CHARUSAT CE 3.1 Project: Hybrid State Estimation with Synchrophasors

This project report details a student's work on hybrid state estimation using synchrophasor technology at Charotar University of Science and Technology (CHARUSAT). The project focuses on utilizing Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) to estimate the state of a power system. The report covers the project background, objectives, and the student's responsibilities, including research, state estimation, and project documentation. The student applied electrical engineering skills and knowledge, addressing issues such as material sourcing and funding. The project involved comprehending synchrophasor theory, applying engineering skills, and performing state estimation using WLS, considering various measurement uncertainties. The report also provides a project overview, highlighting the student's contributions, which included estimating the power system state, guiding team members, arranging raw materials, and securing project funds. The project successfully implemented the hybrid state estimation and provided valuable insights into synchrophasor technology and its applications in power systems.

CE 3.1 Project Information
Name of the project: Hybrid State Estimation Using Synchrophasor Technology
Location of the project: Charotar University of Science and Technology
(CHARUSAT), Gujarat, India
Project Duration: Please Fill
Organization: Charotar University of Science and Technology
Role and Designation during the time: Student of Electrical Engineering
CE 3.2 Project Background
CE 3.2.1 Characteristics of the project
Power System State Estimation is the process of estimation of the state of voltage
angle as well as magnitude of each and every bus in any particular power system based on the
measurement that had been carried out at fewer buses. In the previous days, the measurement
devices could only provide the quantity measurement magnitude. However, in today’s world
an extremely effective and efficient device of measurement known as the Phasor
measurement unit or PMU has been introduced. This unit can solely measure the voltage
phasor of both angle and magnitude of any specific bus where it has been placed and also the
current phasors of all the connected lines are being utilized.
CE 3.2.2 Objectives developed for the project
There are various objectives in this project. They are as follows:
 To utilize the phasor measurement unit
 To estimate the state of power system

CE 3.2.3 My area of work
My major area of work was to estimate the state of power system. In the beginning, I
was not sure about my work area and had various doubts. However, my project manager and
other team members helped me to understand the entire scope of the project and also to
manage my responsibilities and duties. My second area of work was to document the entire
project report. This was again one of the major works that was given to me. Moreover, I also
assisted my project manager.
CE 3.2.4 Project Group
Figure 1: People involved in the project
CE 3.2.5 My responsibilities throughout the project
I had various important and significant responsibilities in this particular project of
Hybrid State Estimation Using Synchrophasor Technology. My first major responsibility was
to study the research of the project work. I read about the entire concept of synchrophasor for
successfully applying my electrical engineering skills and knowledge. Moreover, I even
estimated the state of power system for the project and was responsible for making the

project successful. My next responsibility was to assist my project manager. I even took
proper follow ups in the project and attended various workshops and trainings. During my
assistance to my project manager, I learned and explored various new things and understood
the entire scope of the project.
CE 3.3 Distinctive Activity
CE 3.3.1 Comprehending the Theory of the project
Synchrophasors are time constrained and synchronized numbers, which solely
represent both phase angle and magnitude of sine waves. These sine waves are normally
present in electricity and are synchronized for accuracy. These sine waves are always
measured by the higher speed monitors, known as Phasor Measurement Units or PMU in
short. These phasor measurement units are much faster than the Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition or SCADA. The phasor measurements units are the devices that solely
measure each and every electrical wave on any particular electricity grid by simply utilizing
any common source of time for the purpose of synchronization. This synchronization of time
enables the synchronized real time measurements of several measurement points present on
the electricity grid. The outcome of this measurement is known as synchrophasor. This is the
most significant and important device for measurement in the near future of a power system.
The phasor measurement unit is any particular dedicated device and can be easily
incorporated within any protective relay or similar devices.
The accuracy of the synchronization is much better than one micro second and the
entire set of measurements do give a real-time snapshot of power system. As the positive
sequence voltages in all the network buses comprise the state vector of any particular power
system, it has become extremely easier that the problem of state estimation. This problem can

be easily solved with the help of a phasor measurement unit. The major applications of a
synchrophasor technology are as follows:
i) Wide Area Monitoring
ii) Wide Area Controls
iii) Wide Area Adaptive Protection
The architecture of a phasor measurement unit are is given below:
Figure 2: Typical Architecture of Phasor Measurement Unit or PMU
The synchrophasors give a means to refer the phasor representation of any power
system voltage or current for the absolute time reference. This absolute time reference is
properly given in the form of any common timing signal by the synchronization of UTC or
GPS. The system of phasor based vector is the most reliable technique for the traditional state
estimators.

CE 3.3.2 Engineering Knowledge and Skills applied in the project
I had applied my core electrical engineering skills as well as knowledge for properly
executing my duties and responsibilities in the project. I had attended various workshops and
trainings and thus was successful in fulfilling all the duties given to me with the help of my
intellect. I even had applied my power of critical thinking and skills for problem solving for
this particular project. My other skills in the project included basic computer proficiencies,
which include MS Office and project management. All these skills were required in the
project of Hybrid State Estimation Using Synchrophasor Technology.
CE 3.3.3 Accomplishment and task performed
This project was one of the major projects in my engineering career. The project
accomplished with utmost sincerity and professionalism and I made sure that everything was
made according to our project plan. The state estimation of WLS was done by considering a
set of measurements z1 that comprised of non synchronized data reactive as well as active
flow of power in all the network elements, voltage magnitudes and bus injections. It was
assumed that the bad data was eliminated from the set of measurement with the help of usual
methods. The measurements are the non linear state functions vector x
Here h1 are the non linear functions of vector x that is expressed in the polar
coordinates and e1 is the measurement error vector with any covariance matrix, namely, R1.
The state vector is acquired from.
The Jacobian matrix, H1 is given by

The Gain matrix, is given by
Therefore, the error covariance matrix of the estimate x is given by
The weights that are assigned to the measurements communicate to the square of all
the standard uncertainties, derived from specified maximum uncertainties.
Conventional Measurements PMU Measurements
Power Injection Power Flow Voltage Current Phase angle
3% 3% 0.02% 0.03% 0.01 o
Table 1: Maximum Measurement Uncertainties For Measured Quantities
CE 3.3.4 Identified issues and their solutions
CE 3.3.4.1 Issues
There are various issues that we faced during the execution of this project. The first
issue that we faced in the project was during the making of list of raw materials that are
needed in the project. Since our college is situated in a remote area, we were having trouble
in collecting the raw materials. This was creating excessive issues and our project was facing
delays. The second issue that we faced in the project was in collecting the funds for the

project. Our head of the department was not accepting our funds limit and were facing major
problem in the completion of our project.
CE 3.3.4.2 Solutions
I provided relevant solutions to the above mentioned two problems. I was able to
solve all these problems for the first issue; I contacted my friends in the city and was able to
arrange all the raw materials. Moreover, these raw materials were arranged in very short span
of time and in cost effective manner. For the second issue; I convinced my head of the
department about the urgency ad importance of the project. Finally, I was able to convince
him and our funds for the project was successfully arranged.
CE 3.3.5 Plan to produce creative and innovative work
We made a plan for producing innovative as well as creative work by segregating our
duties and responsibilities. We attended weekly meetings and gatherings and took relevant
decisions where we were lacking behind and finally was successful in executing the project.
CE 3.4 Project review
CE 3.4.1 Project overview
The project of Hybrid State Estimation Using Synchrophasor Technology was one of
the most important projects in my engineering career. This project helped to understand the
entire concept of synchrophasor and how to estimate the state of a power system. This was
done with the help of a phasor measurement unit or PMU. Various types of measurements are
done in this project in comparison to the traditional measurement techniques.

CE 3.4.2 My contribution to work
My major contribution to the work was estimating the state of the power system.
Since I had good leadership skills, my project manager asked to guide my team members. I
even made the documentation of the project and noted each and every detail minutely. My
next contribution to this project was arrangement of raw materials and organizing funds for
the project.