Hypoglycemic Drugs in Pharmacy Law & Ethics: Detailed Summary

This report provides a summary of four classes of hypoglycemic drugs: Sulfonylureas, Metformin, Thiazolidinediones, and Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, within the context of pharmacy law and ethics. Sulfonylureas stimulate insulin production, but carry a risk of hypoglycemia. Metformin lowers blood glucose and stabilizes weight, with fewer hypoglycemia risks but potential gastrointestinal side effects and drug interactions, such as with Cimetidine. Thiazolidinediones redistribute fat to improve insulin action, but earlier versions had liver injury risks, now safer agents like Avandia and Actos are used. Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors reduce glucose absorption, leading to reduced glucose excursion and nocturnal hypoglycemia, but may cause diarrhea and flatulence. The report emphasizes that pharmacological treatment of diabetes has side effects and drug interactions, highlighting the importance of diet and exercise as primary interventions, with drugs reserved for cases unresponsive to lifestyle changes and not approved for pregnant women. Desklib provides similar solved assignments and study resources for students.

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Pharmacy law ethics
Summary
Type 2 diabetes is a widespread metabolic disease leading to one of the greatest burden
of chronic disease around the world. Although oral hypoglycaemic drugs are widely used
nowadays, in the treatment of the type 2 diabetes, many of the medicines pose serious threat to
the body. This summary would focus on the four classes of the hypoglycemic drugs: -
Sulfonylureas, Metformin, Thiazolidinediones and Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. Sulfonylureas
works mainly by the stimulation of the insulin, which is done by increasing the responsiveness of
the Beta cells to both the glucose and the non-glucose secretagogues, leading to more insulin
production. The main side effect of this medicine is hypoglycemia. Some of the medicines under
this class of drugs is Repaglinide, that has been newly approved by the Food and Drug
Administration, the structurally differs from Sulphonylurea but shows the same mode of action.
Another similar drug is Natiglinide that acts on the initial phase of the release of insulin than the
late phase. It makes this medicine more effective in patients suffering from impaired glucose
tolerance..
Another class of hypoglycemic drugs is Metformin that is reported to have been lowering
the fasting blood glucose concentrations by 20 percent approximately. Metformin does not
stimulate the secretion of the insulin, but the increases the action of the insulin. Metformin is
used in obese patients suffering from Type 2 diabetes, as it contributes to weight stabilization
(Rena, Pearson & Sakamoto, 2013).. One of the advantages of using Metformin over
Sulphonylureas is that, there is less chance of causing hypoglycemia and it also displays lipid

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lowering activity causing a significant lessening in the serum triglycerides, concentration of the
serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and an increase in the concentration of serum high-density
lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Some of the side effects associated with metformin are some
gastrointestinal disturbances and lactic acidosis under predisposing factors such as heart failure,
renal insufficiency, past history of the lactic acidosis, hypoxic stress and acute illness. Potential
drug interaction might occur between Cimetidine and Metformin causing hypoglycemia in the
patients (Tornio et al., 2013). This risk has increased over the years as Cimetidine is now
available as over the counter medicine. The thiazolidinediones increases the action of the insulin
by the redistribution of the fat. The redistribution takes place from the visceral component to the
subcutaneous compartment, as visceral fat is linked to insulin resistance (Cariou, Charbonnel &
Staels, 2012).. Thiazolidinediones had shown its effectiveness in a large study consisting of 284
patients, but the product had been removed from the market, due to the severe liver injury in
some of the patients treated with Rezulin (Cariou, Charbonnel & Staels, 2012). Nowadays, safer
agents such as Avandia and Actos are in use, due to their lower side effects. In comparison to
the Thiazolidinediones, the alpha-glucosidase inhibitors like Miglitol and Acarbose displays less
side effects, as they restrict the enzymes of the upper gastrointestinal part, that causes the
conversion of the dietary starch and the other complex carbohydrates into simple carbohydrates.
Hence, glucose is absorbed slowly after the meal. The alpha-glucosidase inhibitors have been
found to be causing a marked reduction in the amount of the excursion of the glucose and
HbA1c, causing a possible drop in the nocturnal hypoglycemia (Derosa & Maffioli, 2012). Some
of the side effects of these classes of drugs are diarrhea and flatulence.
However it should be mentioned that pharmacological treatment of diabetes is associated
with several side effects and drug interactions. Hence, adherence to suitable diet and physical

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exercise are still considered to be most effective and these drugs are only approved for those not
responding to diet, exercise and weight reduction. These are not approved for the pregnant
women due to their adverse effects.

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References
Cariou, B., Charbonnel, B., & Staels, B. (2012). Thiazolidinediones and PPARγ agonists: time
for a reassessment. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 23(5), 205-215.
Derosa, G., & Maffioli, P. (2012). α-Glucosidase inhibitors and their use in clinical practice.
Archives of medical science: AMS, 8(5), 899.
Rena, G., Pearson, E. R., & Sakamoto, K. (2013). Molecular mechanism of action of metformin:
old or new insights?. Diabetologia, 56(9), 1898-1906.
Tornio, A., Niemi, M., Neuvonen, P. J., & Backman, J. T. (2012). Drug interactions with oral
antidiabetic agents: pharmacokinetic mechanisms and clinical implications. Trends in
pharmacological sciences, 33(6), 312-322.