Case Study Analysis: Hypertension, Lifestyle, and Nursing Practice

This case study focuses on Cyril, a 58-year-old labourer with hypertension, exploring the physiological aspects of his condition and the psychosocial factors contributing to it, including his smoking and alcohol consumption. The assignment delves into decision-making theories, such as information processing and intuitive models, as well as the nursing process applied to Cyril's case. It examines the impact of Cyril's lifestyle choices on his health, linking them to his anxiety disorder and providing evidence from literature and research. The study also addresses issues related to his quality of life and offers recommendations for positive lifestyle changes, involving healthcare professionals and organizations. Finally, the assignment reflects on the influence of the case on decision-making processes and proposes improvements for future nursing practice.

A case study

Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
MAIN BODY...................................................................................................................................1
Part A......................................................................................................................................1
Outlining the relevant body system and the psychosocial factors................................1
Decision-making theory and factors that influences clinical decision..........................2
Nursing process.............................................................................................................5
Discussing lifestyle choice from the case study............................................................6
Contribution to the current health problem within the case study................................6
Supporting this by exploring the evidence/literature/research......................................7
Issues relating to quality of life.....................................................................................8
psychological benefits ...........................................................................................................8
Part B......................................................................................................................................9
Positive lifestyle recommendations for the person.......................................................9
Reflection....................................................................................................................10
CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................10
References:.....................................................................................................................................12

INTRODUCTION
Given scenario is based on the case study Cyril who is 58 years old labourer lives within the
travelling community. He has a habit of smoking a 20 plus cigarettes per day and drinking of
about 22 units of alcohol per week in order to overcome the anxiety disorder. At the time of
routine check up of blood pressure with his pharmacist, he was informed that he is suffering
from hypertension. The pharmacist made the decision to treat him and advised him for a
consultation by visiting his GP.
The following discussion is made on the psychological factor of a body system, information
processing theory, intuitive or humanistic theory, nursing process, life style choice, life style
choice contributed to the current health problem, supporting evidences, relating issues to the
quality of life, reflection on the positive life style recommendations and how the given scenario
influences the decision making process with proper findings and conclusion.
MAIN BODY
Part A
Outlining the relevant body system and the psychosocial factors
The extra stress and consequent harm from high blood pressure that is HBP
or hypertension which causes the coronary arteries helping the heart to slowly become contracted
from a build up of fat, cholesterol and other substances that collectively are called plaque
(Dadashnejad and Valmohammadi, 2019).
Stress
It is one of the psychological factor of a body system that is the stress which means that
anything which causes tension in a person results in a stress which makes the human physical
health condition poor and even the mental condition as well in a very major way.
Hostility
It is an another psychological factor of a body system that is the hostility which means
that person starts behaving strangers to the known ones and unfriendly nature because of
negativity in the minds of a person (Locock, Graham, King and Churchill, 2020).
Depression
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It is also the one of the psychological factor of a body system that is the depression which
means that due to the hypertension in a person because of an unusual activity happened in life,
depression occurs which is a basic factor of psychology.
Hopelessness
It is also an another psychological factor of a body system that is the hopelessness which
means that a person feels that they are losing any of the expectations from the world and
becoming hopeless due some problems in life (Fagerström, Kinnunen and Saarela, 2018).
Job Control
It is one of the psychological factor of a body system that is the job control which means
that the basic roles and responsibilities of a person overloads on them and they start thinking of
workload because of their job in their life.
Anxiety
It is also an another psychological factor of a body system that is the anxiety which
means that the person feels cautious about everything, feels nervous and uneasiness to do
something and in every situation they feel uncomfortable (Savanh, Aita, Héon and Charbonneau,
2020).
Decision-making theory and factors that influences clinical decision
Information processing theory (based on Hypothetic-deductive approach)
Cue acquisition and cue clustering
It is the first phase of the information processing theory that is the cue acquisition and cue
clustering which means that gathering the proper data and information as per the situation so that
analysis can be done better (Gutiérrez-Puertas, Márquez-Hernández, São-Romão-Preto and
Aguilera-Manrique, 2019).
Cue interpretation generating multiple hypotheses
It is the second phase of the information processing theory that is the cue interpretation
generating multiple hypotheses which means that gathered information is interpreted and
analysed so that action could be taken and evaluated accordingly.
Ruling in and ruling out hypotheses
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It is the third phase of the information processing theory that is the ruling in and ruling
out hypotheses which means that hypothesis is done for data interpreted for an appropriate
treatment of the patient (Smith, Watts and Moss, 2018).
Making a diagnosis
It is the fourth phase of the information processing theory that is the making a diagnosis
which means that it is essential to gain the in depth detailing of the patient’s condition and that is
why a diagnosis is performed.
Evaluate treatment options relevant to the diagnosis
It is the fifth phase of the information processing theory that is the evaluate treatment
options relevant to the diagnosis which means that after the diagnosis, treatment evaluation is
done which provides the alternatives to treat the situation.
Prescribe and implementation plan
It is the sixth phase of the information processing theory that is the prescribe and
implementation plan which means that now it is the time to execute and implement the plan as
discussed in previous phases (Esterhuizen, 2019)(DuBois and Gonzalez, 2018).
Evaluate treatment outcomes
It is the seventh phase of the information processing theory that is the evaluate treatment
outcomes which means that after the implementation plan, a proper evaluation is done so that
accurate results can be concluded for treatment.
Intuitive (humanistic theory)
Consider the patient situation
It is the first phase of the intuitive or humanistic theory that is the consider the patient
situation which means that patients condition is considered first and analysed that exactly what
can be the problem be so that the treatment can be done (Kuniavsky, Bechor, Leitman and Efrati,
2018).
Collect information
It is the second phase of the intuitive or humanistic theory that is the collect information
which means that after analysing the patient situation, it is important to gather the information
about the treatment of the patient.
Process information
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It is the third phase of the intuitive or humanistic theory that is the process information
which means that whatever the data is gathered, it is the time to process that data into
information form so tat relevant results can be come out (Bvumbwe and Mtshali, 2018).
Identify problems
It is the fourth phase of the intuitive or humanistic theory that is the identify problems
which means that after getting the proper information, now the identification of the problems is
done so that it is recognised about the treatment process.
Establish goals
It is the fifth phase of the intuitive or humanistic theory that is the establish goals which
means that after the identification of the problem, objectives setting is done so that any wrong
step could not be taken by the care taker of the patient (Wilburn, 2018).
Take action
It is the sixth phase of the intuitive or humanistic theory that is the take action which
means that now it is the execution time after setting up of the goals and targets for the treatment
and this phase is for the action taking (Zhang, Daim and Zhang, 2018).
Evaluate outcomes
It is the seventh phase of the intuitive or humanistic theory that is the evaluate outcomes
which means that outcomes are analysed and evaluated so that an accurate treatment is done for
the same.
Reflect on process and new learning
It is the eight phase of the intuitive or humanistic theory that is the reflect on process and
new learning which means that reflection is necessary to perform in order to examine and
determine the learnings got from the whole process (He, Turnbull, Kirshbaum and Klainin-
Yobas, 2018).
Risk factors on nursing practice
Risk factors which affects nursing practice are physical strain to the nurse, chronic
overtime, working night shifts, experiencing workplace violence and exposure to hazardous
chemicals. Such factors not only harms the nurse but also harms the patient as well because of
nurse only don't feel secure while working then it can can be difficult for the patient to get
treated in a proper way (Duncan, 2021).
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Nursing process
Assessment
It is the first phase of the nursing process that is the assessment which means that initially
the assessment is done before starting the treatment of the patient that how the patient is feeling
and what symptoms they are incorporating within them and what treatment could be better for
then.
Diagnosis
It is the second phase of the nursing process that is the diagnosis which means that nurse
analyse and take the in depth knowledge of the problem of the patient so that they can render
them the proper treatment for the disease they are suffering from (Hsu, Hsiang, Tseng and Hsieh,
2019).
Outcome identification
It is the third phase of the nursing process that is the outcome identification which means
that nurse recognises the outcomes or results that it can be negative or positive so that as per the
outcomes estimation and identification, they try to provide the treatment to the patient.
planning
It is the fourth phase of the nursing process that is the planning which means that now the
nurse starts planning the process of treatment such as for how many days the treatment can be
done and after how many days it has to be stopped (Viselita, Handiyani and Pujasari, 2019).
Implementation
It is the fifth phase of the nursing process that is the implementation which means that it
is finally the execution time of the planning done in the previous phase so that better
implementation can be done without any mistake.
Evaluation
It is the sixth phase of the nursing process that is the evaluation which means that nurse
now will ultimately evaluate the results of the patient that their problem is being resolved or not
after taking the treatment and what other improvement is required for the next time (Konrad,
Fitzgerald and Deckers, 2021).
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Discussing lifestyle choice from the case study
The Smoking is majorly increase about risk of developing more than 50 serious health
conditions about may be distress and prevails harmful causes of irreversible for long term
damage about health. Excessive of Cigarette is prevents decreasing of health diet as well as
physical health. In situation of Cyril is 58 years old labourer where they focusing on travelling
community. He usually smokes 20 plus cigarettes around some days within better drinking
approx. alcohol to week about anxiety disorder (Younas, Pedersen and Durante, 2020). Due to
this heavy consumption of harmful ingredient an individual person health could not sustain for
longer time. Along with some internal body is also get harmful affected like heart, stomach and
other form of diseases for leading towards lungs problems if high intake of smoking and alcohol
attain create liver can be damage. The health effects from cigarette are:
 Cigarette can cause high smoking diseases which is more than chances of 480,000 deaths
on average of per annual year in world.
 Smoking causes more death each year about than following combined are: Human
immunodeficiency viruses, illegal drugs, Alcohol consumption, motor vehicle injuries
and Firearm related incident (Polkowska, 2021).
Contribution to the current health problem within the case study
As per Excessive Cigarette smoking contribute within current health problem can be creates
for Cyril situation are:
 Lung damage: Through smoking affects about lungs health about per person where it
breath taking problem could arise. Cigarettes allows different sources of responsible
about sustainable and majorly increase to better risk developing lungs cancer. This risk
could create high risk factor which is developing from chronic obstructive pulmonary
disorder (Usher, Woods, Brown and Zhao, 2018).
 Heart disease: On the way of smoking cigarette could damage the heart blood vessels
and blood cells. The chemical and tar of cigarettes can increase about the person which
is build within vessels. Through smoking enhance increase the risk peripheral artery
disease which mainly occurs to arteries to the arms legs start and having restricting.
 Fertility problems: From the smoking cigarettes can damage about female's
reproductive system and make it more difficult to get pregnant. This may create more
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chemical within hormone level. Smoking can also create an affect the quality for sperm
reduced therefore reduce fertility.
 Risk pregnancy complication: There is increasing of ectopic pregnancy, reducing the
baby birth's growth, damaging the fetus lungs, brain and central nervous system
(Durosaiye, Hadjri, Liyanage and Bennett, 2018).
Supporting this by exploring the evidence/literature/research
According to the W. Bergen, 2020. Cigarette smoking is the largest major preventable
risk factor morbidity in developed countries. Dramatic changes is the prevalence to cigarette
smoking about second half of this century in United States. It is have reduction among men who
are increasingly their consumption of cigarette that makes their health down. On the basis of
regular consumption of cigarette make the physical health to reduce internal health and mapping
on the basis of lower income, stress, habits and other personal reasons (Ross and Bruderle,
2018). Men and women if they both are in taking smoking it makes their further generation to
long time. In situation of Cyril he usually having habit to large consumption of smoking and
alcohols which creates major problem in more further time to rectify about more consumption
decrease health growth.
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Issues relating to quality of life
The issues which is creates better relation of quality of life issues are define on the basis of
situation from case study are:
It is been assumed about importance due to emergence about new consumerism as result
where the rise of level of incomes that leading towards standard of living. It having major
happen to make normal people living normal lives
psychological benefits
Help for depression and anxiety: In this exercise is provide proven about to reduce
depression and stress by interacting with people and communicating with them. The activity of
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Illustration 1: Risk of smoking, 2018
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_of_tobacco

physical kicks up body famous feels good having chemical produced towards brain and spinal
chord that produces feeling of happiness.
Decrease stress: This one of mental benefits that reduced stress level about something
that can make about happier for increasing heart rate as well as reverse to reduce the stress level
for stimulating production of neurohormones which could better improve cognition and stress
full events (Horner, Ozguven, Marcelin and Kocatepe, 2018).
Increasing self esteem: From improvising endurance about losing of increasing muscles
tone, building personality, communication power enhance quality and more. Overall
accomplishment added to whopping boost self esteem to create confidence that comes it better
manner.
Better sleep: The activity increases body temperature which create claiming effect to
adding more relaxation.
physiological benefits :
 It helps to reduce the risk heart attack
 To manage human weight better.
 Have a lower blood cholesterol level.
 Have a lower pressure (Lewinski and Oermann, 2018)
 Having stronger bones, muscles and joints and lower risk for developing Oster periods
Risk-taking behaviors of patients and Influences on personal Lifestyle choices
Malnutrition, unhealthy diet, smoking, alcohol consuming, drug abuse, stress and many
more are the display of unhealthy life style that they are used as dominant form of lifestyle.
Moreover, the consequences can be being overweight or obese, tooth decay, high blood pressure,
high cholesterol, heart disease and stroke, type-2 diabetes, osteoporosis, some cancers,
depression and eating disorders.
Part B
Positive lifestyle recommendations for the person
Getting the Right Amount of Sleep
It is one of the positive lifestyle recommendations for a person that is the getting the right
amount of sleep which means that better sleep is important to maintain the positivity in life
because person’s rest plays a major role in people life for positive lifestyle (Lei, 2019).
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Engaging in Regular Physical Activity
It is an another positive lifestyle recommendation for a person that is the engaging in
regular physical activity which means that person’s positivity is also based on the physical
activity of the person as it relates to the mental health of a person such as walking, running, gym
and many more.
Maintaining a Healthy Body Weight
It is also the one of the positive lifestyle recommendations for a person that is the
maintaining a healthy body weight which means that by maintaining the body weight of a person
they can feel positive in their life (Craft-Blacksheare, 2018).
Not Smoking or Chewing Tobacco
It is an another positive lifestyle recommendation for a person that is the not smoking or
chewing tobacco which means that bad habits like smoking, drinking and many more habits
creates negativity in life and not having such habits feel like positivity in the surroundings.
Reflection
This given scenario will influence my decision making for the future care of patients
alongside my professional self-development because taking care of patients is not an easy task to
accomplish, this needs the whole process of nursing to analyse the situation in a better manner.
Other theories such as information processing and intuitive theory also assist the importance of
the proper treatment of a person and how can be evaluated with improvement for the next time. It
has not only enhanced my professional skills but also my personal skills as well which has
resulted the overall development of myself along with the cognitive and decision making skills
also.
CONCLUSION
It is concluded that it is important to understand the concept of the scenario was it provides
the learning for the future and career and therefore, it is important to analyse the psychological
factor of a body system, it is essential to examine the information processing theory and intuitive
or humanistic theory, it is essential to determine the nursing process, it is significant to learn
about the life style choice, it is crucial to understand the life style choice contributed to the
current health problem, it is required to study about the supporting evidences, it is needed to
relate the issues to the quality of life, it is imperative to reflect on the positive life style
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