Hydrogen Enhanced Combustion Engine Project: Analysis & Design

This project explores the potential of hydrogen-enhanced combustion engines as a viable alternative to traditional fossil fuel engines. It begins with an introduction to the growing need for sustainable energy sources and positions hydrogen as a key fuel for the future. The literature review critically examines existing research, highlighting the benefits of hydrogen combustion, such as reduced emissions and increased efficiency, while also addressing challenges like incomplete combustion and technological obsolescence. The project outlines the working principles of hydrogen engines, their advantages in terms of cost and performance, and the obstacles hindering their widespread adoption. It further touches upon the use of hydrogen engines in specific applications like aircraft carburetors. The study emphasizes the importance of public awareness and technological advancements to overcome these challenges and promote the development of cleaner and more efficient combustion engines, which are vital for meeting future energy demands and environmental goals. Desklib provides access to this project and other valuable resources for students.

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
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HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
Table of Contents
Executive Summary.....................................................................................................................................3
1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................4
2. Literature Review................................................................................................................................5
3. Research Question, Aim/Objectives and Sub-goals...........................................................................17
4. Theoretical Content and Methodology..............................................................................................18
5. Experimental Set-up..........................................................................................................................20
6. Project Planning and Gantt Chart......................................................................................................20
7. Results, Outcome and Relevance......................................................................................................21
8. Conclusions........................................................................................................................................22
9. References.........................................................................................................................................23

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
Executive Summary
The depletion of fossil fuels has urgently demanded a work research to be carried out so that
viable alternative fuels can be found. The choice of these fuels should be able to satisfy and meet
the sustainable energy demand with little or no environmental impacts. In the near future, energy
system sources will need to be renewal, sustainable, efficient, convenient and cost effective.
Therefore, hydrogen is expected to be one of the most important fuels in the coming years. The
use of hydrogen in internal combustion engines as a fuel represents alternatives to replace
hydrocarbon fuels which produce harmful gases such as carbon monoxide (CO) and hydro
carbon (HC) during combustion. Hydrogen enhanced combustion engine is an important
machinery in the near future will meet the emission norms

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
Hydrogen Enhanced Combustion Engine
1. INTRODUCTION
Hydrogen combustion engine is an engine designed in a way where by cremation occurs
after oxidation is done on the engine. This leads to the production of heat and gases which put
up a lot of pressure on the engine leading to consumption of more fuel. Hydrogen combustion
engine is designed in a way that will facilitate less use of fuel energy. Hydrogen gas possessing
a high affinity for burning facilitates the continued production of energy. Hydrogen enhances
the production of more heat energy which as a result improves on the speed of the locomotive in
subject (Zhou, Cheung and Leung 2014 p.10).
Hydrogen combustion kit uses fossils fuels which are a major production of carbon
dioxide. These gases result into an effect to the environment such as clotting of stomata which
leads to drying of plants, it has leads to global warming which is a major disaster which leads to
draughts. The hydrogen kit is therefore designed to reduce on these emissions so as to enhance a
better living and conserve the environment (Hamd and Askalany 2015). This is made possible by
replacing the use of fossils fuels with hydrogen energy which is a clean source of energy.
Hydrogen is produced from different sources such as from natural gases or through the process
of hydrolysis. This leaves no change to the production of harmful emissions which may have a
negative impact on the environment and to the ozone layer (Van der Laak, Raven and Verbong,
2007 p.3215).

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
2. Literature Review
Hydrogen combustion engine contains a particulate filter which helps in the removal
of unwanted substances from air before it enters the engine. These particles may include dust,
pollen and other tiny metallic particles which may be carried by air. As a result the filter
enhances the good performance of the engine and also helps in the prevention of the engine
destruction (Zhang 2016).
How Hydrogen Enhanced Combustion Engine Works
According to Zhang, Ji and Wang (2015 p.4707) Hydrogen has a high burning affinity and
produces more energy compared to other fuel products. This makes it more efficient for use
since it does not produce harmful gases. In the engine combustion occurs once oxidation takes
place in the combustion chamber which completes the fluid flow circuit. Once the circuit is
completed locomotion occurs as a result of chemical energy being transformed to mechanical
energy.

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
Figure showing the Hydrogen Enhanced Combustion Engine (Köse and Ciniviz 2013)
The introduction of hydrogen in a fuel engine speeds up the combustion process as
hydrogen displaces a greater percentage of the gases available. These increase the chance of
more air to be absorbed in to the combustion chamber which as a result enhances the combustion
process.
Hydrogen enhanced engine is also fitted with catalytic converter which helps in reducing
pollution on the environment as a result of exhaust gases. This makes the engine more effective
as it takes care of all aspects including pollution which has a major negative impact on the ozone
layer and other forms of pollution (Köse and Ciniviz 2013). Additionally, the hydrogen engine is
also fitted with a cylinder head exhaust which allows for effective exhaust of waste gases out of
the engine. It possesses a great advantage as it reduces congestion of waste gases in the engine.
This makes the performance of the engine smooth and there is reduced risk of damage.
Benefit of Hydrogen Combustion Engine

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
The cost of installation and maintenance of the engine is lower compared to other
fossils fuels engines. This becomes an added advantage to hydrogen combustion engines. This
creates more interest to clients to adopt vehicles which use such engines promotion the sales
(Munshi et al. 2012). Additionally, available technologies are able to be used in the repair and
development of these engines. As a result there is no much struggle in the maintenance of the
engine.
Moreover, hydrogen combustion engine has low emissions. This becomes an
advantage since the output is water which comes from the reaction of hydrogen and oxygen and
thus not harmful to the environment. 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O.
Additionally, enhanced hydrogen combustion engine embraces a better design
compared to other fossils fuels engines. It contains stronger connecting tools within the engine
network, hardened valves and valve seats, an ignition coil which accommodates a higher voltage,
fuel injectors that are specifically designed for gases rather than liquid which is common to the
engines as well as high temperature engine oil. Depending on air injection into the hydrogen
engine, the output tends to be 15% higher in the energy production when compared to gasoline
engine and as a result making the hydrogen engine more effective and efficient.
Hydrogen engines are designed in a way that they are larger in size compared to
gasoline engines. This becomes an added advantage since it produces more energy compared to
the other engines. It is designed to accommodate double of the normal air combustion in other
engines. These increase the chance for full combustion of the gases and hence more energy.
This size is ideal especially for large vehicles such as trucks. Trucks and buses need more
energy to be able to maintain the required speed of operation. The hydrogen combustion engine
can therefore facilitate this required energy,

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
Hydrogen having a high combustion affinity within the engine outdoes other fuels. Even
with the availability of other resources in the engine, hydrogen takes a long combustion period
and thus continuity in the production of energy which facilitates the running of machine or the
locomotive in subject.
The hydrogen engine is highly adaptable and as a result change may be implemented and
introduce fuels in the right ratios and implement a few changes and it works well. This feature
makes it possible for many users to adopt the engine since it does not have a possibility of total
breakdown. The beneficial feature about this engine is that it can use other fuels for the
production of energy without changes in the model being done.
Additionally, hydrogen combustion engine when used in a company to run machines
can be of added advantage. As a result of its high energy production, it can be used in the
rotation of heavy turbines or even used in heating up of metals. The vapor produced as a by-
product of the combustion process can be collected using a condenser and become beneficial to
the company as it can be used in other operations such as cooling of machines or washing of
substances.
CARBURETOR
Carburetor engines are used in aircrafts during inverted flights. It is used to prevent fuel
combustion. As a result hydrogen combustion engines can be used as an enhanced carburetor
since there is no fuel combustion on the hydrogen engines.

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
Figure showing the illustrations for the denoted Carburetor (Köse and Ciniviz 2013)
Hydrogen having low density is suitable to be used in the carburetor in aircrafts. This
engine operates well as the craft needs a lot of energy so as to maintain its movement. Hydrogen
combustion engine becomes of added advantage.
Challenges of the Enhanced Hydrogen Combustion Engine
The increased production of fossils fuels has been a great challenge to the enhanced hydrogen
engine. This is as a result of ignorance by the public on the advantages of using hydrogen
engine. The comfort of having cheap and readily available fuels for the fuels engine has
contributed to the great challenge of adoption hydrogen energy. To cub this challenge, the
company producing hydrogen enhanced combustion engines should create awareness to the
public through the use of various techniques (Karvonen 2016).
Though public awareness, the effects of the by-products of fuel to the environment
would have a major impact in the capturing of the public attention. The benefits of using the

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
hydrogen engine therefore should be well highlighted so as to give room for easy understanding
and promote convincing of the targeted market of the engines. Incomplete combustion of the
hydrogen gases lead to the production of toxic gases that are emitted to the atmosphere. These
emissions have a negative impact to the environment by having a negative impact to the ozone
layer. These gases contribute with a great percentage the formation of acid rain which affects
plants, aquatic animals as well as having an impact on structure roofing’s.
However, strong competition from international bodies to build clean engines with less harmful
emissions has been a great challenge in the construction of the hydrogen enhanced combustion
engine. Some of the international bodies have a great influence on their products having
acquired customer loyalty and as a result their products become more marketable. Technological
obsolescence has also become a great challenge in the improvement and enhancement of
hydrogen engines. These changes have made it impossible to access some of the procedures of
maintaining the hydrogen engines and therefore maintenance becomes a challenge (Ghazal
2013). This can be dealt with by enhancing regular updating of software’s and proper choice of
software’s that will be compatible with the existing ones. Through this, it will be much easier to
manage the development of the hydrogen engines (Karvonen 2016).
According to Greenwood and Johnson (2014), resources are a major drawback in many
investments. Insufficient funds to cater for the acquisition and maintenance of the hydrogen
engines are a challenge that pulls back the development of enhanced combustion engine.
Resources such as human power are required in the effective running of the design of these
engines. This challenge can be manipulated by identifying a reliable source of income which will
enhance the smooth running of the development activities.

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
Additionally, lack of the required technical skills for the construction of the hydrogen enhanced
combustion engine can be a major problem in the development. For an effective technical
knowledge is required to improve on the output and maintain quality. The engine construction
company can implement training opportunities for all the recruited staff to enhance the quality of
output and clear the doubt of inconsistency.
Moreover, hydrogen combustion engine produces waste heat whereby it produces heat
three times more compared to the other regular engines (Karvonen 2016). This can be a great
challenge since it may lead to unwanted wastage and as a result become an expensive model of
an engine. For this heat to me managed, a condenser is required to be implemented in the engine
to cool the water vapor being heated by the exhaust gases in the combustion chamber. This
method is not cost effective and thus a challenge.
The greatest challenge is that when hydrogen explodes it brings about tremendous
effects. Having high affinity for combustion, hydrogen may lead to loss of lives which makes
many people not to accommodate this type of engine even though it possesses many advantages.
Opportunities
Hydrogen combustion engine can be combined with a turbocharger to enhance an
effective output. Turbocharger uses the exhaust gas compressor to get rid of the waste as
produced and as a result improving the function ability of an engine. Turbochargers increase the
power of an engine by 40% and thus making small engines to become equivalent to large engines
(Becky and Johnson 2018). This poses a great competition to the other engine producing
companies. The effective performance and a powerful engine will lead to customer satisfaction
and as a result improve on sales as well as gaining customer loyalty.

HYDROGEN ENHANCED COMBUSTION ENGINE
Turbocharger enhances the cooling of the gases produced after combustion by passing
them through the charge air cooler which reduce the temperatures and this once they are released
from the engine they do not bring about a negative impact on the environment (Zhang and Wang
2015). The cooling also enhances the maintenance of the engine and thus reduces the high risk of
damage.
There has been a debate that focuses on the abandoning of fossils fuels to be used as a
source of energy in aircrafts. This becomes a great opportunity for hydrogen to be absorbed as
the new method of energy source. It is advantageous since no change in the mode of the craft is
required. Simple modifications of the available engines are done to enhance the smooth running
of the crafts engine. Ghazal (2013) reported that the adoption of hydrogen as a source of energy
also reduces on the intensity of air pollution caused by the waste products of fossils fuels when
used in the production of energy. Fossils fuels produce carbon monoxide which has a great
negative impact on the ozone layer. There are many more waste gases produced from the
combustion of fossils fuels that are harmful to both human and aquatic life. Hydrogen is a
source of clean energy and is an effective source.
The possible depletion of fossil fuels is a great opportunity for the embrace of the
hydrogen combustion engines to be used in the operations of motor vehicles. As the levels of
fossils fuel go down, the cost of using fossil fuel as a source of energy will rise. This will give
room to the shift to hydrogen
combustion engines to be
used.