Immunology ABO Workshop: Blood Group Analysis, Tests, and Reactions

This document presents a comprehensive solution to an immunology assignment focused on the ABO blood group system. It begins with blood group analysis, identifying the blood types of individuals based on serum reactions and determining transfusion compatibility. The assignment explores the role of the immune system in detecting and responding to antigens, emphasizing the importance of compatible blood transfusions. It then delves into various immunological tests, including those for allergies, bowel cancer, and pregnancy, highlighting the use of agglutination in identifying antibodies. The document also discusses the concept of a universal donor (Group O) and explains the Widal test for typhoid fever. Furthermore, it addresses haemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) and its prevention, alongside the role of IgM in immune responses. References to relevant books and journals are also included.

Immunology ABO
Workshop

Table of Contents

Answer 1
Serum one belong to Mr W because they have only one negative blood group. It consist
of O+ blood group.
Serum two belongs to Mr Y because it have two negative and two positive and blood
group is AB+.
serum three belongs to Mr X because it have three positive and one negative and blood
group is A+
serum four belongs to Mr Z because it have two positive and two negative and blood
group is B+
Answer 2
W- it has O+ blood group because as per the study it gives blood to A+, B+, O+ and AB+ and
receives blood from O+ and O-.
X- it has A+ blood group because as per analysis it gives blood to A+ and AB+ and receives
blood from A+,A-,O+ and O-.
Y- it has AB+ blood group and per this it give blood to AB+ and receives from all donor.
Z- it has B+ blood group and in this context it give blood to B+ and AB+ and receives blood
from B+, B-, O+ and O-.
ANSWER 3
It is demonstrated that the immune system never takes rest. The each cells consistently
patrol it and circulate. The absence of immune system, the body would get infected through it.
The immune system helps body in a various and significant way as it can detect the foreign
particles or material which can also termed as antigen. It also beneficial in the detection of
processes the antigen including this it also may helpful in mount response in removal the antigen
from the body as well. In order to avoid transfusion reaction donated blood must be adjustable an
compatible with blood of patient. There are number of immunological test for many various
medical conditions and each conditions poses each purposes. As these test are used to detect the
infection, test for allergy, used for bowel cancer or even for the appropriate detection if woman is
pregnant. As these test can be done in a various form urine test, rapid preganacy test, rapid drugs
or medication as well(Chang and Levitz, 2019).
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Answer 3(b) The key reference which is used to explain that the immunological effects are test
of Probiotics test which are mainly used in recent days.
ANSWER 4 A
Agglutination is demonstrate as formation of clumps of cells or inert particles by specific
antibodies to level or surface antigenic components whichis determined as direct aggulation and
the antigenic components which are absorbed naturally or chemically coupled to RBC which is
medically termed as passive haemagglutination. The main principle whicb is mandatory in this
process that the combination of antigen-antibodies complexes in the form of practical clumps
due to interaction within insoluble kind or form of antigens that may consider antigen associated
with latex particles and its soluble and particular antibodies(Spickett, 2019)..
B) To identification antibodies in a patients serum the antigen plays a significant role and intrest
in attached latex beads. The technique is most often used when the detection of Igm antibodies
has been detected due their structural properties maximum cross linking. The most common and
useful factor can be state as rheumatoid factors (RF) in order to confirm diagnosis of rheumatoid
arthritis. The widal test are mainly used for the detection of typhoid fever as well as it may help
in looks for agglutination of Salmonella Enterica Subspecies Typhi in the individual sera.
ANSWER 5
As for the donor it is demonstrated that Group O is termed to be universal donor as the universal
red cell donor. Group AB individuals consist Anti- A and B antibodies in their plasma so the best
donor will be state the person who have Group O.
ANSWER 6
Typhoid fever is the serious health issue cause by the salmonella typhi bacteria. Widal
agglutination text is the techniques which aid to diagnose Typhoid fever. Test specific criteria is
to analyse or confirm the typhoid fever in patient and this is done by the identification of
agglutinin (antibody) in patient sample or serum, against the H (flagellar) and O (somatic)
salmonella typhoid (Kahan and Manson, 2019). Presence of this antibody assurers that patient is
infected with Typhoid fever. So antigen use in this test is O, H and PA, PB then antibody is
serum of patient. Other material for test is test tubes and pipettes.
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Answer 7
Haemolytic disease in new born is cause due to the blood coagulation, this issue is
develop for newborn baby in the case of RH agentive and RH positive parents. As if mother is
RH negative and father is Rh positive then it can cause the chances of haemolytic disease during
the time of delivery where it posses the chances of the mother and baby RBC cross the each
other due to placenta detaches. This is happen when IgG group of the mother antibody's pass
through placenta and attack on the fetal RBC antigen, this can cause anaemia in baby an along
with this it can cause mild effect to serious effect such as the fetal death (Spickett, 2019)..
ANSWER ( 7 B)
The properties of HDN can be prevented. The number of females will have to knowledge
the significance of blood test and learn their type of blood type at the age of early pregnancy.
There will be number of medicines are prescribed through respective doctors and health
professional. As in field of medical, the medicines Rhogam is generally used in order to stop
antibodies to react to fetus or baby's Rh positive cells. As the Rh factor can be positive and
negative cells. HDN happens often when an Rh negative mother has conceive with an Rh
positive males. If in detection tend to have Rh positive after born like male then there can be
number of issues that can be arise (Raterman, and Lems, 2019). The key reference that provides
indication specific dosing is Medscape.
ANSWER
IgM is a first antibody established and built during a immune response. Hence it is
responsible for agglutination as well as cytolytic reactions since decades. According to studies,
its pentameric structure and provides 10 free antigen binding site and in addition its also posses a
high avidity(Chang and Levitz, 2019).
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REFERENCES
Book and journal
Chang, C.C. and Levitz, S.M., 2019. Fungal immunology in clinical practice: Magical realism or
practical reality?. Medical mycology, 57(Supplement_3), pp.S294-S306.
Haidaris, C.G. and Frelinger, J.G., 2019. Inoculating a new generation: immunology in medical
education. Frontiers in immunology, 10, p.2548.
Kahan, S. and Manson, J.E., 2019. Obesity treatment, beyond the guidelines: practical
suggestions for clinical practice. Jama, 321(14), pp.1349-1350.
Raterman, H.G. and Lems, W.F., 2019. Pharmacological management of osteoporosis in
rheumatoid arthritis patients: a review of the literature and practical guide. Drugs &
aging, 36(12), pp.1061-1072.
Spickett, G., 2019. Oxford handbook of clinical immunology and allergy. Oxford University
Press, USA.
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