Detailed Report on the Human Reproductive System Biology

This report provides a detailed overview of the human reproductive system. It begins by describing the male and female reproductive systems, outlining their structures and functions, and emphasizing the roles of key sex organs such as the penis, testicles, ovaries, uterus, and fallopian tubes. The report further explains the menstrual cycle, detailing its phases (follicular, ovulation, luteal, menstruation, proliferative, and secretory) and associated hormonal changes involving FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone. It also discusses the common symptoms of the menstrual cycle. The report concludes with a list of references used in the compilation of the information.

REPRODUCTION
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Describe the male and female reproductive system........................................................................3
The structure................................................................................................................................4
The function.................................................................................................................................4
Explain the menstrual cycle.........................................................................................................5
Role of following:........................................................................................................................6
References........................................................................................................................................8
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DESCRIBE THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Reproduction is the considered as a process wherein human reproduction system
produces organisms make more organisms and in the human reproductive process, two types of
sex cells or gametes are engaged. The major purpose of reproduction system is to transfer fluid
from one organ to another. It also aids in discharging semen into female organ at the time of
having intercourse. Penis and testicles are the major sex organs in males which are responsible to
produce sperm and which also fertilizes an ovum in the female’s body (Lucena-Cacace and et.al.,
2016). The fertilized ovum then develops into a fetus and later on it leads to development of an
infant.
However, on the other hand, female reproduction system is a combination of internal and
external sex organs that are useful for reproduction purposes. Female reproduction system gets
matured after puberty and afterwards it is able to produce gametes which allows women to
develop an infant (Rochira, Zirilli, Madeo, Balestrieri and Carani, 2016). Thus, internal sex
organs of female are uterus, fallopian tubes and the ovaries. In female, the ovaries produce the
egg cells which leads to birth of an infant. However, the external sex tissues are the genitals
which comprises major parts such as labia, clitoris and vaginal opening.
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The structure
Female
The female reproductive system is useful for the purpose of managing diverse functions
that are related to carrying the egg in the uterus. Basically, the system is developed for the
purpose of transporting the ova to the exact location where fertilization takes place. Female
reproduction system are helpful in producing female sex hormones which further aids in
maintaining the reproductive cycle (Farcas and et.al., 2016).
Male
Penis has a tubular shape which consists of circular shaped chambers. The structure of
the chamber is sponge like tissues which also performs different functions. Such tissue includes
various large spaces that gets filled with blood at the time when the man is sexually active. It
also includes testicles which are useful in regulating various nerves and blood vessels.
The function
Female
 The major function of the external female reproductive structure is played by genitals and
it also helps the semen to enter into the organ (Christou and et.al., 2017).
 At the same time, it also safeguards the internal genital organs from different types of
infectious organisms.
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 Labia majora, Labia minora, Bartholin’s glands and clitoris which are helpful in
generating reproduction system.
 Each ovary is connected to the uterus through an egg tube which helps in managing
pregnancy.
 Women ovaries have several female egg cells and all such developed eggs are protected
in the ovaries and releases every month according to the cycle. However, this happens
after puberty.
 There is a ring of muscle that exists near the uterus and it also develops a barrier between
uterus and the vagina (Lucena-Cacace and et.al., 2016). Till the time birth take place, the
baby is securely held in the cervix part.
 Vagina has a muscular canal shaped structure which connects cervix to the outer side of
female organ. It is also regarded as a tube that receives the male organ during intercourse.
Male
 Penis is the male organ that is required for the purpose of sexual intercourse. It has three
parts and all plays diverse roles.
 12 years is the average age wherein a male person develops and that is called as puberty
and during that time transitions occur in hormones arises in the gonads and as a result, it
develops the reproductive organs (Rochira, Zirilli, Madeo, Balestrieri and Carani, 2016).
 The main role of prostate gland is to conceal prostate fluid which is one of the major
constituents of semen (mixture of sperm and fluids).
 The urethra is known as a tube that exists inside the penis and that also carries urine and
sperm.
 Penis is used to ejaculate the sperm during sexual intercourse.
Explain the menstrual cycle
Menstrual cycle is termed as a transition that takes place in female reproductive system.
The cycle plays crucial role because it produces ovocytes which helps the uterus for pregnancy.
Common symptoms of menstrual cycle are acne, tender breasts, mood changes and irritability
(Jiménez-García and et.al., 2016). The first period usually develops between 12-15 years of age
till the time of menopause. Hormonal changes are the basic reasons that leads to menstrual cycle
and these changes are split into several phases. The ovarian cycle has follicular phase, ovulation
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and luteal phase; however on the other hand uterine cycle is segregated into menstruation,
proliferative phase and secretory phase.
During menstruation, level of oestrogen increases and that causes ovary to produce egg
and after that it is released as ovulation. At the same time, the womb lining gets condense which
prepares the women for pregnancy (Chandra, Gupta and Patel, 2016). During such time period,
the moves down the fallopian tubes and if pregnancy does not happen, then the female egg is
enthralled in the organs. Menstruation also diminishes the levels of oestrogen and progesterone
and along with that, the womb line leaves the body as a period. Hence, it can be said that vaginal
secretions changes during this time period.
Role of following:
Role Description
FSH It measures the amount of follicle stimulating
hormone which present in a blood sample. It
is also produced by the pituitary gland. It also
helps in controlling the menstrual cycle.
LH A luteinizing hormone test is useful in
measuring the amount of LH which changes
the blood or urine (Santoro and et.al., 2017).
Oestrogen It is a powerful female sex hormone that
regulates many organs. It helps in managing
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puberty and then it thickens the vagina which
then causes to secrete mucous. It also aids in
regulating menstrual cycle.
Progesterone It is another sex hormone that is produced by
ovaries and adrenal glands and it helps in
maintaining pregnancy (Van Reen and et.al.,
2017). Higher level of Progesterone enhances
symptoms of PMS (pre-menstrual syndrome).
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REFERENCES
Chandra, S., Gupta, N. and Patel, S. K., 2016. Study of iron status indicators in different phases
of menstrual cycle in first year medical college females. International Journal of
Research in Medical Sciences. 5(1). pp.46-49.
Christou, M. A. and et.al., 2017. Effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids on the Reproductive
System of Athletes and Recreational Users: A Systematic Review and Meta-
Analysis. Sports Medicine, pp.1-15.
Farcas, M. T. and et.al., 2016. Pulmonary exposure to cellulose nanocrystals caused deleterious
effects to reproductive system in male mice. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental
Health, Part A. 79(21). pp.984-997.
Jiménez-García, M. P. and et.al., 2016. Determination of the proto-oncogenic role of PIM1/PIM2
kinases in male reproductive system pre-neoplastic lesions by using conditional
transgenic murine models. European Journal of Cancer. 61. p.S34.
Lucena-Cacace, A. and et.al., 2016. Determination of the pro-oncogenic role of PIM1/PIM2
kinases in male reproductive system pre-neoplastic lesions by using conditional
transgenic murine models.
Rochira, V., Zirilli, L., Madeo, B., Balestrieri, A. and Carani, C., 2016. Role of estrogens on
human male reproductive system. Journal of Reproduction and Contraception. 15(2).
pp.65-80.
Santoro, N. and et.al., 2017. Menstrual Cycle Hormone Changes in Women Traversing the
Menopause: Study Of Women’s Health Across the Nation. The Journal of Clinical
Endocrinology & Metabolism.
Van Reen, E. and et.al., 2017. 0040 CIRCADIAN PHASE PREFERENCE, SLEEP PATTERNS,
AND MENSTRUAL CYCLE LENGTH IN FIRST-YEAR UNIVERSITY STUDENTS:
PRELIMINARY RESULTS. Sleep, 40(suppl_1), pp.A16-A16.
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