Immunisation Health Beliefs: Research Study Analysis and Discussion

This assignment delves into the realm of immunisation, exploring research questions, methodologies, and the application of research findings in healthcare practice. The student formulates a research question regarding the importance of MMR immunisation for children with measles, identifies PICO elements, and justifies the use of a quantitative research methodology. A suitable health academic database (CINAHL) and a search plan are outlined. The assignment includes the analysis of a research study, its relevance to the research question, and its level of evidence. It also involves the evaluation of two journal articles, focusing on study design, research problems, and the implications for nurses and midwives in discussions with parents about immunisation. The role of qualitative and quantitative research in clinical practice is also discussed.

Immunisation Health
beliefs

Questions 1-4
Question 1a. From the background information provided above relating to immunisation,
develop a researchable question. Type the question below:
What is the importance of MMR immunisation for children (younger than 5 years of age) with
measles?
Question 1b: Identify the elements of (words relating to) PICO
P Children (Younger than 5 years of age)
I MMR immunisation (Vaccine)
C Children who did not receive the vaccine
O To study the adverse effects in those vaccinated
Question 2a. What type of research methodology do you think should be used to answer the
research question that you have formulated?
☐ Quantitative
☐ Qualitative
Question 2b. Justify why this methodology was chosen to answer the question
The specific reason that came in front of considering quantitative methodology is that it
aids in measuring the attitudes, opinions, behaviours and other elements as well larger
population. Basically, this type of investigation would lead researcher to analyse the
quantifiable data which focuses on different figures as well as facts. On the other hand, it is
also observed that this sort of research methodology may also involve different elements
like mathematical, statistical and other numbers related tools which would aid in deriving
results in much effective and in efficient manner. When attempting to evaluate an issue,
quantitative information will finish up on its motivation and see how predominant it is by

searching for results that can be projected to a bigger populace. This information
assortment technique incorporates different types of on the interviews, paper, web,
portable, online surveys; booth reviews; interviews, precise perceptions and so on.
Question 3: Name one (1) suitable health academic database for the above formulated research
question, and develop a search plan that will assist in finding relevant studies for the
research question. You will need to identify a search term and synonym, and explain how
you will combine them using Boolean Operators. You may like to include truncations and
wildcards to improve your strategy.
Database: CINAHL is the health academic database, which was taken into consideration for
collecting the relevant data in relation with the chosen topic.
Search plan:
The particular search plan, which was taken into consideration is to accumulate data from
different secondary sources and then pull out favourable outcomes as well. Search term that was
utilised was informational search queries where children who got vaccinated will be considered
as the search area in relation with MMR immunisation and also the individuals who were not
based in this research are those children who did not got any vaccine due to perceptions carried
by their parents. The study is specifically focusing on the perceptions of individuals to give a
superior degree of proof for influenza in childcare, a pilot randomized controlled preliminary
(RCT) was directed in 2007.16 Subsequently in the year of 2010 it was financed by the
Australian Research Council.
Since the 2009 pandemic prompted an irregular year when influenza immunization was
suggested for all people matured a half year or above in 2010, a RCT was impractical and a
forthcoming accomplice study was utilized in 2010 and remembered assortment and examination
of information for the financial and social effects of influenza-like ailment in the included
families. A visual impaired RCT, was directed during the 2011 southern side of the equator
influenza season. In order to reduce the measles antibody (vaccine) the control and RTPCR to
recognize influenza cases. This paper reports the efficacy of inactivated influenza immunization
against PCR-confirmed influenza disease just as the unfavourable occasion profile in youngsters
matured 6 to <48 months going to childcare.

Question 4a. Find a research study (either primary or secondary) that answers your research
question, and provide its details in the table below:
Citation
Griffith and et. al., 2020
URL https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X20312585
Question 4b. First, demonstrate the research study selected answers the research question that
you have formulated in Question 1a. Second, rate the level of evidence (LoE) of the chosen
study by referring to a suitable Levels of Evidence system (e.g. the NHMRC levels of
evidence table).
The reason behind considering chosen research study is that it will lead the whole
investigation to pull out favourable outcomes in specified time frame. On the other
hand, it may also aid in hitting targets and collecting the numeric data where results
will be in the form of exact data only.
Level of
evidence
Type of study design
I A study and systematic review of level II studies.
II A randomised controlled trial
III A comparative study without concurrent interrupted time series without
a parallel children group.
Question 5

Table 2
**Journal articles available in the Assessment folder on the Learnonline site
IBNU students only: Enkel, S.L., Attwell, K., Snelling, T.L. and Christian, H.E.,
2018. ‘Hesitant compliers’: Qualitative analysis of concerned
fully-vaccinating parents. Vaccine, 36(44), pp.6459-6463.
Study design/methodology
(e.g.: meta-analysis, systematic
review, cohort, RCT,
ethnography, phenomenology,
etc)
Qualitative approach theoretically guided by the paradigm of
constructivism.
Research problem A few parents are reluctant about vaccines (antibodies) yet still
inoculate their kids. Immunisation practices are not fixed and
guardians who are concerned however in any case disciple to
standard timetables could change to an offbeat timetable,
deferring or filtering out different range of vaccines.
Research question or aim Some parents are hesitant about vaccines and yet still vaccinate
their children. Vaccine behaviours are not fixed and parents who
are concerned but nonetheless adherent to standard schedules
could switch to an unconventional schedule, delaying or cherry-
picking vaccines. There is a need to better understand vaccine
hesitancy in specific contexts, acknowledging cultural and
geographical variation, to ensure interventions targeting
hesitancy are well directed and received.
Study population (how many
participants, age, gender,
disease, etc.)
Under this study, 40 respondents will be considered. There are
some of the factors which is studied under this. The respondent
who is base for the counter and show some of the fact and figure
which show the impact. There are 40 respondents which is
selected for the vaccination and this all used to maximise the

enhancement. They are used to show the impact they must
analyse and create the vaccination and show the better
compromission and this all separated by the age and participant
is used to make some prominent move.
Data collection method (how
information was collected)
All the information will be connected by both qualitative and
quantitative method. There are data which is used to selected and
data is collected and they are show there are used to prepare and
they are used to show the impact and collection and which is help
to collected by the website, books and journals.
Data analysis Survey method will be used under this study, where this will be
based on questionnaire.

Table 1: PLEASE ANSWER THIS TABLE.
IBNU students only Lim-Kim_Moy, J, Yin, Heron, L, Leask, J.
Lambert, S, Nissen, M. Sloots, T & Booy, R,
2017.’Influenza vaccine efficacy in young children
attending childcare: A randomised controlled
trial’. Journal of paediatrics and child health, vol.
53
Study design/methodology (e.g meta-analysis,
systematic review, cohort, RCT, ethnography,
phenomenology, etc)
meta-analysis will be used.
Research problem These are number of issues such as authenticity of
data collection sources, identification of
appropriate data collection sources and many
more.
Research question or aim As per this, the vaccination is defined as the
proper vaccination is needed in order to those who
is taking responsibility such as parent. In this case,
they are used to develop various joyful movement
after the vaccination. The parent hesitate in
account for vaccination and they are strongly
belief that this provide immunisation but they fear
due the side effect after vaccination of any kind of
adverse effect that raise issue.
Inclusion/exclusion criteria In this study all those sources are considered
which are not older than 4 year of current time.
Search strategy/data collection (how was the study
set up and implemented; what intervention was used
In order to collect data in appropriate way form
secondary sources. Different authors are evaluated
by using their suitability got current report.
Results (main findings) This can be identified from the above that there

are number of changes which are related to the
topic. All these are addressed in data collection
and are needed to perform the research in effective
way.
Conclusion/recommendations It can be concluded form the above that there is
number factor which have to be used according to
needs and performing task in appropriate way.
This will help in meeting needs and perform task
in effective way.
Question 6: Reasons why the studies above would or would not be helpful in enabling a
nurse/midwife to have an informed discussion with parents/a pregnant woman about
immunisation for their children/themselves.
Value of qualitative and quantitative research in clinical practice generally:
Qualitative research is a methodology which covers factors array of interception techniques
which help to seek to illustrate, decode, translate. As a method of inquiry, it was first sociologist,
anthropologist in the early decades. There is major difference of views and opinion which among
qualitative researchers which technically matters on ontology and epistemology as well as the
techniques to be applied and criteria of evaluation. As the role of nurses and health professionals
are critical as they stay with patients from the stage of disease till the date of recovery,
meanwhile they provide mental and physical support to them through prescribed medicines,
speech therapies etc. In context with the role of nursing care and medical staff in this is to
provide the proper care and quality of health to patient which used in order to recover patient
smooth and provide them proper medication if the thing and other complication are arises.
The healthcare professional is responsible for making connections within vulnerable
population as well as providers of healthcare. In order to provide services and help to patients it
is a role of healthcare professional to navigate. The health care professional have a quality to

create interaction with a number of population, they have their practical knowledge which is
used in proper manner for the proper signification and appropriate team work in order to provide
the best quality of health and care to patient. In the crisis and serious condition of patient, any
person needs attention and emotional support which is considered as important and significant
factor for the them. In the basic training of health care to promote the recovery of patient as well
as to build the bond within them. There can be number of researches which can consider while
doing study. The approach is classified qualitative research which is based on phenomenological,
grounded theories or another ethnography among others approaches.
Authors like Creswel, Denizen and Lincoln prefer this approach as this ensure the best
results. As this research based on systematic view of knowledge, providing a sense of order and
major orientation. On the other hand, it is concluded by many researchers, this approach contains
over simplification and the research is modified on the basis of method of analyzation. As the
relative values which are debited through quantitative researches are most data as well as other
common question which may interrupted. In the field of health care department as the main
question which arises the role of clinicians in a health care sectors (MacIntyre and et. al., 2018).
The results of the specific studies (Q 5), and the relative value of the studies to a discussion
with parents/a pregnant woman (include LOE etc.)
Immunization professionals and parents agree that time has change but their concern
regarding the vaccines remain stressful for parents. For this, parents tend to encounter poor
designed and conducted studies that tends to mislead summarises for the well organised studies.
In regard of this, most of the studies are rigorous they do not show link between the MMR
vaccine or autism. As according to the perspective of children and parents, vaccine is the medical
product which is being designed in terms of protecting from disease and also cause side effects
just as any other medication can. In regard of this, according to parents, vaccine has suitable side
effects like soreness, swelling, redness at the injection site. Furthermore, some vaccines are also
linked with fever, achiness and fever (Li‐Kim‐Moy and et. al., 2017).
Vaccines also undertake serious side effects like life threatening allergic reaction and
seizure. For this, influenza is a bacterium disease that leads to cause serious infection
undertaking pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis and epiglottitis. Meanwhile, its vaccine undertakes
suitable side effects like redness, warmth and swelling which is up to 1 out of 4 children and also
cause fever over 101-degree F which is also up to 1 out of 20 children. Moreover, when child

gets vaccine, then the health care provider tends to give handout by knowing the suitable
information of vaccine statement as it depicts the common and rare side effects of vaccine. In
regard of this, the healthcare provider tends to effectively discuss the possible side effects with
parents and also clarify things regarding their concern. Moreover, parents also need to consult
with doctors and health providers if they are concerned to get vaccinated as it is very event that
vaccine cause serious issues as it leads to offer financial help to people who file petition. The
nurses are the part of team which help to provide the appropriate knowledge about the
vaccination and how to reduce the complication which is further associated with this. There are
number of factor that is really important as per the view point of parent and this all queries are
eradicated by nurses or health professional.
The given information which is useful to inform the discussion with parents, the pregnant
women about immunisation for their children
Immunisation leads to develop critical factor in terms of shaping parental attitude for
vaccination undertaking the interaction of parents with health professionals. For this, an
ineffective interaction leads to geographic point the concern of immunogenetic to their
subsidiary parents and also leads to inspire hesitant parent towards the acceptance of vaccine. In
regard of this, poor communication put negative impact over the immunisation regarding the
rejection of vaccinations or dissatisfaction with effective care. Furthermore, the parents tend to
delay vaccination in terms of deciding not to vaccinate their children altogether that leads to
enhance the risk of contracting vaccine-preventable disease and disrupting and also tends to
impairs the trust with suitable capacities of health care system to protect people. Hence, the
parental decisions on child vaccination leads to specify case for health related decisions that
undertake the terms of impact and expectations.

REFERENCES
Books and Journals
Enkel, S. L. and et. al., 2018. ‘Hesitant compliers’: Qualitative analysis of concerned fully-
vaccinating parents. Vaccine, 36(44), pp.6459-6463.
Li‐Kim‐Moy, J. P. and et. al., 2017. Influenza vaccine efficacy in young children attending
childcare: a randomised controlled trial. Journal of paediatrics and child health, 53(1),
pp.47-54.
MacIntyre, C. R. and et. al., 2018. Measles control in Australia–threats, opportunities and future
needs. Vaccine, 36(30), pp.4393-4398.
Smith, D. and Newton, P., 2017. Structural barriers to measles, mumps and rubella (MMR)
immunisation uptake in Gypsy, Roma and Traveller communities in the United
Kingdom. Critical Public Health, 27(2), pp.238-247.