of the children and the adolescents as well. It includes the factors
which are affecting the development of the child and also the external factors which are affecting the
development of the children. Children growth is depended on the development of the mind and the events
which are occurred in the life of the child. the theories which are formed for child development is
followed below:
Erikson’s psychological development theory
3

Erikson theory is focusing on the psychological factors which are affecting the performance and
the development of the Kenny. The theory is div9ided in to eight part which include the stages form the
infant to the young adult. The infant need to develop the healthy relation with the parents and also balance
must be maintained between the trust and the mistrust as well. Toddlers are the children form age group
of the 1 years to 3 yrs. These toddlers need to independence of the thoughts and also confidence must be
built in children. In the preschool’s children need to take the initiative to complete the task and also in
some cases guilt is formed in the children. Kenny need to clear the doubts regarding the life and also
9ncldue the take the initiative to Improve the performance of the self (Grace, Bulsara, Robinson. and
Hands, 2016).
Freud psychological developmental theory
This theory is focusing on the issues of the children which they are facing in the life. The events
and the issues need to be solved by the theory which would be develop the child mental psychology as
well. The theory includes the psychological stages from oral to genital stage. In oral stage the infant’s
development and issues are discussed and tried to solve. Anal stage the children from 1 to 3 years
includes about the oral stimulation and pressure which cannot be handled by the children’s as well.
Phallic stage includes the children from 3 to 6 years which have issues regarding the concentration and
the focus as well. Latent stage consists of the children social development and the values which are been
taught to the children and also relationships are must for the children as well. Genital stage includes the
stages in which the children or the adolescents are attracted towards the opposite ex and if the values are
givento the child in rightcondition then the child would be developed as the well-developed person
(Horne, 2018).
The Kenny family must understand these theirs and also implement these theories which would
also change the behaviour of the Kenny towards the family and the society as well. Kenny would be
easily able to learn things and build the career. These theories are focusing on the mental development
and the issues which are faced by the children.
P2) Importance of human development and biological and environmental factors
A child is majorly affected by the environment he is brought up in. the physical, social as well as
the mental factors affect the upbringing of a child in a number of ways. Also, exposure to toxic
substances be it from the earthy environment or from the toxins present in air can also affect the mental
and physical capability of a child (Khazanov, Ruscio and Swendsen, 2019).
BIOLOGICAL FACTORS
4

Biological factors which can affect the influences on a child can be vast in number. The gross
development of the child, be it the hormone levels of the child, the nutrition level or even the gender are
some biological factors which can create an impact on the child which could be negative in nature. The
early development of the child is particularly influenced by a number of primary factors like genetics,
nutrition, or even the prenatal period lays an influence. A research conducted in Rutgers University say
that the prenatal period of the child affects the linguistic frequency and fluency of the child. also, some
postnatal factors are responsible for the cognitive development of the child. Out of these, some specific
biological factors which affect the children’s development, Kenny for that matter is the nutrition and the
gender of the child, Kenny here (Noe, and et.al., 2017). Proper intake of the needed nutrition as well as
the diet of the parents affect the development of Kenny. The diet of Kenny’s mother would affect her
birth and also the health of the concerned child, in case of any sort of irresponsibility, it can prove to be a
risk on the life of Kenny. Boys develop and learn differently as that to girls. Hence the biological factor of
gender can be determinant of various society and cultures of the parents as well (Green and Piel, 2015).
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
The physical growth of a human being is grossly affected by the environmental factors he is born
and brought up in. there are a number of social as well as economic influences which being a part of the
environmental factors can affect the well being of Kenny for the matter here. The influences from the
environment can be bidirectional. The development of the human behaviour where a child can exert
influence based on the genetics and the temperament he carries. The status of health and the shape of
child are also responsible in exerting an influence on the child. this it would not be an exaggeration to say
that the environmental factors which can affect the health of Kenny are also related to the biological
factors of the same for that matter. Thus, the human development being a vast phenomenon, Kenny is
deeply affected by the environment she was brought up in. drug abuse is a huge menace to be faced as
Kenny right from childhood has being deeply affected by what she saw in her parent right from being a
child and in herself now. Thus, environmental factors could affect the health of Kenny after or before her
birth as well (Peltola, and et.al., 2017).
Physical and neurological changes have impact on the adolescence
The evolution of a human as a while is the capacity of our complex brain about how it develops itself.
The development of brain can be due to the hormonal changes which take in the body along with the age
of the human as the same time. Adolescence is a normative step which takes place in young people and
Kenny also went through the same. Understanding the brain activities during the period of adolescence
5

and collaborating with the same in order t make wise decisions is an important process and thus part and
parcel of Kenny’s life.
Physical Changes
The growth and development of a child is always different when taken in terms biologically. The
growth of the child refers to various physical characteristics which can be height, weights or the
shape and size of body which changes accordingly (Horne, 2018). The physical changes are
mostly the result of the hormonal changes is the body of the child, Kenny as per the case here.
The qualitative change in the growth of the humans are in an orderly manner with a meaningful
fashion the ultimate result of which is the maturity of the same. Maturity overcomes the growth
and development which relatively contribute equally to each other. Growth and development are
inseparable and also the occurrence of the both takes place simultaneously. The heredity,
environment, age, sex, exercise and heath, hormones, nutrition, familial influence, geographical
influences, socio-economic status, learning and reinforcement are major determinants of the
physical changes in a child. when the talk of physical changes comes into picture, the physical
activities are a major concern which are responsible for the changes in adolescence of the child.
Also, the familial influence as well as the nutrition consumed by the child are causing physical
changes in the adolescence period of a human (Liu, and et.al., 2016).
Neurological Changes
The development of human brain starts right from the kindergarten age till when approximately
93% of the brain is formed. Some of the findings show that the cortex, the region of brain is majorly
involved in decision making activities and the critical thinking abilities of the brain. Although this part of
the brain is still not complete until the adulthood age of a human. The adolescent maturation of brain Is
said to be the myenation process which helps in establishing the neural connections and also serves the
information to the whole body. However, the neurological changes also affect the thinking process of the
adolescents. Keeping a healthy teenage brain is quite a task as there are varied opinions which might
emerge also in the case of Kenny. The neurological changes might cause the gray matter in the brain to be
pruned away. The remodelling of brain happens extensively right from the birth till the mid 20’s of a
child, causing changes in the neurological changes of a child. A healthy combination of a child’s brain in
the adolescent stage along with the environmental influences on it impacts the way how the human puts,
moves, thinks or feels about anything and everything (Carey, M., 2017).
6

LO2
P3) Impact of the pre-natal factors on development of the childhood and adolescence
The prenatal factors are affecting the development of the child and the adolescents as
well. These factors would also improve the conditions of the child, these prenatal factors are
affecting the child development on the and the mental condition of the child on the large scale as
well. In some cases, the child is affected by the non-communicable diseases which are affecting
the health of the child. some times if the children are afraid of some things or events children are
unable to talk or communicate these types of the events to anyone. So, parents must try to
communicate with the children effectively which would also affect the health conditions of the
children’sand theadolescents as well. Children’s body size and growth is affected by the stress
and the development is affected. In these cases, the Kenny is affected by the drugs and the
Kenny would not be able to communicate effectively with any one Kenny was only attached to
the grandmother so Kenny must be kept with the grandmother which would also improve the
conditions of the children (Di Marco, and Santini 2015).
At the time of the birth the weight of the child is due to the natural growth and the child
health is affected by the health of the mother and the stress which is given to the mothers which
are not good for the health of the mothers and also not for the health of the child as well. The
child health is natural till the time of the growth of the children and also the growth is not natural
after the post-natal or during the time of the early childhood (Skøt,, Jeppesen, Mellentin. and
Elklit 2017). Conditions of the child is affected by the conditions of the mother during the time
of the pregnancy of the mothers as well. In the case of the Kenny the mother conditions was
stable but during the time of the Kenny was performing the actions and also the conditions get
worsen when the Kenny was sing the drugs which was affecting the health of the Kenny and also
mental conditions of the Kenny was affected due to that.
These prenatal factors which are affecting the child growth is including the child mental
state. These factors would also include the factors and the conditions of the parents while the
prenatal time and these conditions are affecting the child growth (Karvinen-Niinikoski 2016).
Way of living and the standard of living is affecting the growth of the child and the adolescents
as well.
7

P4) Life events which would affect the development of the childhood
Theory of the attachment
The theory of attachment is a concept built in the psychological development which shows how
the attachment is important when personal development of a human comes into picture. The
theory of attachment claims that forming an emotional attachment with another person helps in
moulding the personality of the human as a whole. The attachment theory has expressions and
impressions of the same in turn. This theory was created by John Bowlby who found the same to
understand a similar case as that of Kenny to find out how a child under stress performs and also
when he or she is separated from his parents. Thus, the theory of attachment proves to be useful
in order to find out how the emotional part of the human works and the impact which their
feelings lay on the decisions the take collectively (Black, and et.al., 2017).
John Bowlby Theory
Psychologist John Bowlby discovered the term first. This study focuses on the child development
at a primary stage. The Bowlby’s theory says child hood development is must for the future of
the child and the child are attached to the parents so the parents must focus on the child
development and try not to give the stress to the children (Sweeney Clement Filson and Kennedy
2016). Through these theory parents know about their children and the children mental
conditions.
Mary Ainsworth Theory
This theory was set in extension to the John Bowlby theory of attachment and its impact
on human development and relationships as a whole. Mary Ainsworth theory says that the
“Attachment Behaviour” of insecure children occurs uniformly which also gives them a sense of
argument especially in the case of adolescence as that of Kenny. This study is also applicable on
cross section children as well as varying attachments with parents of their weak or tenuous
bonds. Also, when exposed to particular stressful situation as that of Kenny, this proved to be
attention seeking for the same humans (Santangeli, Sattar and Huda 2015).
Hazan and Shaver Theory
8

Among the various limitations of the attachment theory, the Hazan and Shaver was
studied in the context of young children. This theory proved to be useful in the field of
psychology of an entire human being. This theory has a study base on the adulthood of the
human as well. This theory of attachment was able to attach itself to the adult relationships. In
the case of Kenny as well, this theory shows how attachment laid an impact on the thinking
pattern of Kenny. This theory also examined the number of attachments of various relationships
and how they had impact on the stressors and the stimuli. This says, when attachment of a
relationship is too strong, there is a sense of dependence on each other.
These theories are focusing on the theories which are formed for the children and the
adolescents which are improving the mental condition of the children. Kenny need to develop
herself and also try to come out of the events which are affecting the mental condition of the
children (Berendonk, and et.al., 2015).
Activity 2
LO 3
P5 Impacts of different life events on development through adulthood
Life events means experiences, activities of different ages of the life of a human that
impacts on its usual activities like marriage, illness, injury etc. There are several factors like
demographic age, education that can have impacts on the development through adulthood. Adult
development means all changes that occur in psychological and biological domain.
Some event related to this age includes:
Having a job: In this age, people get job and became busy. It is a turning point of their life which
have several positive and negative impacts on their life. They became busier and try to
accomplish their life goals for which they have done their education and other things. So, it can
be said that this factor of life event may have several positive and negative impacts on their life
(Goldston and et.al., 2015).
9

Emotional distress: Some boys and girls in this stage become more emotional distress.
Everyone has some type of dreams and each person is different from others in nature as some are
introvert and they do not prefer and like to share their feelings with anyone. On the other hand,
some people are extrovert and they like to share and tell everything to anyone. Introvert type of
people are more sensitive and emotional. If they do not get something in their life which they
wanted to achieve then they become more emotional distress. It has serious negative impact on
their adult stage. In college life also, they are bullied by their seniors and other students which
also make them distress.
Ego development: This is the main and common factor that occurs and develop with the
growing age and in adulthood. Ego development among 1st year students is clearly different
from other students . College career life is also called a changing life. Some students make their
future and accomplish their goals whereas, some students only go for enjoyment and for that they
attempt bad things. They smoke, abuse, use alcohol which can destroy their future and life as
well. This stage and college life is very critical and tough life which decide their future (Burns,
2016).
There are several theories related to this stage and shows all stages and life events of adulthood
such as:
Daniel Levinson’s theory: This theory is a set of psychosocial season through which each adult
have to pass as they move through early adulthood and middle life. Each of the season of this
stage is created b y several challenges of maintenance a life structure. Early stage in which 16-24
age of group people come. Forming a life stricture in which people think about their career and
24-28 age groups of people come here. Settling down stage in which people set their career and
have decided as what they have done, 29-34 age groups of adults and people come in this stage
(McPhee and et.al., 2016).
So, it can be said that from the above that each stage of human life is critic and a changing point
which decides his/her next stage. Her/his actions decide whether he/she will be success in his/her
next stage or not. It all depends on his/her activities and the type of nature. With the help of
theories like Daniel Levinson, A biopsychosocial metatheory of adult development that can
define and describe all stages and natures of adult by which they have to go through.
10

P6 Physical, psychological and social changes associated with ageing process
Physical and biological changes can be categorized by progressive age changes like metabolism,
regeneration, properties of changes. Biological and physical changes occur naturally impacts on
an individual mood, social activity, attitude and physical condition; With the ageing process they
feel less adaptable and inactive. They take time in every activity as compare to young and adults
(Amarya, Singh and Sabharwal, 2015). On the other hand, psychological changes and ageing can
be defined as human awareness and their adaptability to ageing process. With ageing process an
progressed age, people have to face several problems and have to make adjustments to the new
situations. Here are some physical changes that occur with the age:
Hearing loss: With ageing process and people with the age of 60 and above face
problems of hearing loss which is known as presbycusis. This type of people feel sound muffled
at starting and high pitched voices become harder for them to understand. Men are more likely to
have more hearing loss than women.
Decrease in strength: With age, people lose muscle tissue and their muscle become
more rigid and less toned. Weight training can help them out in improving their strength and
flexibility. But with ageing process they cannot complete and get effective training.
High blood pressure and diseases: Ageing is not a disease but natural changes in body makes
an individual more vulnerable to some medical conditions. There may be several factors that can
become the reason of this disease such as hyper tension, obesity, ageing etc. Blood vessels tend to
become less elastic with age, and this stiffness can become the reason of blood pressure and other
diseases (McPhee and et.al., 2016).
Some psychological changes and conditions factors with ageing process is also defined as
below:
Depression: It is characterized by abnormally lowered mood which can be developed over
weeks or may be months. With ageing process and people in this age feel loss of interest and
have recurrent thoughts of death or suicidal ideas . They also face difficulties in concentration
and also take too much time in making accurate decisions as they get confused over everything.
They also complain for several physical symptoms like insomnia, hypersonic etc.
11

Lack of support: Lack of support is also a type of social change that occur with ageing process
and growing age in adults. This type of people feel ignored by the society and they feel lonely.
On the other hand, volunteering life long learning and involvement in this type of learning
programs by social workers can have positive impacts on aged people and their well-being
A lack of physical activity: With the growing age and ageing process, individuals face
several changes as they feel that they have became quite inactive or physical weak. With the age,
bones get low and several changes occur in the context of biological like wrinkles, low weight,
graying hair etc. Due to all these natural changes they lack in physical activity and they take too
much time in walking and doing anything.
Loneliness: With ageing process, individuals also feel loneliness as no one wants to talk
to them due to biological changes. They face problem in listening, speaking so no one spend too
much time with aged people. Due to these changes they feel alone and became calm and quite.
A sense of neglect: As it is already stated that with ageing process, people feel several changes
in their body by which they can not perform activity in active and an effective manner. Their
organs stop working like hearing problem, walking problem, speaking problems etc. Children
and people from the age of 18-35 also neglect to talk with these type or aged people. So, it can be
said that all changes in the context of physical, biological and psychological, later adults people
feel neglects from others (Kahana and Kahana, 2018).
LO 4
P7 Role of social worker in supporting individuals through life events
There are several organizations like NGO and others that specially works for people who
are suffering from several problems like diseases, conflicts etc. Social workers supports people
as well as their families through difficult times and also makes sure that vulnerable people are
living their life smoothly Social workers is the one which is helping the people which are helping
the people which are helping the individuals and the families which are in the problems. Social
12

workers or the community workers are helping the people to gain and develop the skills which
would help them to live the better life.
Social workers are doing the counseling of the patients and families or the individuals
which are facing the problems. Social workers are working with the non-profits organizations
which are working effectively. Through the counseling process the patients which are in need is
helpful for them and through these the patients would come out of the stress and the trauma what
they facing in the treatment. Social workers are very active in listening to the patients through
which they are analyzing the problems of the patients and they would try to solve the problems
of the patients as well. The communities workers are supporting the individuals and also support
they are aware about the problems and the crime vomited in the country through which they
would try to guess the problems (Barnhartand van 2015).
These workersare coordinating with the patients from time to timethroughwhich they
would track the progress of the workers and also, they would help the patients and also motivate
the patients as well. The social workers are complex and also problem solving as well through
these problem-solving skills the workers are trying to solve the problems of the patients and the
families. The community workers are very critical while thinking. So, the workers would not
give the wrong decisions on the problems and also, they have the knowledge about the problems
which are going to be raised after the implementing the decisions. So, the social workers are
aware about the impact and the problems which are being raised after any decisions.
Social workers are working according to the workers and the patients. The patientscould
be from the family or can be child. the child and the family membersneed proper attention and
also proper time to work accordingly. The workers are working for the children development
programs and also arrange the program s for the children development sin the schools. Public
health social workers are working for the patients which can be suffering form the diseases and
also been diagnosed by the doctors as well. These types of the patient need motivation from time
to time and also need to communicate with the patients effectively. The social workers are
working also for the patients like the drug addiction patients and also mental health patients
which do not they have the stable mental conditions. The hospital and the doctor services are
provided to the mental health patients which includes the treatments and the prevention form the
drugs addiction (Artiga and Hinton 2019). These social workers are also counselling the family
13

members of the patients which are suffering form the diseases. Social workers are also
accomplishing the administrative task for the patients and the also complete the paper work for
the patients which are suffering form the diseases.
P8) Range of the services which would support the individual’s indifferent events
The services could be provided to the patients which are suffering from the diseases and
also the problems of the customers would be solved effectively. The individual life events of the
individual are affecting the life of the people which are affected by the drug addictions. These
services include the services include the services in the form of the providing the hospitals and
also services include the treatments and cooperate with them as well.
The services provided to the individual to come out form the different events which are
affecting the life of the individual. The non-profits organizations are hiring the social workers
and also these services of the organizations are provided to the individual by the community
workers. The services must include the proper training and the treatment facilities to the
individual which are affected by the problems.
The patients which do not have proper mental conditions need to be treated because these
patients are notable to communicate effectively and also the patients are not able to perform any
work. The patients also need to learn andperform the task given to them. Through these proper
caring and the communication facilities the patients would easily communicate with the other
people. The community workers are also motivating the family members which are suffering
form these type of the conditions. The children and the adolescents are provided with the medical
facilities through which they would be able to face the fear and also fight the events which are
affecting the life of the individuals.
The community workers and the workers which are helping the patients must be properly
trained and also, they must be willingly try to solve the problems of the patients. These services
are affecting the individual behavior and also the conditions of the individual would be improved
as well. The family members of the patients must be motivated and the doctors which are
treating them must look after their mental conditions and also treat them with care and respect.
the patients and the family members must be respected and also the family members of the
patients must be provided with the financial help regarding the conditions and the treatment of
14

the children as well. These financial services are provided by the non-profit organizations and
also these services would include the expenses of the treatment as well.
CONCLUSION
From the above study it has been summarized that different theories of human
development played an important role in lifespan relation to others. It has also shown several
importance of some environmental factors that have positive and negative impacts on human
development that helped them out in performing several activities in an effective manner. Some
experiences which human feel and other life events like biological changes affect development
of childhood, adolescence and adults as well. Some biological, psychological like mood changes,
low bones, feeling of loneliness and other factors also impacted on the life events and ageing
process. Further this study also described some roles of social worker that support individuals
through life events. Several services related to life events and individuals development that also
played a vital role in experiencing different life events.
15

REFERENCES
Books and journal
Amarya, S., Singh, K. and Sabharwal, M., 2015. Changes during aging and their association with
malnutrition. Journal of Clinical Gerontology and Geriatrics. 6(3). pp.78-84.
Artiga, S. and Hinton, E., 2019. Beyond health care: the role of social determinants in promoting
health and health equity. Health. 20. p.10.
Barnhart, T. and van Es, E., 2015. Studying teacher noticing: Examining the relationship among
pre-service science teachers' ability to attend, analyze and respond to student thinking. Teaching
and Teacher Education. 45. pp.83-93.
Berendonk, and et.al., 2015. Tackling antibiotic resistance: the environmental framework. Nature
Reviews Microbiology. 13(5). pp.310-317.
Black, and et.al., 2017. Early childhood development coming of age: science through the life
course. The Lancet. 389(10064). pp.77-90.
Boyd, D. and Bee, H., 2015. Lifespan development. Pearson Education Limited.
Burns, L.R., 2016. The Impact of Emerging Adulthood Life Events on Men's Gender Role
Journey (Doctoral dissertation, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology).
Carey, M., 2017. Qualitative research skills for social work: Theory and practice. Routledge.
Di Marco, M. and Santini, L., 2015. Human pressures predict species’ geographic range size
better than biological traits. Global Change Biology. 21(6). pp.2169-2178.
Freund, A.M., Napolitano, C.M. and Rutt, J.L., 2018. Personality Development in
Adulthood. Handbook of Personality Development. p.313.
Goldston, D.B. and et.al., 2015. Suicide attempts in a longitudinal sample of adolescents
followed through adulthood: Evidence of escalation. Journal of consulting and clinical
psychology. 83(2). p.253.
16

Grace, T., Bulsara, M., Robinson, M. and Hands, B., 2016. The impact of maternal gestational
stress on motor development in late childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal study. Child
development. 87(1). pp.211-220.
Green, M.G. and Piel, J.A., 2015. Theories of human development: A comparative approach.
Psychology Press.
Horne, M., 2018. Values in social work. Routledge.
Kahana, E. and Kahana, B., 2018. Contextualizing successful aging: New directions in age-old
search. Lives in Time and Place and Invitation to the Life Course: The Problems and
Promises of Developmental Science.
Karvinen-Niinikoski, S., 2016. Social work supervision: Contributing to innovative knowledge
production and open expertise. In Social work, critical reflection and the learning
organization (pp. 33-50). Routledge.
Khazanov, G.K., Ruscio, A.M. and Swendsen, J., 2019. The “Brightening” Effect: Reactions to
Positive Events in the Daily Lives of Individuals With Major Depressive Disorder and
Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Behavior therapy. 50(2). pp.270-284.
Liu, and et.al., 2016. Disaster-related prenatal maternal stress explains increasing amounts of
variance in body composition through childhood and adolescence: Project Ice
Storm. Environmental research. 150. pp.1-7.
McPhee, J.S. and et.al., 2016. Physical activity in older age: perspectives for healthy ageing and
frailty. Biogerontology. 17(3). pp.567-580.
Noe, and et.al., 2017. Human resource management: Gaining a competitive advantage. New
York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Peltola, and et.al., 2017. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia moderates the impact of maternal prenatal
anxiety on infant negative affectivity. Developmental psychobiology. 59(2). pp.209-216.
17

Santangeli, L., Sattar, N. and Huda, S.S., 2015. Impact of maternal obesity on perinatal and
childhood outcomes. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 29(3).
pp.438-448.
Skøt, L., Jeppesen, T., Mellentin, A.I. and Elklit, A., 2017. Accessibility of medical and
psychosocial services following disasters and other traumatic events: Experiences of deaf and
hard-of-hearing individuals in Denmark. Disability and rehabilitation. 39(24). pp.2468-2476.
Sweeney, A., Clement, S., Filson, B. and Kennedy, A., 2016. Trauma-informed mental
healthcare in the UK: what is it and how can we further its development?. Mental Health Review
Journal. 21(3). pp.174-192.
Wilson, and et.al., 2017. How online counselling can support partners of individuals with
problem alcohol or other drug use. Journal of substance abuse treatment. 78. pp.56-62.
18